Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology PDF

9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 Side Notes word...

9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 Side Notes word myth comes from the Greek word mythos, which means “word,” “speech,” “tale,” or “story,” myth ( mythos ) = tale & speech & story Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 true myth or myth proper is used for stories primarily concerned with the gods and humankind’s relations with them true myth / myth proper = story w/ god & human relation Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 folk tales, which are often stories of adventure, sometimes peopled with fantastic beings and enlivened by ingenious strategies on the part of the hero or heroine, who will triumph in the end folk tales = story w/ adventure & fantastical beings ( used to entertain ) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 solely, to entertain Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 the designation for the plot of a play; myth can also mean designation for the plot of a play Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 Myth is a many-faceted personal and cultural phenomenon created to provide a reality PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher myths are cultural phenomenon created to provide reality & answers content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 1/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 provides us with absolutes in the place of ephemeral values and with a comforting perception of the world that is necessary to make the insecurity and terror of existence bearable basically makes people feel better about life ; like religion Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 Most Greek and Roman stories reflect this universal preoccupation with creation, the nature of god and humankind, the afterlife, and other spiritual concerns greek + roman story = nature of gods + afterlife + spirituality Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 mythology and religion are inextricably entwined Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 religious ceremonies and cults were given authority by myths that inspired belief Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 Mircea Eliade mircea eliade = myth writer = " myth as a tale to explain religion + origin of life Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 most prolific twentieth-century writers on myth PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 2/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 ees myth as a tale satisfying the yearning of human beings for a fundamental orientation rooted in the religious aura of a sacred timelessness Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 surrounding the beginnings and origins of things Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 God, once in a holy era, created the world, and this initial cosmogony becomes the origin myth, the model for creations of every kind and stories about them Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 myth should be interpreted narrowly as an explication of the origin of some fact or custom. Hence, the theory is called etiological myth = explanation of origin & customs ( facts that cannot be explained ) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 using myths to explain facts that cannot otherwise be explained Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 it does not allow for the imaginative or metaphysical aspects of mythological thought Mellow Yellow 9/4/2024 etiological (“the assignment of causes or origins”) explanation of causes & origins PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 3/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Myths usually try to explain matters physical, emotional, and spiritual not only literally and realistically but also figuratively and metaphorically Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 explain the origin of our physical world Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 it does nothing to identify a myth specifically and to distinguish it clearly from any other form of expression Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 rationalize classical mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Euhemerus Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 claimed that the g Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 ods were men deified for their great deeds Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 euhemerism is the metaphorical interpretation of stories PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 4/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 sees myth as allegory Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 influential nineteenth-century theory Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Max Müller: myths are nature myths Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 igmund Freud and Carl Jung Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Freud’s greatest contributions are his emphasis on sexuality Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 heory of the unconscious, his interpretation of dreams, and his identification of the Oedipus complex Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 man’s behavior in relationship to his mother Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 the daughter turns to the father as an object of love and becomes hostile to her mother as her rival PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 5/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Electra complex Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 patterns in the imaginative world of children, savages, and neurotics are similar and are revealed in the motifs and symbols of myth Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 dre Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 reams and myths is illuminating for many myths Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 collective unconscious of the race Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 personal unconscious and the collective unconscious Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 anima is the archetypal image of the female that each man has within him Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 animus is the archetypal concept of the male that a woman instinctively harbors within her PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 6/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 J. G. Frazer presents a ritualist interpretation of mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 link myth with ritual Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Jane Harrison Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 dominate classical attitudes at the beginning of the twentieth century Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 “the reduction to narrative shorthand of ritual mime performed in public festivals, and often recorded pictorially on temple walls, vases, seals, bowls, mirrors, chests, shields, tapestries, and the like.” Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 ritualist theory says that “myth implies ritual, ritual implies myth, they are one and the same.” Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Bronislav Malinowski Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 close connection between myths and social institutions, which led him to explain myths not in cosmic or mysterious terms, but as “charters” of social customs and beliefs PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 7/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 myths were related to practical life Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 structuralism may be defined as an attempt to analyze myths into their component parts Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Claude Lévi-Strauss have enriched the anthropological approach to myth Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 the link between myth and society Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 myth as a mode of communication, like language or music Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 therefore rigorously analytical, breaking down each myth into its component parts Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 assumes that society has a consistent structure and therefore a functional unity in which every component plays a meaningful part Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 myths are derived