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Question Answer What forms the head? Mainly the skull with the brain and its covering meninges enclosed in the cranial cavity. What are the immobile joints in the skull called? Sutures. What is...

Question Answer What forms the head? Mainly the skull with the brain and its covering meninges enclosed in the cranial cavity. What are the immobile joints in the skull called? Sutures. What is the connective tissue between the bones of the Sutural ligament. skull? What does the skull surround and protect? The brain and brainstem. What organs does the skull house? Organs of special senses. What is another name for the upper part of the cranium? Vault/Skullcap/Calvaria. What is the lowest part of the cranium called? Base of the skull. What is the term for the part of the cranium that includes Viscerocranium. the face? What is the floor of the cranial cavity called? Cranial fossae. What are the components of the skull bones or bones of External and internal tables (compact bone) separated by a layer called the diploe calvaria? (spongy bone). Where are diploic veins located? Between the tables of the skull. What do emissary veins connect? The intracranial venous sinuses with the emissary veins and veins outside the cranium. How many bones make up the cranium? 8 How many frontal bones are there in the cranium? 1 How many parietal bones are there in the cranium? 2 How many occipital bones are there in the cranium? 1 How many temporal bones are there in the cranium? 2 How many sphenoid bones are there in the cranium? 1 How many ethmoid bones are there in the cranium? 1 How many zygomatic bones are there in the facial 2. structure? How many maxillae bones are present in the facial 2. structure? How many nasal bones are found in the facial structure? 2. How many lacrimal bones are there in the facial structure? 2. How many vomer bones are present in the facial 1. structure? How many palatine bones are found in the facial 2. structure? How many inferior conchae bones are there in the facial 2. structure? How many mandible bones are present in the facial 1. structure? What bones does the coronal suture divide? Frontal and parietal bones. Which bones are divided by the sagittal suture? Two parietal bones. What bones does the lambdoid suture divide? Occipital and parietal bones. What does the sphenofrontal suture divide? Greater wing of sphenoid and frontal bones. What bones form the Sphenoparietal suture? Greater wing of sphenoid and parietal bone. Which bones are involved in the Parietomastoid suture? Parietal bone and mastoid of temporal bone. Question Answer What bones create the Occipitomastoid suture? Occipital bone and mastoid of temporal bone. What is the name of the depression between the Glabella. eyebrows and above the nose? Which landmark is the midpoint between the eyes at the Nasion. bridge of the nose? What is the highest point on the skull? Vertex. Which landmark is located at the junction of the lambdoid, Asterion. occipitomastoid, and parietomastoid sutures? What is the name of the point where the frontal, parietal, Pterion. sphenoid, and temporal bones meet? Which landmark is the most prominent point of the Inion. external occipital protuberance? What is the vertical groove in the midline of the upper lip Philtrum. called? What is the thinnest part of the lateral wall of the skull? Pterion. Which corner of the parietal bone articulates with the Anteroinferior corner. greater wing of the sphenoid at the pterion? What does the cranial cavity contain? The brain, its surrounding meninges, portions of the cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses. How many cranial fossae divide the interior base of the Three. skull? What separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle The lesser wing of the sphenoid. fossa? What separates the middle cranial fossa from the The petrous part of the temporal bone. posterior cranial fossa? What is located on the upper surface of the cribriform Olfactory bulbs. plate of ethmoid? What are the small perforations on the cribriform plate of Olfactory nerves. ethmoid for? What structures pass through the optic canal? Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. Which nerves and vessels pass through the superior Lacrimal, frontal, trochlear, oculomotor, nasociliary and abducens nerves, along with the orbital fissure? superior ophthalmic vein. What passes through the foramen rotundum? Maxillary nerve. What structures pass through the foramen ovale? Large sensory root and small motor root of the mandibular nerve to the infratemporal fossa, and the lesser petrosal nerve. What passes through the foramen spinosum? Middle meningeal artery from the infratemporal fossa into the cranial cavity. Where does the foramen lacerum lie? Between the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. What opens into the side of the foramen lacerum? Carotid canal. Through which canal does the internal carotid artery (ICA) Carotid canal. enter the foramen lacerum? What is directly related to the side of the body of Cavernous sinus. sphenoid? What cranial nerves pass through the lateral wall of the CN 3, CN 4, and the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of CN 5. cavernous sinus? What structures pass forward through the cavernous Internal carotid artery (ICA) and CN 6. sinus? Question Answer What structures are lodged in the deep posterior cranial Cerebellum, Pons, and Medulla Oblongata. fossa? What is transmitted through the foramen magnum? Medulla oblongata, surrounding meninges, ascending spinal of the accessory nerves, and 2 vertebral arteries. Where is the hypoglossal canal situated? Above the anterolateral boundary of the foramen magnum. What is transmitted through the hypoglossal canal? Hypoglossal nerve. What is transmitted through the jugular foramen? Inferior petrosal sinus, CN 9, 10, and 11, and large sigmoid sinus. What does the sigmoid sinus turn into after passing The internal jugular vein. through the jugular foramen? What is transmitted through the internal acoustic meatus? CN 8 and the motor and sensory roots of CN 7. What are the two fontanelles in the neonatal skull? Anterior (18-24 months) and posterior (2-12 months). At what age does the posterior fontanelle close? Between 2-12 months. At what age does the anterior fontanelle close? Between 18-24 months. What is the shape of the posterior fontanelle in adults? Triangular. What is the shape of the anterior fontanelle in adults? Diamond. What process will sutures undergo? Synostosis. At what age range does synostosis of sutures occur? 30 to 40 years. Where are metopic sutures located? Between frontal bones. Up to what age can metopic sutures be seen? Up to 2 years. In what percentage of adults are metopic sutures seen? Only seen in a small percentage of adults. What are the four main types of sinuses in the human Frontal sinuses, Sphenoidal sinuses, Ethmoidal sinuses, Maxillary sinuses. skull? Which sinuses are located behind the forehead? Frontal sinuses. Where are the sphenoidal sinuses located? In the sphenoid bone of the skull. Which sinuses are located between the eyes, just behind Ethmoidal sinuses. the bridge of the nose? What is another name for the Maxillary sinuses? Antrum of Highmore. What are the major parts of the brain? Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain. What are the two components of the forebrain? Cerebrum and Diencephalon. Name the components of the hindbrain. Pons, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum. Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating Cerebellum. movement and balance? What is the function of the midbrain? It serves as a relay station for auditory and visual information. What is the largest part of the brain? Cerebrum. How many hemispheres does the cerebrum consist of? 2. What connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum? Corpus callosum. What separates the hemispheres of the cerebrum? The longitudinal fissure. Name the lobes of the cerebrum. Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal. What is the name of the first cranial nerve? Olfactory Question Answer Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision? Optic Which cranial nerve controls the movement of the eye? Oculomotor Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensation in the Trigeminal face? Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression? Facial Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing and Vestibulocochlear balance? Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the Glossopharyngeal muscles of the pharynx? Which cranial nerve is responsible for controlling the Vagus muscles of the larynx? Which cranial nerve controls the movement of the Hypoglossal tongue? How many layers does the scalp consist of? 5 layers. What is the nature of the skin in the scalp? Thick and hair-bearing, containing numerous sebaceous glands. What is the connective tissue beneath the skin in the (Dense) Connective tissue, which is fibrofatty, with fibrous septa uniting the skin to the scalp? underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. What is the nature of the aponeurosis in the scalp? Thin, tendinous sheet that unites the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle. What does the loose areolar tissue in the scalp connect? It connects the epicranial aponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull and contains the emissary veins. What is the nature of the pericranium in the scalp? It is the periosteum covering the outer surface of the skull bones. How many layers does the dura mater have? Two layers: endosteal layer and meningeal layer. What is the endosteal layer of the