History of Hindi Literature PDF

Summary

This document examines the history of Hindi literature, covering periods, authors, and key works. The document includes a series of questions related to the topic.

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V¥{V¶ df© H$bm [hÝXr àíZnÌ H«$.4 qhXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. amOZ doiyH$a S>m°. YZoída h[aM§XZ Hw$cJwê$ àmÜ`mnH$ Ed§ g§Mmc§H$ _w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©. Xÿa Ed§ _w³V AÜ``Z g§ñWm,...

V¥{V¶ df© H$bm [hÝXr àíZnÌ H«$.4 qhXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. amOZ doiyH$a S>m°. YZoída h[aM§XZ Hw$cJwê$ àmÜ`mnH$ Ed§ g§Mmc§H$ _w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©. Xÿa Ed§ _w³V AÜ``Z g§ñWm, _w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©. H$m¶©H«$‘ g‘Ýd¶H$ Ed§$ …- S>m°. g§Ü¶m Eg. JO} g§nmXH$ g‘Ýd¶H$, {hÝXr {df¶ Xÿa Ed§ _w³V AÜ``Z g§ñWm _w§~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _w§~B©. Aä¶mg coIH$ …- S>m°. nr. Ho$. Yw‘mi H$bm, dm{UÁ¶ Am¡a {dkmZ ‘hm{dÚmb¶, {edbo, Vm. ‘wa~mS>. …- S>m°. XÎmm ‘wê$‘H$a éB©¶m ‘hm{dÚmb¶, ‘mQy>§Jm, _§w~B© - 400 019. …- S>m°. ~mbmOr Jm¶H$dmS> {gÕmW© ‘hm{dÚmb¶, AmZ§X ^dZ, ’$moQ>©, _w§~B© - 400 001. {S>g|~a, 2010 V¥{V¶ df© H$cm- qhXr - àíZnÌ-4 qhXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg àH$meH$ …- àmÜ`mnH$ Ed§ g§MmcH$, Xÿa Ed§ _wº$ AÜ``Z g§ñWm _§w~B© {díd{dÚmc`, _§w~B© - 400 098. Aja OwiUr …- V¥ár J«m\$sŠg² amYm{Zdmg, {’$amoOehm ‘ohVm amoS>, {dconmc} (nyd©), _§w~B© - 400 057 N>nmB© …- AZwH«$_{UH$m H«$_m§H$ {df` n¥ð>. H«$‘m§H$ 1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb{d^mOZ 1 2. Am{XH$mc 11 3. ^{ŠV H$m CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg 40 1. ^p³VH$mc 43 3-A g§V H$mì¶ 47 3-Am gy’$s H$mì¶ 58 3-B am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ 66 3-B© H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ 74 4. ar{VH$mb 85 5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb 102 5-A ^maVoÝXw - ¶wJrZ H$mì¶ 115 5-Am {ÛdoXr `wJrZ- H$mì` 127 6. N>m`mdmX 139 7. àJ{VdmX 163 8. à`moJdmX 186 9. ZB© H${dVm 210 10.ZdJrV 235 11.CnÝ`mg 257 12.{hÝXr H$hmZr … CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mgboIH$ 287 13.{hÝXr ZmQ>H$ H$m {dH$mg 297 14.{hÝXr {Z~ÝY gm{hË` H$m {dH$mg 311 T.Y.B.A. HIND PART - IV qhXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg (History of Hindi Literature) nmR>çH«$‘ Ho$ {bE {ZYm©[aV {df¶ - 1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ … H$mc-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU 2. Am{XH$mb … {gÕ gm{h˶, ZmW gm{h˶, O¡Z gm{h˶, bm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ Am¡a amgmo gm{h˶ H$s gm‘mݶ {deofVmE± 3. ^p³VH$mb … g§V H$mì¶, gy’$s H$mì¶, am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ Am¡a H¥$îU ^p³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI {deofVmE± 4. ar{VH$mb … ar{V ~Õ, ar{V {gÕ Am¡a ar{V ‘w³V H$mì¶ H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m± 5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb … (H$) AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H$[dVm H$m {dH$mg (^maVoÝXþ ¶wJ, {ÛdoXr ¶wJ, N>m¶mdmX, àJ{VdmX, à¶moJdmX, Z¶r H${dVm VWm ZdJrV H$s à‘wI àd¥{Îm¶m±) (I) {hÝXr JÚ H$s {dYmE± ([hÝXr Cnݶmg, H$hmZr, ZmQ>H$ Am¡a {Z~ÝY gm{h˶ H$m H«${‘H$ {dH$mg) ({hÝXr JÚ {dYmAm| Ho$ I§S> go ¶wJ-{d^mOZ AWdm ¶wJ {deof gå~§Yr àíZ Ano{jV Zht h¢&) {deof gyMZm - Bg àíZnÌ ‘| Mma àíZ {dH$ën g{hV nyN>o OmE±& nm±Mdo§ àíZ ‘| "H$' Am¡a "I' Xmo I§S> hm|& I§S> "H$' ‘| Xmo {Q>ßn{U¶m± nyN>r OmE± {OZ‘| go {H$gr EH$ H$m CÎma Ano{jV hmo Am¡a I§S> "I' Ho$ AÝVJ©V Xg dñVw{Zð> àíZ {ZYm©[aV àíZ gyMr ‘| nyN>o OmE±& g^r àíZm| Ho$ {bE 20 A§H$ {ZYm©[aV h¢& {ZYm©[aV dñVw{Zð> àíZm| H$s gyMr 1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Ama§{^H$ ¶wJ H$mo "Am{XH$mc' Ho$ Zm‘ go {H$gZo A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡? - hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr 2. {hÝXr H$m àW‘ H${d {H$go ‘mZm J¶m h¡? - gahnmX 3. "drgbXod amgmo' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - Zan{V Zmëh 4. "nS>‘ M[aC' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? - ñd¶§^y 5. Am{XH$mb ‘| I‹S>r ~mocr H$mo H$mì¶-^mfm ~ZmZodmbo àW‘ H${d H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - A‘ra Iwgamo 6. {H$g H${d H$mo "‘¡{Wb H$mo{H$b' H$hm J¶m h¡? - {dÚmn{V 7. gahnmX H$s gdm©{YH$ à{gÓ aMZm H$m¡Z-gr h¡? - XmohmH$mof 8. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {H$g H$mb H$mo "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m ñdU©-¶wJ' H$hm J¶m h¡? - ^p³VH$mb 9. "M§Xm¶Z' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘w„m XmD$X 10. "XmXÿ' ^p³VH$mb H$s {H$g Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡? - {ZJw©U 11. "H${dVmdbr' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - VwbgrXmg 12. "^«‘aJrV' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - gyaXmg 13. VwbgrXmg Zo {H$g ‘hmH$mì¶ H$s aMZm H$s? - am‘M[aV ‘mZg 14. "ewÕmÛ¡VdmX' H$m gå~§Y {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$s {H$g Ymam go h¡? - H¥$îU ^p³V emIm (d„^mMm¶©) 15. am‘ ^p³V H$mì¶ na {H$g Xe©Z H$m à^md n‹S>m h¡?