ultimately from the structure of the mind PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 8/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 would maintain that all versions of a myth are equally authentic for exploring the myth’s structure Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 aroused passionate controversy among anthropologists and mythographers Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 he binary functioning of the human mind and of human society may be common, but it has not been proved to be either universal or necessary Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Propp analyzed traditional tales into their constituent parts, from which he deduced a single, recurrent structure applicable to all Russian folk tales Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 described this structure as linear, that is, as having an unchanging temporal sequence, so that one element in the myth always follows another and never occurs out of order Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 divided his basic structure into thirty-one functions or units of action (which have been defined by others as motifemes Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 the characters may change, but the functions do not PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 9/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 that is, the Quest Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 basically provides a means toward establishing a rational system for understanding and organizing the study of mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 many insist that a true myth must be oral, and some would add that it also must be anonymous. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 myth need not be just a story told orally Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 the texts of classical mythology can be linked to the oral and literary themes of other mythologies Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 comparative mythology has been used extensively for understanding the myths of any one culture Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Greek and Roman literature has certain characteristics that differentiate it from the many oral preliterate tales gathered from other cultures by anthropologists Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 classical myths share fundamental characteristics with traditional PRINTED BY: [email protected]. tales everywhere Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 10/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 he focus being the identification of structures and motifs in Greek and Roman literature that are common to mythologies of the world. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Joseph Campbell is the best known comparative mythologist to the general public Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 embraces mythologies of every sort—oral, literary, whatever—in the world throughout the centuries Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 classical mythology is not of major significance, but it easily could be Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 recognize the kindred spiritual values that may be found through a comparison of the myths and legends of various peoples Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 nonjudgmental acceptance of homosexuality and the beautiful stories it inspires, Greek and Roman mythology overall reflects the point of view of a heterosexual society Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Greek drama, as we have it, is shot through with family and religious values PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 11/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 he ties that bind them together are those of man and woman, husband and wife, father and mother, brother and sister, son and daughter Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 texts have something to say to each of us because they spring from a civilization that is all-embracing (not merely bizarre) and all too recognizable and helpful in the face of our own issues and conflicts and their resolution, not least of all those between heterosexuals and homosexuals and men and women. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 myths embrace different kinds of stories in different media, which may be classified in numerous ways. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 it will illuminate other mythologies drawn from primitive and preliterate societies, just as they will help us understand the origin, development, and meaning of classical literature Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Classical mythology has at least as much (if not more) in common with English and American literature (not to mention French and German, among others)43 as it does with preliterate comparisons of oral folk tales Mellow Yellow 9/5/2024 A cla Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 lassical myth is a story that, through its classical form, has attained a kind of immortality because its inherent archetypal beauty, profundity, PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use and power have inspired rewarding renewal and transformation by only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher successive generations content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 12/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 modern archaeological work in the Mycenaean world were laid by the brilliant pioneer Heinrich Schliemann Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Sir Arthur Evans followed at the turn of the century Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 it was believed that Gre Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Greece had not been inhabited before the Neolithic period Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 country was settled in Paleolithic times (before 70,000 b.c.) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 evealed settled agricultural communities (i.e., outlines of houses, pottery, tools, and graves). It is conjectured that the Neolithic inhabitants came from the east and the north Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 evidence of religion seems apparent; particularly significant are little female idols, their sexuality exaggerated by the depiction of swollen bellies, buttocks, and full breasts Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age in Greece, Crete, and the Islands with a migration from the east PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 13/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 responsible for building the great Minoan civilization of Crete Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Bronze Age Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Early, Middle, and Late Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Bronze Age in Crete is designated as Minoan Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Islands the term is Cycladic Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Greece it is called Helladic Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Late Bronze Age on the mainland Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 identified as the Mycenaean Age Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 PRINTED BY: [email protected]. citadel of power (Mycenae) dominant in Greece during this period Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 14/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Minoan civilization grew to maturity in the Middle Bronze Age and reached its pinnacle of greatness Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 period (1600–1400 b.c.) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 palace at Cn Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Cnossus was particularly splendid Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Cnossus was the capital of a great thalassocracy (sea-power) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Minoan power extended over the islands of the Aegean and even the mainland of Greece Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 suggests the historical basis for the legend of the labyrinth and the slaying of the Minotaur by Theseus Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Cnossus could have won temporary control over Athens PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 15/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 forced to pay tribute for a time Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Athens would have won freedom from Cretan domination Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Cnossus had no walls (unlike the fortress citadels of Hellas) indicates that its confident security depended on ships and the sea Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Minoan art and architecture implies much about the civilization Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 artifacts reflect a highly developed sense of religion Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 word labyrinth may have originally meant “home of the double ax. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 worship of a fertility mother-goddess was basic in Minoan religion Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 1400 b.c., Cretan power was eclipsed Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher focus of civilization shifted to the mainland of Greece content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 16/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 those who stress the dominant influence of the Minoans on the mainland civilization and refuse to attribute the downfall of Crete to a Mycenaean invasion, as against those who argue for Mycenaean (Greek) encroachment and eventual control of the island Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 ncline to the latter view Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Thera Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 indicated clear signs of destruction by earthquakes in the Minoan- Mycenaean period that may be dated ca. 1600 b.c Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 earthquakes were responsible for the disintegration of power on the island of Crete Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 have turned to the mythical tale about Atlantis Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Middle Bronze Age Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 ushered in by an invasion from the north and possibly the east PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 17/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Indo-Europeans are the first Greeks (i.e., they spoke the Greek language) to enter the peninsula, and they brought with them the worship of a supreme god of the sky, named Zeus. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 civilization (usually called Mycenaean) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Late Helladic period (1600–1100 b.c.) Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 learned much from the Minoans; their painting, palaces, and pottery are strikingly similar, but there are some significant differences. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 circle of shaft graves within the citadel Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 revealed a hoard of treasures—masks of beaten gold placed on the faces of the corpses, exquisite jewelry, and beautifully decorated weapons. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 these places were prosperous centers during the Mycenaean Age Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Clay tablets inscribed with writing have been found on the mainland PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 18/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 tablets were baked hard in the conflagrations that destroyed these Mycenaean fortresses when they fell before the onslaught of the invaders Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 key to deciphering the Linear B tablets was discovered in 1952 by Michael Ventris Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 the theory that the Mycenaeans as well as the Minoans worshiped a goddess of the mother-fertility type and that the concept of chthonian (i.e., of the earth) deities that this implies was merged with that of the Olympians Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 gods are listed in the tablets as the recipients of offerings (i.e., of animals, olive oil, wheat, wine, and honey), which suggests ritual sacrifice and ceremonial banquets Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 nine settlements on the site of Troy, situated at the hill of Hisarlik Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Troy I was settled in the Early Bronze Age Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 important city in the historical Greek period Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher Romans restored the city on a large scale in the first century content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 19/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Augustus Caesar honored the city as the home of their ancestor Aeneas Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 xisted in the time of Constantine the Great (in the fourth century) but fell into disuse in the sixth century Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Homer and the renowned legend of the Trojan War Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Troy became a revered site of Greek honor and glory Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 citadel Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 particularly interesting because of treasure Schliemann claimed to have found at that level and his inaccurate assumption that he had found the city of Priam and the Trojan War Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 roy III–V belong to the Early and Middle Bronze Ages Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Troy VI PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 20/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 identified by Dörpfeld as the city of the Trojan War Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 collapse of Troy VI is dated around 1250 b.c. Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 believe that the final building phase was ended by a severe earthquake Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 this settlement as the great city of King Priam, besieged and taken by the Greeks Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Troy VII Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 scene of the Trojan War Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 seems to provide signs of a siege and fire, indicative of the Trojan War Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 Troy VII at about 1250–1040 b.c PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 21/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 first phase VIIa ending around 1150 b.c Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ontinuity of culture between Troy VI and Troy VIIa Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ruins of houses and citadel walls were reused for repairs; buildings are much smaller, more cramped, and clearly arranged; the style of pottery remains Mycenaean; and the population and number of storage vessels are increased. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 both Troy VI and Troy VIIa could be the city of Priam Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Korfmann’s conclusions seem to support Blegen’s thesis. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 excavated Troy (whether Troy VI or Troy VIIa, or both) must be the city of Priam that fell to the Greeks Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 citadel for Troy VI was newly constructed in eight successive stages, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 rincipal palaces on the summit no longer survive, but remains of large, impressive buildings have been found along the edge of the acropolis PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 22/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 excavations that are in progress reveal that in Troy VI/VIIa the fortified upper citadel of the king was linked to a lower town by a defensive wall that surrounded it, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ditch cut in the bedrock Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ditch was part of the defensive system, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 delay attackers before they reached a wall Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 clear indications of a causeway running through the palisad Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 main entrance to the upper citadel of Troy VI/VIIa was from the west, on the seaward side. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Korfmann rightfully sees this topography reflected in the Iliad. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 also it was the only place where these Mycenaean warriors would have come close enough to be identified. PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 23/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 recent excavations provide greater proof Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Troy VI/VIIa was a significant, palatial center, with its fortress citadel and inhabited lower town protected by a ditch and a wall Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 wealth and power of King Priam, celebrated in the heroic tradition. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 indications within the lower town of a violent destruction Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 hasti Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 astily buried fifteen-year-old female and “a number of long-range weapons, such as arrowheads and spearheads, and over one hundred stone pellets, probably used for slings, which were piled in heaps. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 defeat in battle Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 successful defenders usually clean up such piles, PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 24/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 small, round, bronze seal Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 first prehistoric inscription from Troy is to be dated in the second half of the twelfth century. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ommon and abundant Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 need to mark and identify one’s own property with a stamp. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 earing the name of an official and the other the name of his wife. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 language of the seal is Luwian Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Indo-European language like Hittite, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Hittite (the official language of diplomacy) can be read today, but hieroglyphic Hittite, a complex pictographic script used for Luwian, has only recently been deciphered PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 25/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Luwian language became a kind of demotic to high Hittite Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 used widely among a multilingual population Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 easily comprehensible. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Luwian seal from Troy is poorly preserved. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Luwian was a language used in Troy is credible Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 many more languages in this international hub. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 major language of the Trojans is a much less likely conjecture. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 spoken Greek. Perhaps in this case, too, Homer is right Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 PRINTED BY: [email protected]. the Trojans were descended from the same Indo-Europeans Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 26/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 around 2000 b.c Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Hittite documents have emerged to offer vital new insights into the history of the Bronze Age. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 strong connections between the Hittite kingdom and ‘Wilusa,’ Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 identifies among the deities of Wilusa a deity named Appaliunas, almost certainly the name for Apollo, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 god who took the side of the Trojans Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Iliad. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 cult of Apollo is believed to be Anatolian or Cypriot in origin Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Homer does call him “Lycian-born. PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 27/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 unearthed further confirmation for the authenticity of Homeric geography and legend Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 cemetery containing about 200 graves surrounded by a single wall has been unearthed Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 pottery and funeral offerings that are unmistakably Mycenaean and of the thirteenth century (the period of late Troy VI or Troy VIIa). It is dif Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 that are unmistakably Mycenaean and of the thirteenth century (the period of late Troy VI or Troy VIIa). It is dif Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 headland of Yassi Tepe Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 great cone-shaped tumulus, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 be the tomb of Achilles and visited by Xerxes and Alexander the Great. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Xerxes, king of the Persians. PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 28/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 sacrificed oxen to Trojan Athena, Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 confirms that Troy was a major center of commerce and trade in the second millennium Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 held the Hittite Empire at bay Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 remained relatively independent, Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 becoming a major contender in maritime traffic Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 stronghold on the vital area of the Black Sea Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 even charging tolls for ships traveling through the Dardanelles Mellow Yellow 9/1/2024 economic reasons can easily be conjured up as legitimate causes for the Trojan War PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 29/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Mycenaeans had conquered Cnossus, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 assumed control of the Aegean Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 interfered frequently and significantly in the military and monetary affairs of western Asia Minor, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 leaders of the Mycenaean kingdoms banded together to sail against Troy, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 destruction of the later phases of Troy VII Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 marked the troublesome period of transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Age of Iron. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Mycenaean Age in Greece was brought to a violent end, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 destruction was entirely the work of Dorians invading from the north and east has been questioned. PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 30/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 two great Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, in the eighth century b.c. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 kept alive by oral recitation, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 “Homer” almost certainly belongs to Asia Minor or one of the islands Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 monarchy is the prevailing institution; Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 two major periods of creative impetus, one before the destruction of Mycenaean civilization and one after. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Homeric poems were eventually set down in writing Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 possible by the invention of an alphabet in the eighth century b.c.17 Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Greeks borrowed the symbols of the Phoenician script PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 31/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 create a true alphabet, distinguishing by each sign individual vowels and consonants, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 syllables are the only linguistic units. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Cadmus of Thebes taught the natives to write, we assume that he instructed them in Mycenaean Linear B rather than in the later Greek alphabet. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 these myths have many parallels in other mythologies, such as Egyptian, Sumerian, Babylonian, and Hebraic. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Homer ( Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 reflects a primitive belief that the universe can be understood in terms of a simple geography. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 world is a flat disc with hills, touched at its rim by the vast dome of the heavens. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Oceanus is the stream of ocean that encircles the earth PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 32/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Hesiod Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 systematic explanation of how the gods, the universe, and humankind came into being. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 heogony, while his Works and Days Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 beauty and power of the Muses Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 graceful dancing and exquisite singing to delight the gods on Olympus. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Muses are the daughters of Zeus Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 revelation comes from the infallible knowledge of the supreme god. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 chaos suggests a “yawning void. PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 33/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 all Chaos (not a deity particularly, but a beginning or a first principle, perhaps a void) came into being Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Gaia (Gaea or Ge, Earth)2 and the others. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 came out of Chaos, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 “from Chaos” came Erebus and dark Night Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Tartarus is a place deep in the depths of the earth Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Erebus is the gloomy darkness of Tartarus; Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 equated with Tartarus itself. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 this passage concerns the interpretation of “then” PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 34/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Gaea, Tartarus, and Eros emerge next after Chaos or through generation out of Chaos? Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 describes the most beautiful Eros by one of his characteristically brief touches, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Eros was called Cupid Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Eros responsible for this fury of procreation may very well be the same Eros who, in the later tradition, is appropriately called Phanes Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Ovid, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 provides another classic account of genesis, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Ovid’s Chaos Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 not a gaping void PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 35/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 crude and unformed mass of elements Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 Ovid is Roman, and late, and that his mythology is far removed in spirit Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 For Hesiod Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 first deity is female, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 concept of Mother Earth Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 fertility as primary and divine; Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 male sky-god Uranus Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 produced by Earth herself, Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher her equal partner. content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 36/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 matriarchal societies, he is reduced to a subordinate; Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 patriarchal societies, he becomes the supreme god. Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 personification and deification of sky and earth as Uranus and Ge (Gaia) Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 raced back to very early times; sky and rain, earth and fertility Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 his seed that fertilizes the hungry earth and makes her conceive Mellow Yellow 9/8/2024 develops the archetypal concept of a “sacred” or “holy marriage,” Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Titans, children of Uranus and Ge, are twelve in number: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and “wily Cronus, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Titans, children of Uranus and Ge, are twelve in number: Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Tethys, and “wily Cronus, PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 37/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 youngest and most terrible of these children and he hated his lusty father” Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 deifications of various aspects of nature, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 important for their progeny, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 all lineage may be traced back to the Titans and to the other powers originating from Chaos. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Hesiod Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 creates a universe both real and imagined, physical and spiritual, peopled with gods, demigods, deified or personified abstractions, animals, monsters, and mortals; Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Titans are best considered in pairs, since there are six males and six females; and the inevitable, incestuous matings of some of these brothers and sisters produce cosmic progeny. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Oceanus and his mate, Tethys, produced numerous children, the PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Oceanids Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 38/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 he admits (Theogony 369–370) that it is difficult for a mortal to name them all, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Titan Hyperion is a god of the sun, more important than his sister and mate, Theia. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 parents of H Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Helius, Selene, and Eos Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Helius Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 sun-god Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Duplication of divinities is common Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 exist side by side, PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 39/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 younger generation will dominate the older and usurp its power. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Homeric conception of geography Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 sun-god dwells in the East, crosses the dome of the sky with his team of horses, Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 of the sky with his team of horses, descends in the West Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Homeric Hymn to Helius (31) offers a glowing picture. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Phaëthon (whose name means “shining”), the son of Helius Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 mistresses, Clymene. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Phaëthon was challenged by the accusation that the Sun was not his real father at all PRINTED BY: [email protected]. Printing of Notes and Highlights is for personal, private use only. Notes created by user are not part of publisher content. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted without publisher's prior permission. Violators will be prosecuted. about:blank 40/114 9/24/24, 5:17 PM Highlights & Notes: Classical Mythology Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Clymene, however, swore to him that he was truly the child of Helius Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 ask his father, the sun-god himself. Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 magnificent palace of the Sun Mellow Yellow 9/9/2024 Phaëthon, awed by t