dura mater continuous The periosteum on the outside of the skull bones. with? Where do meningeal veins lie in the dura mater? In the endosteal layer of dura. What is the meningeal layer of the dura mater also known Dura mater proper. as? What does the meningeal layer of the dura mater cover? The brain. Where does the meningeal layer of the dura mater Through the foramen magnum. become continuous with the dura mater of the spinal cord? What happens to the sheaths of the meningeal layer They fuse with the epineurium of the nerves. outside the skull bones? From which artery does the Middle Meningeal Artery The maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa. arise? Through which foramen does the Middle Meningeal Artery Foramen spinosum. pass to enter the cranial cavity? Where does the Middle Meningeal Artery lie within the Between the meningeal and endosteal layers of the dura. dura? What lies between the pia mater internally and dura mater Arachnoid mater. externally? What separates the arachnoid mater from the dura mater? The subdural space. What fills the subarachnoid space? Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). What is the innermost layer of vascular membrane that Pia Mater. Question Answer closely invests the brain? What type of glands are present in the skin of the face? Sweat and sebaceous glands. How is the skin of the face connected to the underlying By loose connective tissue. bone? Which nerves supply sensory input to the skin of the face? Branches of CN 5 and the greater auricular nerve (C2-C3). Which nerve supplies the region developed from the Ophthalmic nerve. frontonasal process? Which nerve serves the region developed from the Maxillary nerve. maxillary process of the 1st pharyngeal arch? Which nerve serves the region developed from the Mandibular nerve. mandibular process of the 1st pharyngeal arch? What are the two vessels that supply arterial blood to the Facial and Superficial Temporal arteries. face? How is the facial vein formed? By the union of supraorbital & supratrochlear veins. How is the facial vein connected to the cavernous sinus? Through the superior ophthalmic vein. Where does the facial vein drain into? The internal jugular vein. What is the secondary function of facial muscles? To modify facial expression. What do facial muscles serve as for eyelids, nostrils, and Sphincters or dilators. lips? Which cranial nerve supplies the facial muscles? Cranial Nerve 7 (CN 7). What are the orifices of the face? Orbit, Nose, Mouth. What is the name of the muscle that covers the forehead Occipitofrontalis. and the back of the head? Which muscle is responsible for drawing the eyebrows Corrugator supercilii. together and downward? What is the function of Levator Palpebrae Superioris? To elevate the upper eyelid. What is another name for Mueller's muscle? Levator Palpebrae Superioris. What is the name of the muscle responsible for closing Orbicularis Oculi. the eyelids? Which portion of the Orbicularis Oculi is responsible for Palpebral portion. closing the eyelids gently? Which portion of the Orbicularis Oculi is responsible for Orbital portion. forcefully closing the eyelids? What is the name of the muscle responsible for raising the Levator anguli oris. angle of the mouth? Which muscle is involved in drawing the corner of the Risorius. mouth laterally? What is the name of the muscle located between the Procerus. eyebrows? Which muscle is responsible for puckering the lips? Orbicularis Oris. What is the name of the facial muscle located on the Mentalis. chin? Which facial muscle extends from the chest to the lower Platysma. jaw? Question Answer What is the function of Depressor Labii Inferioris? It depresses the lower lip. What is the function of Zygomaticus Minor? It elevates the upper lip. What is the name of the muscle responsible for raising the Zygomaticus major. corners of the mouth when smiling? Which muscle is involved in compressing the cheeks Buccinator. against the teeth and lips? What is the function of Dilator Naris? To dilate the nostrils. What is the function of Compressor Naris? To compress the nostrils. What is the function of Levator Labii Superioris? To elevate the upper lip. What is the function of Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque? To elevate the upper lip and the wing of the nose. What are the 5 terminal branches of Cranial Nerve 7 Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, Cervical. (Facial Nerve)? What muscles does the Temporal branch of CN 7 supply? Anterior and superior Auricular muscles, frontal belly of Occipitofrontalis, Orbicularis oculi, and Corrugator Supercilii. Which muscles are supplied by the Zygomatic branch of Orbicularis oculi. CN 7? What muscles are supplied by the Buccal branch of CN Buccinator muscles, muscles of the upper lip, and nostril. 