- {d{eð>m Û¡VdmX (am‘mZwOmMm¶©) 16. nwéf àYmZ gm‘§Vr na§nam H$mo {H$g ‘ܶ¶wJrZ H$d{¶Ìr Zo MwZm¡Vr Xr Wr? - ‘ram 17. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo "CÎma ‘ܶ H$mb' H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Zm‘ {X¶m h¡? - ar{VH$mb 18. ar{VH$mb H$mo H$mì¶ H$s Ñ{ï> go {H$VZo ^mJm| ‘| ~m±Q>m J¶m h¢? - VrZ 19. ar{V {gÕ H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d H$m¡Z h¢? - {~hmar 20. ar{VH$mb Ho$ {H$g H${d Zo draag àYmZ aMZmE± H$s h¢? - ^yfU 21. KZmZ§X {H$g H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ H${d h¢? - ar{V‘w³V 22. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb ‘| {bIm J¶m I‹S>r ~mobr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ H$m¡Z-gm h¡? - {චàdmg 23. "gmHo$V' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘¡{Wbr eaU Jwá 24. "nwîn H$s A{^bmfm' H${dVm H$m H${d H$m¡Z h¡? - ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr 25. N>m¶mdmX H$mo "ñWyb Ho$ à{V gyú‘ H$m [dÐmoh' {H$g AmbmoMH$ Zo H$hm h¡? - S>m°. ZJ«|Ð 26. H$m‘m¶Zr ‘| {H$g Xe©Z H$s A{^ì¶{º$ hþB© h¡? - e¡d Xe©Z 27. "gamoO ñ‘¥{V' Zm‘H$ aMZm {H$g H${d Zo H$s h¡? - {Zambm 28. "gañdVr' n{ÌH$m Zo {Zambm H$s {H$g aMZm H$mo AñdrH¥$V H$a {X¶m Wm? - Oyhr H$s H$br 29. AmYw{ZH$ H$mb H$s ‘ram {H$go H$hm OmVm h¡? - ‘hmXodr d‘m© 30. "agd§Vr' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& -"{XZH$a' am‘Ym[a qgh {XZH$a 31. "‘Ywembm' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - h[ad§eam¶ ~ƒZ 32. àH¥${V H$m gwHw$‘ma H${d {H$go H$hm J¶m h¡? - gw{‘ÌmZ§XZ n§V 33. "Mm±X H$m ‘w±h Q>o‹T>m h¡' H$mì¶ g§J«h Ho$ H${d H$m¡Z h¢?- "‘wp³V~moY' JOmZZ ‘mYd ‘wp³V~moY 34. "A±Yoao ‘|' H${dVm H$m aMZmH$ma H$m¡Z h¡? - ‘wp³V~moY 35. "Am±JZ Ho$ nma Ûma' H$mì¶g§J«h H$mo {H$g H${d Zo {bIm h¡? - Ako¶ 36. "g§gX go g‹S>H$ VH$' H$mì¶ g§J«h H$mo {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - Yw{‘b 37. {hÝXr H$m à{V{Z{Y JµObH$ma {H$go ‘mZm OmVm h¡? - XþV Hw$‘ma 38. "e~ar' Zm‘H$ H¥${V Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¢? - OJXre Jwá 39. "{dídmg ~‹T>Vm hr J¶m' H${dVm {H$gZo {bIr h¡? - {ed‘§Jb qgh 'gw‘Z' 40. "~mXb H$mo {KaVo XoIm h¡' H${dVm Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ZmJmOw©Z 41. "{MÝVm‘{U' {H$gHo$ {Z~§Ym| H$m g§H$bZ h¡? - AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b 42. "Am±JZ H$m n§N>r Am¡a ~ZOmam ‘Z' {Z~§Y g§J«h Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - {dÚm{Zdmg {‘l 43. "CgZo H$hm Wm' H$hmZr Ho$ boIH$ H$m¡Z Wo? - M§ÐYa e‘m© "Jwcoar' 44. "‘mZgamoda' {H$gH$s H$hm{Z¶m| H$m g§J«h h¡? - ào‘M§X 45. "ñ‘¥{V H$s aoImE±' Zm‘H$ g§J«h {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - ‘hmXodr d‘m© 46. "A§YoaZJar' ZmQ>H$ H$m boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡? - ^maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð 47. "EH$ Am¡a ÐmoUmMm¶©' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - e§H$a eof 48. "Ob Qy>Q>Vm hþAm' Cnݶmg {H$gZo {bIm h¡? - am‘Xmg {‘l 49. "~oVdm ~hVr ahr' Cnݶmg H$s bo{IH$m H$m Zm‘ {b{IE& - ‘¡Ìo¶r nwî¶m 50. "Xÿgar na§nam H$s ImoO' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? - S>m°. Zm‘da qgh 51. "na‘mb amgmo' Ho$ H${d H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡? (1) MÝX~aXmB© (2) Zan{V Zmëh (3) OJ{ZH$ (4) XbnV [dO¶& 52. {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Am{XH$mb H$mo "{gÕ gm‘§V H$mb' {H$gZo H$hm h¡? (1) am‘M§Ð ew³b (2) am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© (3) amhþb gm§H¥$˶m¶Z (4) S>m°. ZJoÝÐ& 53. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b Zo {hÝXr H$m àW‘ ‘hmH$mì¶ {H$go ‘mZm h¡? (1) H$s{V©nVmH$m (2) nX²‘mdV (3) n¥ÏdramO amgmo (4) {à¶àdmg& 54. "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m Xÿgam B{Vhmg' {H$gZo {bIm h¡? (1) {‘l~§Yw (2) amOHw$‘ma e‘m© (3) JUn{VM§Ð Jwá (4) ~ƒZ qgh& 55. "~rOH$' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m ³¶m Zm‘ h¡? (1) gyaXmg (2) H$~raXmg (3) Om¶gr (4) X¶mb& 56. {ZåZ{b{IV ‘| go H$m¡Z-gr aMZm Om¶gr H$s Zht h¡? (1) nX²‘mdV (2) AIamdQ> (3) M§Xm¶Z (4) Am{Iar H$bm‘& 57. ^maV ‘| ^p³V H$m ómooV H$hm± go àñ’w${Q>V hmoH$a CÎma ^maV ‘| Am¶m? (1) nyd© (2) npíM‘ (3) qgY (4) X{jU& 58. "g§VZ H$moo H$hm grH$ar gmo H$mO' {H$gH$s n§p³V h¡? (1) gyaXmg (2) Hw§$^ZXmg (3) MVw^w©OXmg (4) VwbgrXmg& 59. ZmZH$ {H$g H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡? (1) gy’$s H$mì¶ (2) am‘ H$mì¶ (3) g§V H$mì¶ (4) H¥$îU H$mì¶& 60. "‘mZwg ào‘ ^¶C ~¡Hw§$R>r' {H$g H${d H$s n§p³V h¡? (1) XmXÿ (2) ‘w„m XmCX (3) Hw$Vw~Z (4) Om¶gr& 61. "^«‘aJrV' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m¡Z h¡? (1) VwbgrXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) {~hmar (4) H$~raXmg& 62. g¡¶X B~«m{h‘ Zo H¥$îU ^p³V Ho$ à^mde AnZm Zm‘ aI {b¶m? (1) H¥$îUXmg (2) am‘Xmg (3) agImZ (4) ào‘Xmg& 63. "nw{ï>‘mJ©' H$m OhmO [H$g H${d H$mo H$hm J¶m h¡? (1) H$~raXmg (2) gyaXmg (3) VwbgrXmg (4) Ho$edXmg& 64. AH$~a Ho$ Xa~ma Ho$ {H$g gXñ¶ Zo "Xmoohmdbr' H$s aMZm H$s? (1) ~ra~b (2) ahr‘ (3) VmZgoZ (4) BZ‘| go {H$gr Zo Zht& 65. {dídZmW àgmX {‘l Zo ar{VH$mb H$mo ³¶m Zm‘ {X¶m h¡? (1) ar{VH$mb (2) l¥§JmaH$mb (3) Ab§H¥$V H$mb (4) CÎma ‘ܶH$mb& 66. ar{V‘w³V H$mì¶-Ymam Ho$ à‘wI H${d BZ‘o§ go H$m¡Z h¡? (1) {~hmar (2) Xod (3) KZmZ§X (4) nX²‘mH$a& 67. "am‘M§{ÐH$m' Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡? (1) ZmnmXmg (2) VwbgrXmg (3) Ho$edXmg (4) {^ImarXmg& 68. nX²‘mH$a ar{VH$mb H$s {H$g H$mì¶Ymam Ho$ H${d h¡? (1) ar{V~Õ (2) ar{V{gÕ (3) ar{V‘w³V (4) BZ‘| go H$mooB© Zht& 69. {ZåZ{b{IV ‘| go H$m¡Z-gr aMZm ‘¡{WbreaU Jwá H$s h¡? (1) {à¶àdmg (2) gmHo$V (3) bha (4) Cd©er& 70. H$m¡Z-gm H${d "EH$ ^maVr¶ AmË‘m' Ho$ Zm‘ go à{gÕ h¡? (1) am‘Zaoe {ÌnmR>r (2) Za|Ð e‘m© (3) ‘mIZbmb MVwd}Xr (4) Yy{‘b& 71. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm H${d N>m¶mdmXr h¡? (1) h[ad§eam¶ ~ƒZ (2) O¶e§H$a àgmX (3) Ako¶ (4) Yy{‘b& 72. ^maV ‘| àJ{Verb boIH$ g§K H$s ñWmnZm H$~ hþB© Wr? (1) 1936 (2) 1935 (3) 1938 (4) 1950& 73. àJ{VdmX {H$g Xe©Z go à^m{dV h¡? (1) ApñVËddmX (2) ‘m³g©dmX (3) Jm±YrdmX (4) ‘Zmo{díbofUdmX& 74. à¶moJdmXr H$mì¶Ymam H$m àma§^ {H$g nwñVH$ Ho$ àH$meZ go ‘mZm OmVm h¡? (1) VmagáH$ (2) Xÿgam gáH$ (3) Vrgam gáH$ (4) Mm¡Wm gáH$& 75. Ako¶ Ho$ Cnmݶmg§ H$m erf©H$ h¡ - (1) {Xì¶m (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ‘¥JZ¶Zr (4) {MÌboIm& 76. "A§Ym ¶wJ' {H$gH$s aMZm h¡? (1) ^maVoÝXþ (2) Zaoe ‘ohVm (3) Y‘©dra ^maVr (4) Yy{‘b& 77. ‘wp³V~moY Ho$ H$mì¶g§J«h H$m Zm‘ h¡? (1) ~mK (2) g§gX Ho$ g‹S>H$ VH$ (3) Mm±X H$m ‘w±h Q>o‹T>m (4) Hw$AmZmoZXr& 78. "nhm‹S> na bmbQ>oZ' {H$gH$m H$mì¶-g§J«h h¡? (1) CX¶ àH$me (2) ‘§Jboe S>~amb (3) AéU H$‘b (4) amOoe Omoer& 79. "gm¶o ‘| Yyn' Ho$ aMZmH$ma h¡? (1) Hw$‘ma {dH$b (2) {dZmoX Hw$‘ma (3) XþV H$‘ma (4) amOoe Omoer& 80. ^maVoÝXþ h[aíM§Ð Ho$ ZmQ>H$ H$m erf©H$ h¡? (1) A§YoaZJar (2) ~H$ar (3) eHw§$Vbm (4) g§¶mo{JVm ñd¶§da& 81. "gañdVr' Ho$ g§nmXH$ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z Wo? (1) àVmnZmam¶U {‘l (2) ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr (3) hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr (4) h[aAm¡Y& 82. AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b H$m {Z~§Y-g§H$bZ BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm h¡? (1) AemoH$ Ho$ ’y$b (2) qMVm‘{U (3) {dMma Am¡a {dVH©$ (4) agka§OZ& 83. "nJS>§{S>¶m| H$m O‘mZm' {H$g 춧½¶H$ma H$m 춧½¶-g§J«h h¡? (1) Jwbm~am¶ (2) eaX Omoer (3) h[ae§H$a nagmB© (4) Za|Ð H$mohbr& 84. ~§J ‘{hbm H$s H$hmZr H$m Zm‘ h¡? (1) {H$ñgm VmoVm-‘¡Zm (2) CgZo H$hm Wm (3) hma H$s OrV (4) XþbmB©dmbr& 85. "g‘m§Va H$hmZr' Ho$ àdV©H$ H$m¡Z h¡? (1) ào‘M§X (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) amO|Ð ¶mXd (4) H$‘boída& 86. BZ‘| go H$m¡¡Z-gm ZmQ>H$ àgmXOr H$m Zhr h¡? (1) ñH§$XJwá (2) M§ÐJwá (3) Y«wdñdm{‘Zr (4) ^maV XþX©em& 87. "Amfm‹T> H$m EH$ {XZ' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡? (1) e§H$a eof (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) bú‘rZmam¶U bmb (4) CX¶ e§H$a ^Å>& 88. "AmR>dm§ gJ©' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ aM{¶Vm H$m Zm‘ {b{IE? (1) ^rî‘ gmhZr (2) gwa|Ð d‘m© (3) JmoqdX MmVH$ (4) ‘mohZ amHo$e& 89. "~H$ar' ZmQ>H$ Ho$ ZmQ>H$H$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE? (1) OJXreM§Ð ‘mWwa (2) ‘mohZ amHo$e (3) gd}ída X¶mb g³goZm (4) AgJa dµOmhV& 90. {hÝXr H$m nhbm Cnݶmg {H$go ‘mZm OmVm h¡? (1) ZyVZ ~«÷Mmar (2) narjm Jwé (3) R>oR> {hÝXr H$m R>mR> (4) M§ÐH$m§Vm& 91. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm Cnݶmg ào‘M§X H$m Zht h¡? (1) H$‘©^y{‘ (2) a§J^y{‘ (3) {VVbr (4) JmoXmZ& 92. "˶mJnÌ' Cnݶmg Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE? (1) ¶enmb (2) A‘¥Vbmb ZmJa (3) O¶e§H$a àgmX (4) O¡ZoÝÐ Hw$‘ma& 93. gyaXmg Ho$ OrdZ na AmYm[aV Cnݶmg H$m Zm‘ ~VmBE? (1) ‘mZg H$m h§g (2) godm gXZ (3) I§OZ Z¶Z (4) ^m½¶dVr& 94. BZ‘| go H$m¡Z-gm Cnݶmg Ako¶ H$m Zht h¡? (1) XmXm H$m‘aoS> (2) eoIa EH$ OrdZr (3) ZXr Ho$ Ûrn (4) AnZo-AnZo AOZ~r& 95. "éH$moJr Zht am{YH$m' H$s bo{IH$m H$m¡Z h¡? (1) ‘¥Xþbm JJ© (2) ‘Þy ^§S>mar (3) Cfm {ටdXm (4) H¥$îUm gmo~Vr& 96. "MmH$' Ho$ aMZmH$ma H$m Zm‘ {b{IE? (1) ‘¡Ìo¶r nwînm (2) ‘§Owb ^JV (3) gy¶©~mbm (4) ‘‘Vm H$m{b¶m& 97. "{Zambm H$s gm{h˶ gmYZm' {H$gH$s H¥${V h¡? (1) Zm‘da qgh (2) ZJ|Ð (3) am‘{dbmg e‘m© (4) ‘hmXodr d‘m©& 98. "{~„ogwa ~H$[ahm' {H$gH$m g§ñ‘aUmË‘H$ aoIm{MÌ h¡? (1) O¶e§H$a àgmX (2) {Zambm (3) n§V (4) ‘hmXodr d‘m©& 99. {hÝXr H$m nhbm AmË‘H$Wm boIH$ H$m¡Z h¡? (1) {d¶moJr h[a (2) CnoÝÐZmW AíH$ (3) ~ZmagrXmg MVwd}Xr (4) ~ZmagrXmg O¡Z& 100. "Kw‘¸$‹S>emó' Ho$ boIH$ H$m Zm‘ ³¶m h¡? (1) am§Jo¶ amKd (2) Ako¶ (3) amhþb gm§H¥$˶m¶Z (4) ¶enmb& g§X^© J«§W 1. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg AmMm¶© am‘M§Ð ew³b 2. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg g§. S>m°. ZJoÝÐ 3. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m Am{XH$mb Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr 4. {hÝXr gm{h˶ : CX²^d Am¡a {dH$mg Am. hOmar àgmX {ÛdoXr 5. {hÝXr gm{h˶ : ¶wJ Am¡a àd¥{Îm¶m± S>m°. {edHw$‘ma e‘m© 6. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m AmbmoMZmË‘H$ B{Vhmg S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© 7. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg S>m°. JUn{V M§Ð Jwá 8. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. bú‘rgmJa dmîU}¶ 9. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. {dO¶oÝÐ ñZmVH$ 10. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m Xÿgam B{Vhmg S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh 11. {hÝXr gm{h˶ VWm gm{h˶o{Vhmg: A§VamZwemgZm| H$m AZwerbZ S>m°. Xodoe R>mHw$a 12. ñdmV§Í¶moÎma {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. bú‘rgmJa dmîU}¶ 13. AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg S>m°. ~ƒZ qgh 14. {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg g§. S>m°. am‘gOZ nm§S>o¶ 15. gmR>moÎma {hÝXr H${dVm S>m°. aVZ Hw$‘ma nm§S>o¶ 16. ‘ܶH$mbrZ H$mì¶ d¡^d S>m°. erVb àgmX Xþ~o 1 {hÝXr gm{h˶ : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb{d^mOZ Am{XH$mc boIH$ - S>m°. nr. Ho$. Yw‘mi 2 1 {hÝXr gm{h˶ : H$mb-{d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb{d^mOZ BH$mB© H$s ê$naoIm 1.1. CÔoí¶ 1.2 àñVmdZm 1.3 {hÝXr gm{h˶ … H$mb {d^mOZ Ed§ Zm‘H$aU 1.4 ~moY àíZ 1.1. CÔoí¶ àñVwV I§S> H$s nhbr BH$mB© ‘| {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m Aܶ¶Z {H$¶m OmEJm& BgHo$ A{V[a³V {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m H$mb {d^mOZ Zm‘H$aU na {dñV¥V MMm© Bg Aܶm¶ ‘| H$s J¶r h¡& H$mb {d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU Ho$ g§~§Y ‘| {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Am¡a AmMm¶m] Ho$ ‘V ^r Bg Aܶm¶ ‘| {X¶o J¶o h¢& Vm{H$ Bg BH$mB© H$m Aܶ¶Z H$a {dÚmWu ~moY àíZm| H$m CÎma AmgmZr go àmá H$a gH|$Jo& 1.2 àñVmdZm gm{h˶ ZXr Ho$ àdmh H$s Vah hmoVm h¡& Omo {Za§Va AmJo ~‹T>Vm h¡& Cg‘| Z H$moB© éH$mdQ> AmVr h¢& Am¡a Z hr H$moB© Cgo ^§J H$aVm h¡& hm± g‘¶ Ho$ gmW gmW Cg‘| n[adV©Z AmVo ahVo h¡ Am¡a n[adV©Z Ho$ AZwê$n gm{h˶ H$mo Z¶r àd¥{Îm¶m±, Z¶r {XemE± {‘bVr h¡& {H$gr ^r gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m H$mb-{d^mOZ H$aZo H$s gdm©{YH$ Cn¶wº$ àUmcr Cg gm{h˶ ‘| àdm{hV gm{h˶ YmamAmo§, {d{dY àd¥{Îm¶mo|Ho$ AmYma na Cgo {d^m{OV H$aZm h¡& ¶wJ H$s n[apñW{V¶m| Ho$ AZwHy$c gm{h˶ H$s {df¶ VWm e¡brJV àd¥{V¶m± n[ad{V©V hmoVr ahVr h¡& {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {df¶ ‘| ^r ¶hr ~mV ¶wp³V¶w³V àVrV hmoVr h¡& EH$ {deof H$mc ‘| g‘mO H$s {deof n{apñW{V¶m± Ed§ VËgå~ÝYr {dMmaYmamE± ahr h¡ Am¡a CÝht Ho$ AZwén gm{hp˶H$ aMZmE± àñVwV hþB© h¡& AndmX aho Adí¶ naÝVw Jm¡U àd¥{Îm Ho$ én ‘|& H$mb- {d^mOZ H$aVo g‘¶ ñd¶§ AmMm¶© ew³bOr Zo {d^mOZ Ho$ AmYma Ho$ gå~ÝY ‘| AnZm ‘V ñnï> H$a {X¶m h¡& CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡- ""O~{H$ à˶oH$ Xoe H$m gm{h˶ dhm± H$s OZVm H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm H$m g§{MV à{V{~å~ hmoVm h¡ V~ ¶h {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ OZVm H$s {MÎmd¥{Îm Ho$ n[adV©Z Ho$ gmW-gmW gm{h˶ Ho$ ñdê$n ‘| ^r n[adV©Z hmoVm Mcm OmVm h¡& Am{X go AÝV VH$ BÝhr {MÎmd¥{Îm¶m|H$s naånam H$mo naIVo hþE gm{h˶ naånam Ho$ gmW CZH$m gm‘§Oñ¶ {XImZm hr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg H$hcmVm h¡&'' 3 {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$s gm‘J«r "^³V‘mc', "Mm¡amer d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' Am¡a "Xmo gm¡ ~mdZ d¡îUdZ H$s dmVm©' Am{X J«ÝWm| ‘| {‘cVr h¡ qH$Vw H$mc{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU H$s Amoa H$moB© Ñ{ï> Zhr H$s JB© Wr& {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg gd©àW‘ {cIZo H$m lo¶ EH$ ’«|$M {dÛmZ Jmgm© X Vmgr H$mo {X¶m OmVm h¡& BÝhm|Zo ’«o$ÝM ^mfm ‘| "Bgdma X cm {gVao˶wa ahþB© E {hÝXþñVmZr' Zm‘H$ J«ÝW ‘| A§J«oOr dU© H«$‘mZwgma {hÝXr Am¡a CXÿ© ^mfm Ho$ AZoH$ H$qd¶m| H$m n[aM¶ {X¶m h¡& naÝVw CÝhm|Zo ^r H$b{d^mOZ Am¡a Zm‘H$aU H$s Amoa ܶmZ Zht {X¶m Wm& Bg naånam H$m Xÿgam ‘hËdnyU© J«ÝW {hÝXr {dÛmZ {edqgh g|Ja H$m "{edqgh gamoO' h¡& Bg‘| cJ^J EH$ hOma ^mfm-H${d¶m| Ho$ OrdZ M[aÌ Am¡a BZH$s H${dVmAm| Ho$ CXmhaU g§J«{hV {H$¶o h¡ qH$Vw H$mc {d^mOZ H$m Bg‘| H$moB© g§Ho$V Zht h¡& Bg gå~ÝY ‘| g~go nhcm à¶mg H$aZo H$m lo¶ OmO© {½V¶g©Z H$mo h¡& na O¡gm {H$ CÝhm|Zo ñd¶§ AnZo J«ÝW H$s ^y{‘H$m ‘| ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡, CZHo$ gm‘Zo AZoH$ Eogr H${R>ZmB¶m± Wr {Oggo do H$mc-H«$‘ Ed§ H$mc {d^mOZ Ho$ {Zdm©h ‘| nyU©V: g’$c Zht hmo gHo$& CÝhmo|Zo {cIm h¡ - ""gm‘J«r H$mo ¶Wm g§^d H$mcH«$‘mZwgma àñVwV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m J¶m h¡& ¶h gd©Ì gac Zht ahm h¡ Am¡a H${Vn¶ ñWcm| na Vmo ¶h Ag§^d {gÕ hþAm h¡& BÝhm|Zo {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo {ZåZ{c{IV ½¶mah erf©H$m| Ho$ A§VJ©V {d^m{OV {H$¶m h¡& - (1) MmaU-H$mc 1702 -1300 B©.) (2) nÝÐhdt eVr H$m Ym{‘©H$ nwZOm©JaU (3) Om¶gr H$s ào‘ H${dVm (4) ~«O H$m H¥$îU-gåàXm¶, (5) ‘wJc Xa~ma (6) VwcgrXmg (7) ar{V H$mì¶ (8) VwcgrXmg Ho$ Aݶ nadVu (9) AQ²>R>mahdt eVmãXr (10) H$ånZr Ho$ emgZ ‘| {hÝXþñVmZ Am¡a (1) ‘hmamZr pìh³Q>mo[a¶m Ho$ emgZ ‘| {hÝXþñVmZ& S>m°. {½V¶g©Z Ho$ {d^mOZ ‘| AZoH$ Ag§J{V¶m±, ݶyZVm Ed§ Ìw{Q>¶m± hmoVo hþE ^r àW‘ à¶mg hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BgH$m AnZm ‘hËd h¡& AmJo McH$a {‘l ~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo "{‘l ~ÝYw-{dZmoX' (1913) ‘| H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Z¶m à¶mg {H$¶m Omo à˶oH$ Ñ{ï> g| {½V¶g©Z Ho$ à¶mg go ~hþV A{YH$ àm¡‹T> Ed§ {dH${gV H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& BZH$m {d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡- 1 Amapå^H$ H$mc / nydm©apå^H$ H$mc (600 - 1343 {d.) CÎmamapå^H$ H$mc (1344 - 1444 {d.) 2. ‘mܶ{‘H$ H$mc / nyd© ‘mܶ{‘H$ H$mc (1445 - 1560 {d.) àm¡‹T> ‘mܶ{‘H$ H$mc (1561 - 1580 {d.) 3. Ac§H¥$V H$mc / nydm©c§H¥$V H$mc (1681 - 1790 {d.) CÎmamc§H¥$V H$mc (1791 - 1889 {d.) 4. n[adV©Z H$mc - (1890 - 1925 {d.) 5. dV©‘mZ H$mc - (1926 {d. go A~ VH$) {‘l ~ÝYwAmo Ho$ níMmV² AmMm¶© am‘MÝÐ ew³cOr Zo gZ² 1929 ‘| "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m B{Vhmg' àñVwV H$aVo hþE H$mc-{d^mOZ H$m Z¶m à¶mg {H$¶m& BZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| A{YH$ gacVm, ñnï>Vm Ed§ gw~mooYVm h¡& AnZr Bgr {deofVm Ho$ H$maU dh AmO VH$ 4 gd©‘mݶ Ed§ gd©Ì àM{cV h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ - 1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$mc) g§dV² 1050 go 1375 2. nyd© ‘ܶH$mc (^{º$H$mc) g§dV² 1375 go 1700 3. CÎma ‘ܶH$mc (ar{VH$c) g§dV² 1700 Vo 1900 4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (JÚH$mc) g§dV² 1900 go A~ VH$& Am. ew³cOr Ho$ níMmV² S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© H$m Zm‘ Bg àg§J ‘| C„oIZr¶ h¡, {OÝhm|Zo AnZm Z¶m- H$mc {d^mOZ àñVwV {H$¶m Omo BgàH$ma h¡ - 1. gpÝYH$mc (750 - 100 {d.) 2. MmaU H$mc (1000 - 1375 {d.) 3. ^{º$H$mc (1375 - 1700 {d.) 4. ar{VH$mc (1700 - 1900 {d.) 5. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1900 go A~ VH$) S>m°. d‘m© Ho$ {d^mOZ Ho$ A§{V‘ VrZ H$mc-{d^mOZ AmMm¶© ew³cOr Ho$ hr {d^mOZ Ho$ AZwê$n h¡, Ho$dc "draJmWmH$mc' Ho$ ñWmZ na "MmaUH$mc' Ed§ "gpÝYH$mc' Zm‘ XoH$a AnZm Z¶mnU ñWm{nV {H$¶m h¡& Bg naånam ‘| ~m~y í¶m‘gwÝXa Xmg Ûmam {H$¶m hþAm H$mc-{d^mOZ ^r C„oIZr¶ h¡& CZHo$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| Am. ew³cOr go H$moB© A{YH$ {^ÞVm Zht h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ - 1. Am{XH$mc (draJmWm H$m ¶wJ g§dV² 1000 go g§dV² 1400 VH$) 2. nyd© ‘ܶ¶wJ (^{º$ H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1400 go g§dV² 1700 VH$) 3. CÎma ‘ܶ¶wJ (ar{V J«ÝWm| H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1700 go, g§dV² 1900 VH$) 4. AmYw{ZH$ ¶wJ (ZdrZ {dH$mg H$m ¶wJ, g§dV² 1900 go A~ VH$) Cn¶w©º$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$s naånam ‘| Am. ew³cOr Ho$ ~mX Hw$‹N> {dÛmZmo| Zo Wmo‹S>m-~hþV n[adV©Z H$aHo$ AnZm H$mc-{d^mOZ àñVwV H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw ew³cOr H$m B{Vhmg coIZ H$m AmYma hr A{YH$ d¡km{ZH$, VH©$g§JV Am¡a Cn¶w³V àVrV hmoVm h¡& S>m°. JUn{VMÝÐ Jwá Zo AnZo J«ÝW "{hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m d¡km{ZH$ B{Vhmg' ‘| CgH$m AZw‘moXZ {H$¶m h¡& CZH$m H$mc-{d^mOZ BgàH$ma h¡ - 1. àmapå^H$ H$mc (1184 - 1350 B©.) 2. nyd© ‘ܶH$mc (1350 - 1600 B©.) 3. CÎma ‘ܶH$mc (1600 - 1857 B©.) 4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc (1857 B©. A~ VH$) Bg naånam ‘o§ S>m°. ZJoÝÐ H$m Zm‘ ^r C„oIZr¶ h¡& CÝhm|Zo {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m H$mc- {d^mOZ VWm Zm‘H$aU BgàH$ma {H$¶m h¡ - 1. Am{XH$mc - 7 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ go 14 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ VH$& 2. ^p³VH$mc - 14 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ go 17 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ VH$& 3. ar{VH$mc - 17 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ go 19 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ VH$& 4. AmYw{ZH$ H$mc - 19 dt eVr Ho$ ‘ܶ go A~ VH$& 5 A) nwZOm©JaU H$mc (^maVoÝXþ H$mc) g§. 1877 - 1900 B©. ~) OmJaU-gwYma H$mc ({ÛdoXr H$mc) g§. 1900 - 1918 B©. H$) N>m¶mdmX H$mc g§. 1918 - 1938 B©. S>) N>m¶mdmXmoÎma H$mc 1. àJ{V-à¶moJ H$mc - g§. 1938 - 1953 B©. 2. ZdcoIZ H$mc g§. 1953 B©. go A~ VH$& Cn¶w©³V g^r {dÛmZm| Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ ‘| Am. ew³cOr H$m H$mc-{d^mOZ hr gd©gå‘V Ed§ Cn¶w©³V ‘mZm J¶m h¡& 1.3 {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m Zm‘H$aU {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ H$mc-{d^mOZ H$mo coH$a {dÛmZmo ‘| A{YH$ ‘V^oX Zhr h¡, Ho$dc {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ Amaå^ H$mo coH$a ‘V^oX h¡& Cg‘| ^r ‘w»¶V: Xm|o dJ© h¡ - EH$ dJ© {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$m àmaå^ gmVdt eVmãXr go ‘mZVm h¡, Am¡a Xÿgam dJ© Xgdt eVmãXr go& dmñVd ‘| gmVdr eVmãXr go Xgdr eVmãXr Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$mo {hÝXr gm[h˶ H$s n¥ð>^y{‘ Ho$ én ‘| ñdrH$ma H$a {c¶m Om¶ Vmo ¶h ‘V^oX ^r g‘má hmo OmVm h¡ ³¶m|{H$ Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s aMZmE± An^«§e ‘| h¡ Am¡a An^«§e go hr {hÝXr ^mfm H$m OÝ‘ hþAm h¡& {hÝXr ^mfm Ed§ gm{h˶ H$s ‘yc MoVZm H$mo OmZZo Ho$ {cE Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> H$s ^mfm Ho$ ñdén Ed§ gm{h˶-Ymam H$mo g‘PZm A{V Amdí¶H$ h¡& {hÝXr gm{h˶ Ho$ {d{^Þ H$mcIÊ‹S>mo§ Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡& ‘w»¶V: Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (Am{XH$mc) Am¡a