7? Which muscles are supplied by the Mandibular branch of Muscles of the lower lip. CN 7? What muscle does the Cervical branch of CN 7 supply? Platysma muscle. What are the facial muscles associated with the eyelids? Orbicularis Oculi, Levator Palpebrae Superioris, and Occipitofrontalis. Which muscle is associated with the nostrils? Compressor Naris and Dilator Naris. Name the muscle associated with the lips. Orbicularis Oris, Levator Labii Superioris, Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, Depressor Labii Inferioris, and Risorius. Which muscle is associated with the cheek? Buccinator and Zygomaticus Major. What is the function of the Levator Anguli Oris muscle? It elevates the angle of the mouth. Which muscle is associated with the movement of the Occipitofrontalis and Corrugator Supercilii. eyebrows? Name the muscle associated with the zygomatic bone. Zygomaticus Major and Zygomaticus Minor. What is the function of the Mentalis muscle? It elevates and wrinkles the skin of the chin. What is the parotid gland? The largest paired salivary gland. How is the parotid gland surrounded? By a connective tissue capsule. How is the parotid gland divided? Into superficial and deep lobes by the facial nerve. What is the blood supply to the parotid gland? ECA and its terminal branches: Superficial temporal artery and Maxillary artery. What is the venous drainage of the parotid gland? Retromandibular vein. Which nerve supplies the parotid gland for CN 9 (Glossopharyngeal nerve). parasympathetic secretomotor function? What forms the orbital margin above? Frontal bone. What forms the lateral margin of the orbit? Processes of the frontal and zygomatic bones. What forms the inferior margin of the orbit? Zygomatic bone and the maxilla. Question Answer What forms the medial margin of the orbit? Processes of the maxilla and the frontal bone. What separates the orbital cavity from the anterior cranial Orbital plate of frontal bone. fossa and the frontal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere? What forms the lateral wall of the orbit? Zygomatic bone and the greater wing of sphenoid. What separates the orbital cavity from the maxillary Orbital plate of maxilla. sinus? What forms the medial wall of the orbit? Frontal process of maxilla, lacrimal bone, orbital plate of the ethmoid, and the body of sphenoid. What is the function of the supraorbital notch (foramen)? It transmits the supraorbital nerve and blood vessels. Where is the infraorbital groove and canal situated? On the floor of the orbit in the orbital plate of the maxilla. What does the nasolacrimal canal transmit? The nasolacrimal duct. What is transmitted through the inferior orbital fissure? The maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, the inferior ophthalmic vein, and sympathetic nerves. What structures are transmitted through the superior The lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, CN 3 (upper and lower divisions), 4 and 6, the orbital fissure? nasociliary nerve, and the superior ophthalmic vein. What is the function of the optic canal? It transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. What is the function of the eyelids? To protect the eye from injury and excessive light by their closure. How do the upper and lower eyelids differ? The upper eyelid is larger and more mobile than the lower. Where do the upper and lower eyelids meet each other? At the medial and lateral angles. What is the conjunctiva? It is a mucous membrane that covers the deep surface of the eyelids. What is the fibrous coat of the eyeball? The outer layer of the eyeball. What is the sclera? The posterior opaque part of the fibrous coat that is composed of dense fibrous tissue and is white. What is the cornea responsible for? It is largely responsible for the refraction of the light entering the eye. How is the cornea nourished? By diffusion from the aqueous humor and from capillaries at its edge. What is the continuous posterior connection of the ciliary The choroid. body? What lies behind the peripheral margin of the iris? The ciliary body. What are the components of the ciliary body? Ciliary ring, ciliary processes, ciliary muscle. What are the two types of fibers in the ciliary muscle? Meridional and circular fibers of smooth muscle. What is the iris? A thin, contractile, pigmented diaphragm with a central aperture, the pupil. Where is the iris suspended? In the aqueous humor between the cornea and the lens. What does the iris divide the space between the lens and Anterior and posterior chamber. cornea into? What are the muscle fibers of the iris? Involuntary and consist of circular and radiating fibers. What do the circular fibers of the iris form? The sphincter pupillae and are arranged around the margin of the pupil. What do the radial fibers of the iris form? The dilator papillae and consist of a thin sheet of radial fibers