gÌhdr eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$mo coH$a hr A{YH$ ‘V^oX h¡& A) Xgdt eVmãXr go Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊ‹S> H$m {d{^Þ {dÛmZm| Ûmam {H$¶m J¶m Zm‘H$aU BgàH$ma h¡ - MmaUH$mc - {J«¶g©Z àmapå^H$ H$mc - {‘l~ÝYw draJmWmH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c {gÕgm‘§V H$mc - amhþc gm§H¥$˶m¶Z ~rOdnZ H$mc - ‘hmdraàgmX {ÛdoXr draH$mc - {dídZmWàgmX {‘l Am{XH$mc - hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr g§{YH$mc Ed§ MmaUH$mc - S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© MmaUH$mc …- {J«¶g©Z Zo gd©àW‘ {hÝXr gm{h˶o{Vhmg Ho$ Amapå^H$ H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "MmaUH$mc' {H$¶m h¡, qH$Vw Bg Zm‘H$aU H$m H$moB© R>mog à‘mU do àñVwV Zhr H$a gHo$ h¡& CÝhm|Zo MmaUH$mc 643 B©gdr go ‘mZm h¡ O~{H$ 1000 B©gdr VH$ MmaU H${d¶m| 6 Ûmam {c{IV H$moB© aMZm CncãY Zhr§ hmoVr& ¶V: ¶h Zm‘H$aU Cn¶w³V Zht h¡& àmapå^H$ H$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo 643 B©gdr go 1387 B©gdr VH$ Ho$ H$mc H$mo "àmapå^H$ H$mc' Zm‘ go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Zm‘ {H$gr gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$m ÚmoVH$ Zhr h¡& ¶h EH$ gm‘mݶ g§km h¡ Omo {hÝXr ^mfm Ho$ àmaå^ H$mo ~VmVr h¡& AV: ¶h Zm‘ ^r VH©$g§JV Zhr h¡& draJmWmH$mc …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Zo AnZo {hÝXr gm[h˶ Ho$ B{Vhmg ‘| g§dV² 1050 go coH$a 1375 B©gdr VH$ H$s H$mcmd{Y H$mo "draJmWm H$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& AnZo ‘V Ho$ g‘W©Z ‘| CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ - ""Am{XH$mc H$s XrK© naånam Ho$ ~rM àW‘ S>o‹T>-Xmo gm¡ dfm} Ho$ ^rVa Vmo aMZm H$s {H$gr {deof àd¥{Îm H$m {ZíM¶ Zhr hmo nmVm h¡ - Y‘©, Zr{V, l¥ÝJma, dra g~ àH$ma H$s aMZmE± Xmohmo§ ‘| {‘cVr h¡& Bg A{Z{X©ï> cmoH$-àd¥{Îm Ho$ CnamÝV O~ go ‘wgc‘mZm| H$s M‹T>mB¶m± Ama§^ hmoVr h¡ V~ go h‘ {hÝXr gm{h˶ H$r àd¥{Îm {deof ê$n ‘| ~±YVr hþB© nmVo h¡& amOm{lV H${d Am¡a MmaU {Og àH$ma ar{V, l¥ÝJma Am{X Ho$ ’w$Q>H$c Xmoho amOg^mAm| ‘| gwZm¶m H$aVo Wo, Cgr àH$ma AnZo Aml¶XmVm amOmAm| Ho$ namH«$‘ nyU© M[aVm| ¶m JmWmAm| H$m ^r dU©Z {H$¶m H$aVo Wo& ¶h à~ÝY naånam "amgmo' Ho$ Zm‘ go nmB© OmVr h¡, {Ogo cú¶ H$aHo$ Bg H$mc H$mo h‘Zo "draJmWm H$mc' H$hm h¡& ew³cOr Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU H$aZo Ho$ {cE {OZ ~mah J«ÝWm| H$mo AmYma ~Zm¶m do J«ÝW h¢ - 1. {dO¶nmc amgmo 7. n¥ÏdramO amgmo 2. hå‘ra amgmo 8. O¶MÝX àH$me 3. H$s{V©cVm 9. O¶‘¶§H$ OgMpÝÐH$m 4. H$s{V©nVmH$m 10. na‘mc amgmo 5. Iw‘mZ amgmo 11. Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m± 6.~rgcXod amgmo 12. {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr {OZ ~mah aMZmAmo§ H$moo ew³c Or Zo Zm‘H$aU H$m AmYma ‘mZm. AmMm¶© hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo CZ aMZmAm| H$mo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ H$aVo hþE "draJmWmH$mc' Zm‘H$aU H$mo {ZaW©H$ {gÕ {H$¶m h¡& O¡go ~rgcXod amgmo Am¡a Iw‘mZ amgmo Z¶o emoY n[aUm‘m| Ho$ AmYma na gmochdt eVmãXr ‘| a{MV ‘mZo JE h¢& hå‘ra amgmo, O¶MÝÐàH$me Am¡a O¶‘¶§H$ OgMpÝÐH$m Zmo{Q>g ‘mÌ h¡& BgràH$ma à{gÕ ‘hmH$mì¶ n¥ÏdramO amgmo H$moo ^r AY© àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ {c¶m J¶m h¡& na‘mc amgmo ¶m AmëhmI§S> Ho$ ‘yc H$m AmO H$hr nVm Zhr cJVm Am¡a Iwgamo H$s nho{c¶m± VWm {dÚmn{V H$s nXmdcr ^r draJmWmË‘H$ Zhr h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aº$ Bg H$mc ‘| Ho$dc draH$mì¶ hr Zhr {cIo J¶o A{nVw Ym{‘©H$, l¥ÝJm[aH$ Am¡a cm¡{H$H$ gm{h˶ H$s ^r aMZmE± hþB© h¡& {gÕgm‘§V H$mc …- amhþc gm§H¥$˶m¶Z Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "{gÕ gm‘ÝV H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& BZHo$ ‘VmZwgma Bg H$mcIÊ‹S> Ho$ g‘mO OrdZ na {gÕm| H$m Am¡a amOZr{V na gm‘ÝVm| H$m EH$m{YH$ma Wm& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ H${d¶m| Zo AnZr aMZmAm| ‘| gm‘ÝVm§o H$m ¶emoJmZ hr à‘wI ê$n go {H$¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ H$s AÝV~m©ø àd¥{Îm¶mo§ H$m Aܶ¶Z H$aZo na nVm McVm h¡ {H$ dhm± {gÕm| Am¡a gm‘ÝVm| H$m hr dM©ñd Wm& 7 Bg Zm‘H$aU go VËH$mcrZ gm‘ÝVr dmVmdaU H$m Vmo nVm McVm h¡ na§Vw {H$gr gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$m CX²KmQ>Z Zht hmo nmVm& Bg Zm‘H$aU go ZmW n§Wr Am¡a ÑT> ¶moJr H${d¶m| VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$s H$mì¶ àd¥{Îm¶m| H$m g‘mdoe Zhr hmo nmVm& ~rOdnZ H$mc …- Am. ‘hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU "~rOdnZ H$mc' {H$¶m h¡& na§Vw ¶h Zm‘ ^r Cn¶w³V Zht h¡& ^mfm H$s Ñ{ï> go ¶h H$mc ^co hr ~rOdnZ H$m H$mc hmo, na§Vw gm{hp˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$s Ñ{ï> go pñW{V Eogr Zhr Wr& Bg Zm‘ go ¶h A^mg hmooVm h¡ {H$ Cg g‘¶ gm{hp˶H$ n«d¥{Îm¶m± e¡ed ‘| Wr, O~{H$ Eogm Zhr h¡& gm{h˶ Cg ¶wJ ‘o§ ^r àm¡‹T>Vm H$mo àmá ¶m A§V: ¶h Zm‘ C{MV Zhr h¡& draH$mc …- Am. {dídZmW àgmX {‘Ì Or Zo Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘ "draH$mc' {H$¶m h¡& ¶h Zm‘ Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Ûmam {X¶o J¶o Zm‘ "dra JmWm H$mc' H$m énmÝVa ‘mÌ h¡, {H$gr ZdrZ V϶ H$mo àñVwV H$aZo dmcm Zht h¡& A§V: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ^r g‘rMrZ Zhr h¡& gpÝY Ed§ MmaUH$mc …- S>m°. am‘Hw$‘ma d‘m© Zo Am{XH$mc H$mo Xmo IÊS>m| ‘o {d^m{OV H$a "gpÝYH$mc' Ed§ "MmaUH$mc' Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& gpÝYH$mc ^mfm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ Am¡a MmaUH$mc go EH$ dJ© {deof H$m ~mooY hmooVm h¡& Bg Zm‘H$aU ‘| ^r ¶h Ìw{Q> h¡ {H$ Bg‘| {H$gr gm{h{˶H$ àd¥{Îm H$mo AmYma Zht ~Zm¶m J¶m& {H$gr Om{V {deof Ho$ Zm‘ na gm{h˶ ‘| Cg H$mc H$m Zm‘H$aU C{MV Zht& AV: ¶h Zm‘H$aU ^r R>rH$ Zht h¡& Am{XH$mc …- Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Or Zo Bg H$mc Ho$ gm{h˶ H$mo A{YH$m§eV: g§{X½Y Am¡a Aàm‘m{UH$ ‘mZVo hþE ^r Cg‘| Xmo {deofVmAm| H$mo aoIm§{H$V {H$¶m& ZdrZ VmOJr Am¡a Anyd© VoOpñdVm& BZ XmoZm| {deofVmAm| H$mo ܶmZ ‘| aIVo hwE Bg H$mc H$m Zm‘ CÝhm|Zo "Am{XH$mc' aIm& AnZo Bg ‘V H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$hm h¡ {H$- dñVwV: {hÝXr H$m Am{XH$mc eãX EH$ àH$ma H$s ^«m‘H$ YmaUm H$s g¥{ï> H$aVm h¡ Am¡a lmoVm Ho$ {MÎm ‘| ¶h ^md n¡Xm H$aVm h¡ {H$ ¶h H$mc H$moB© Am{X‘ ‘Zmo^mdmnZ naånam{d{Z‘w©º$ H$mì¶ ê${‹T>¶m| go AN>yVo gm{h˶ H$m H$mc h¡& ¶h R>rH$ Zht h¡& ¶h H$mc ~hþV A{YH$ naånam ào‘r, ê${‹T>J«ñV Am¡a gMoV H${d¶m| H$m H$mc h¡&'' Bg àH$ma dmñVd ‘| "Am{XH$mc' àmaå^ H$m Z hmoH$a naånam Ho$ {dH$mg H$m gyMH$ h¡& Bg Zm‘ go gmVdr-AmR>dt eVmãXr Ho$ ~m¡Õ, {gÕ, ZmW¶mo{J¶m| Ho$ gmW dra JmWm H$mì¶m| Am¡a AãXþa©h‘mZ, {dÚmn{V VWm Iwgamo Am{X H$mo EH$ gyÌVm ‘| g‘oQ>m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a ’w$Q>H$a H${d¶m| Ho$ Zm‘ {JZmZo go ~Mm Om gH$Vm h¡& Am{XH$mc Zm‘ ‘| {hÝXr H$mì¶énm| Ed§ ^mfm Ho$ A§Hw$[aV hmoZo H$m ^md ^r Am OmVm h¡& AV: ¶hr Zm‘ Cn¶w³V R>haVm h¡& A{YH$m§e {dÛmZm| Ûmam ^r "Am{XH$mc' Zm‘ hr ‘mݶ ahm h¡& ~) Mm¡Xhdt eVmãXr go gÌhdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$m Zm‘H$aU …- Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c Or Zo gd§V² 1375 go coH$a 1700 B. VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> H$mo nyd©‘ܶH$mc H$s g§km go A{^{hV {H$¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| ^p³V H$s ‘w»¶ àd¥{Îm H$mo XoIVo hþE Bg H$mcmd{Y H$m Zm‘H$aU "^p³VH$mc' {H$¶m h¡& Bgo nadVu g^r {dÛmZm| Zo 8 ñdrH$ma {H$¶m h¡ Am¡a AmO ^r "^p³VH$mc' Zm‘H$aU gd©‘mݶ h¡& H$) gÌhdt eVmãXr go CÞrgdt eVmãXr VH$ Ho$ H$mcIÊS> (ar{VH$mc) Ho$ Zm‘H$aU {df¶H$ ‘V^oX …- Am. ew³cOr Zo gd§V² 1700 go coH$a 1900 B. VH$ Ho$ g‘¶ H$mo CÎma ‘ܶH$mc Zm‘ {X¶m h¡& Bg ¶wJ Ho$ gm{h˶ ‘| ar{V (cjU) J«ÝWm| Ho$ coIZ H$s naånam H$mo XoIVo hwE Bgo "ar{VH$mc' H$hZm VH©$g§JV ‘mZm h¡& Bg H$mc Ho$ Zm‘H$aU H$moo coH$a ^r {dÛmZm| ‘| ‘V^oX h¡- Ac§H¥$VH$mc - {‘l~ÝYw ar{VH$mc - Am. am‘MÝÐ ew³c H$cmH$mc - a‘me§H$a ew³c "agmc' l¥ÝJma H$mc - n§. {dídZmW àgmX {‘l Ac§H¥$VH$mc …- {‘l~ÝYwAm| Zo Bg ¶wJ H$m Zm‘H$aU "Ac§H¥$V H$mc' H$aVo hþE H$hm h¡ {H$ - ""ar{VH$mcrZ H${d¶mo'' Zo {OVZo AmJ«h Ho$ gmW aMZm e¡cr H$mo Ac§H¥$V H$aZo H$m à¶mg {H$¶m h¡. 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Aml`XmVmAm|, dra nwéfm| VWm g¡{ZH$m| Ho$ dramo{MV `wÜX KQ>ZmAm| H$mo Ho$db ~‹T>m> MT>mH$a hr Zht, CgH$s `WmW©naH$ pñW{V`m| Ed§ gÝX^m] H$mo ^r ~marH$s Ho$ gmW {M{ÌV H$aVo Wo& dramo{MV ^mdZmAm| Ho$ dU©Z Ho$ 31 {bE BÝhm|Zo 'amgH$ `m amgmo' N>ÝX H$m à`moJ {H$`m Wm, Š`m|{H$ `h N>ÝX Bg ^mdZm H$mo gåào{fV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b Wm& Bg{bE BZHo$ Ûmam a{MV H$mì` H$mo 'amgmo H$mì`' H$hm J`m& amgmo H$mì` naånam Ho$ à{V{Z{Y J«ÝW Bg àH$ma h¡- 1. Iw_mU amgmo :- amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s àmapå^H$ aMZmAmo§ _| 'Iw_mUamgmo' H$m ñWmZ gdm}n[a h¡& BgH$m gd©àW_ CëboI {edqgh g|Ja H$s H¥${V '{edqgh gamoO' _| {_bVm h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Xbn{V {dO` h¢& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb BgH$mo Zdt eVmãXr (gZ² 812 B©.) H$s aMZm _mZVo h¢& Bg_| amOñWmZ Ho$ {MVm¡S>-Zaoe Iw_U (Iwå_mU) {ÛVr` Ho$ `wÜXm| H$m gOrd dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg J«ÝW ^r àm_m{UH$ hñV{b{IV à{V nyZm-g§J«hmb` _| gya{jV h¡& Iw_mU amgmo 'nm±M hOma N>ÝXmo§ H$m EH$ {demb J«ÝW h¢& Bg_| g_H$mbrZ amOmAmo§ Ho$ Amngr {ddmXm| Ho$ ~mX hþE EH$Vm Ho$ gmW Aã~m{g`m d§e Amb_m_y§ Ibr\$m Am¡a Iw_mU Ho$ gmW hþE `wÜX H$m {MÌU {_bVm h¡& Bg H¥${V H$m à_wI à{VnmÚ amOm Iw_mU H$m M[aÌmÝH$Z H$aZm h¡ CZHo$ M[aÌ Ho$ Xmo àñWmZ {~ÝXw h¢-EH$ `wÜX Am¡a Xygam ào_& Iw_mU Ho$ ào_ H$mo Xem©Zo Ho$ {bE hr H¥${VH$ma Zo {ddmh, Zm{`H$m ^oX, fQ²>F$VwdU©Z H$m {dñV¥V dU©Z {H$`m h¡ Omo a_Ur` h¡& AÝ` amgmo J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ Bg_| ^r l¥ÝJma Am¡a dra -XmoZm| ag àYmZ aho h¢& Bg_| Xmohm, gd¡`m, H${dÎm Am{X {d{dY N>ÝXm| H$m gwMmI à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$s ^mfm amOñWmZr {hÝXr ahr h¡ H$mì` gm¡ÝX¶© ^mfme¡br H$s Ñ{ï>g| ¶h EH$ gab Am¡a g’$b H$mì¶ _mZm OmVm h¡& BgH$s gag,gab ^mfm e¡br H$m CXmhaU Ñï>ì` h¡ - '' {nC {MVm¡S> Z Am{dD$, gmdU nhbr VrO& Omod¡ dmQ> {dahrUr, {IU {IU AUd¡ IrO&& gÝXogmo {nC gm{h~m, nmN>mo {\$[a` Z Xoh& n§N>r Kmë`m qnOa|, Ny>Q>U amo gÝXoh&&'' 2. na_mb amgmo :- amgmo H$mì` naånam H$s à_wI H¥${V Ho$ én _| 'na_mb amgmo' H$m Zm_ ^r {b`m OmVm h¡& Bgo 'AmëhmIÊS>' ^r H$hVo h¡& Am. am_MÝÐ ewŠb Zo Bgo '~¡boS>' VWm S>m°. am_Hw$_ma d_m© Zo Bgo 'draJmWm' H$mì` H$hm h¡& Hw$N> {dÛmZ Bgo '{dH$gZerb bmoH$ _hmH$mì`' _mZVo h¡& BgH$s OZVm _| AË`{YH$ bmoH${à`Vm H$mo XoI S>m°. {J«`g©Z Zo Bgo dV©_mZ `wJ H$m gdm©{YH$ bmoH${à` _hmH$mì` _mZm Wm& A^r VH$ BgH$s àm_m{UH$ à{V CnbãY Zht hþB© h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm OJ{ZH$ h¡, Omo _hmo~m Ho$ Zaoe na_{X© Xod do Am{lV Wo& aMZmH$ma Zo Bg H$mì` _| _hmo~m Xoe Ho$ Xmo bmoH$-à{gÜX dram|- Amëhm Am¡a D$Xb Ho$ dra M[aÌ H$mo `WmW© T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m h¡& BZHo$ Ûmam {H$`o J`o {d{^ÝZ `wÜXm| H$m ~S>r CÎmoOH$ ^mfm _| dU©Z Bg J«ÝW H$s {deofVm h¡& Bg _| Amëhm N>ÝX (dra N>ÝX) H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡& BgH$s ^mfm ~¡gdmS>r h¡& `h H$mì` {e{jV g_mO H$s Anojm A{e{jV `m AÜX©-{e{jV g_mO _| hr A{YH$ bmoH${à` ahm h¡& `h gX¡d Jm`H$m| H$s naånam Ûmam hr {dH${gV hmoVm ahm h¡& `h EH$ Jo`-H$mì` h¡& BgH$s _yb àoaUm d¡`{ŠVH$ dra ^mdZm, ñdm{^_mZ, XX© Am¡a 32 gmhgnyU© ^mdm| H$m dU©Z H$aZo H$s ahr h¡- ''~mah ~[ag h¡ Hy$Hw$a {OE±, Am¡ Voah b¡ {OE± {g`ma& ~[ag AR>mah N>Ìr {OE±, AmJo OrdZ H$mo {YŠH$ma&&'' gXm Va¡`m Z ~Z \y$b¡, _mamo gXm Z gmdZ hmo`& ñdJ© _S>¡`m g~ H$mSy>± H$mo, `mamo gXm Z Ord¡ H$mo`&&'' 3. hå_ra amgmo :- 'hå_ra amgmo' A^r VH$ EH$ ñdV§Ì H¥${V Ho$ én _| CnbãY Zht hmo gH$m h¡& An^«§e Ho$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' Zm_H$ EH$ g§J«h-J«ÝW _| g§J«hrV hå_ra {df`H$ 8 N>ÝXm| H$mo XoI Am. ewŠbOr Zo Bgo EH$ ñdV§Ì J«ÝW _mZ {b`m Wm& àM{bV YmaUm Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V Ho$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya _mZo OmVo h¡& naÝVw Hw$N> nXm| _| 'OÁOb ^Uh' dmŠ`m§e XoI n§. amhþb ñmm§H¥$Ë`m`Z Zo Bg_| OÁOb Zm_H$ {H$gr H${d H$s aMZm _mZm h¡& Am. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ 'àmH¥$V n¢Jb_²' H$s Q>rH$m _| ^r BÝh| OÁOb H$s hr C{ŠV _mZm J`m h¡; AV: BgHo$ aM{`Vm emS>©J:Ya Z hmoH$a OÁOb h¡& Bg H${d _| hå_ra Xod Am¡a AëbmCÔrZ Ho$ `wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb 13 dt eVr _mZm OmVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ hå_ra Xod gZ² 1300 B©. _o§ AëbmCÔrZ H$s MT>mB© _| _mao J`o Wo& Bg H¥${V H$m CÔoí` hå_ra Xod H$s draVm H$m dU©Z H$aZm h¡& 4. {dO`nmb amgmo :- {_l~ÝYwAm| Zo AnZo J«ÝW '{_l~ÝYw {dZmoX' _| Bg naånam H$s EH$ aMZm '{dO`nmb amgmo' H$m CëboI {H$`m h¡& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zëhqgh ^mQ> _mZo OmVo h¡& BgH$m aMZmH$mb gZ² 1298 B©. _mZm OmVm h¡& S>m°. amOZmW e_m© Ho$ AZwgma Bg H¥${V _| {dO`nmb qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ `wÜX H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. amO~br nmÊS>o` Ho$ AZwgma Bg aMZm _| aMZmH$ma Zo amOm {dO`nmb qgh Am¡a ~§J amOm Ho$ ~rM hþE `wÜXm| H$mo gOrd én _| {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡& Bg H¥${V _| Ho$db 42 N>ÝX hr CnbãY h¡& 5. ~rgbXod amgmo :- '~rgbXod amgmo' Bg H$mì`-naånam H$s nm±Mdr H¥${V h¡& BgH$s aMZm- ''~mah go ~amoÎmam _§Pm[a& OoR> ~Xr Zd_r ~w{Ydmar'' Ho$ AZwgma Ooð> dXr Zd_r, {XZ ~wYdma gZ² 1155 B©. (g§db 1212) _| hþB© Wr& BgHo$ aM{`Vm Zan{V Zmëh _mZo OmVo h¢, Omo AO_oa Ho$ Mm¡hmU amOm ~rgbXod ({dJ«hamO MVwW©) Ho$ g_H$mbrZ Wo& Bg_| AO_oa Zaoe {dJ«hamO, CnZm_ ~rgbXod Am¡a CZH$s nËZr, amOm ^moO H$s nwÌr amO_Vr Ho$ {ddmh, H$bh, {dah Am¡a {_bZ Ho$ _m{_©H$ {MÌ A§{H$V {H$`o J`o h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go {Zambr {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ `h {hÝXr Ho$ AÝ` amgm| J«ÝWm| Ho$ g_mZ draVm H$m àepñVJm`Z Z hmoH$a H$mo_b ào_ Ho$ _Ywa, _m{_©H$ Am¡a g§doXZerb én H$m A_a {MÌ h¡& {dàbå^-l¥ÝJma BgH$m àYmZ dÊ`© {df` h¡& Mma IÊS>m| _| {d^m{OV gdm gm¡ N>ÝXm| H$m `h N>moQ>m gm H$mì` àU` gådoXZm H$m ÐdUerb, öX`J«mhr én àñVwV H$aVm h¡& BgHo$ àW_ IÊS> _| ~rgbXod Am¡a 33 _mbdm Ho$ ^moO na_ma H$s H$Ý`m amO_Vr H$m {ddmh dU©Z, Xygao IÊS> _| ~rgbXod H$m amZr go éT>H$a C{S>gm OmZm VWm dhm± ~mah dfm] VH$ ahZm, Vrgao IÊS> _| amO_Vr H$m {dah dU©Z VWm ~rgbXod H$m CS>rgm go bm¡Q>Zm Am¡a Mm¡Wo IÊS> _| ^moO H$m AnZr nwÌr H$mo AnZo Ka bo AmZo H$s H$Wm VWm ~rgbXod H$m Cgo nwZ: {MÎmm¡S> bm¡Q>m bmZo H$m àg§J d{U©V h¡& `h gmar H$Wm b{bV _wŠVH$m| _| H$hr JB© h¡& 'gÝXoe amgH$' H$s ^m±{V ~rgbXod amgmo ^r _w»`V: {dah H$mì` h¡& `h J«ÝW {dah Ho$ ñdm^m{dH$ {MÌ, g§`moJ Am¡a {dàbå^ l¥ÝJma H$s g\$b CX²^mdZm Am¡a gmW hr àH¥${V Ho$ én {MÌm| go n[anyU© h¡& Bg J«ÝW H$s g~go ~S>r {deofVm `h h¡ {H$ {d{dY KQ>ZmAm| Ho$ dU©Zm| Ho$ hmoVo hþE ^r Bg H$mì` _| B{Vd¥ÎmmË_H$Vm Zht h¡& Zm{`H$m amO_Vr H$m M[aÌ ~S>m hr gOrd VWm {dbjU ~Z nS>m h¡& ''_Ü` `wJ Ho$ g_yMo qhXr gm{hË` _| O~mZ H$s BVZr VoO Am¡a _Z H$s BVZr Iar Zm{`H$m Zht XrI nS>Vr h¡& '' amOm ~rgbXod Zo EH$ {XZ amOH$s` A{^_mZ H$s am¡ _| H$hm {H$ _oao g_mZ Xygam ^ynmb Zht& amZr amO_Vr go `h {_Ï`m{^_mZ Z gh>m J`m& CgZo H$hm {H$ CS>rgm H$m amOm Vw_go YZr h¡& {Og àH$ma Vwåhmao amÁ` _o§ Z_H$ {ZH$bVm h¡, Cgr Vah CgHo$ Ka _| hrao H$s admZm| go hram {ZH$bVm h¡& amOm Bg na Ob-^yZ J`m Am¡a éQ>> J`m VWm amZr H|$ bmI AZwZ`-{dZ` H$aZo na ^r C{S>gm {ZH$b J

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