that lie close to the posterior surface. What does the retina consist of? An outer pigmented layer and an inner nervous layer. What is the anterior edge of the retina called? Ora serrata. Question Answer Where is the inner surface of the retina in contact with? The vitreous body. What is the function of the Aqueous humor in the eyeball? Supports the wall of the eyeball, maintains its optical shape, and nourishes the cornea and the lens. Where does the fluid from the Aqueous humor drain into? Canal of Schlemm. What happens if there is an obstruction in the drainage of It causes glaucoma. Aqueous humor? What is the function of the Vitreous body in the eyeball? It fills the eyeball behind the lens, is a transparent gel, and supports the posterior surface of the lens. How does the Vitreous body contribute to the eye's It contributes slightly to the magnifying power of the eye. function? What does the Vitreous body assist in holding against the The neural part of the retina. pigmented part of the retina? What muscle is responsible for 80% of eye opening? Levator Palpebrae Superioris. Which muscle is responsible for 20% of eye opening? Mueller’s Muscle. Which muscle is responsible for eye closing? Orbicularis Oculi. What are the parts of the Orbicularis Oculi muscle? Palpebral part and Orbital part. What are the extrinsic muscles of the eyes? IO (Inferior Oblique), MR (Medial Rectus), SO (Superior Oblique). What are the two parts of the lacrimal gland? Large Orbital part and Small Palpebral part. How are the two parts of the lacrimal gland related to They are continuous with each other around the lateral edge of the aponeurosis of the each other? levator palpebrae superioris. What is the function of lacrimal ducts? To transmit tears from the surface of the eyes into the nasal cavity. What is the pathway of tears from the surface of the eyes Lacus lacrimalis !’ canaliculi lacrimalis via the puncta lacrimalis !’ lacrimal sac !’ to the nasal cavity? nasolacrimal duct !’ inferior meatus of the nose. Where does the nasolacrimal duct open into the nose? Inferior meatus of the nose, guarded by the lacrimal fold at the opening. What guards the opening of the nasolacrimal duct into the The lacrimal fold. nose? How does the optic nerve enter the orbit? From the middle cranial fossa through the optic canal. What accompanies the optic nerve as it enters the orbit? The ophthalmic artery. Through which part of the superior orbital fissure does the The upper part. trochlear nerve enter the orbit? Which muscle does the trochlear nerve supply? The superior oblique muscle. How does the oculomotor nerve enter the orbit? Through the lower part of the superior orbital fissure. Which muscles does the superior ramus of the oculomotor Superior rectus and the levator palpebrae superioris muscles. nerve supply? Which muscles does the inferior ramus of the oculomotor Inferior rectus, medial rectus, and Inferior Oblique muscles. nerve supply? Through which part of the superior orbital fissure does the The lower part. abducent nerve enter the orbit? Which muscle does the abducent nerve supply? The lateral rectus muscle. What is the origin of the ophthalmic artery? Branch of the internal carotid artery. Through which structure does the ophthalmic artery enter Optic canal with the optic nerve. the orbit? What is the communication point of the superior In front with the facial vein. Question Answer ophthalmic vein? How does the inferior ophthalmic vein communicate with Through the inferior orbital fissure. the pterygoid venous plexus? Where do both ophthalmic veins drain into? The cavernous sinus. What are the three main parts of the ear? The external ear, the middle ear/tympanic cavity, and the internal ear or labyrinth. What is the auricle/pinna composed of? A thin plate of elastic cartilage covered by skin and possesses both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles. What nerve supplies the muscles of the auricle/pinna? The facial nerve. What is the function of the external auditory meatus? To lead and conduct sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane (eardrum). What is the framework of the outer 3rd of the external Elastic cartilage provided with hairs, sebaceous and ceruminous glands. auditory meatus composed of? What forms the inner !T of the external auditory meatus? Bone formed by the tympanic plate. Where is the middle ear located? In the petrous part of the temporal bone. What lines the middle ear? Mucous membrane. What does the middle ear contain? Auditory ossicles, whose function is to transmit the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the perilymph of the internal ear. What is the largest ossicle in the auditory ossicles? Malleus. What does the head of the malleus articulate with? Posteriorly with the incus. What is the body of the incus rounded and articulates Anteriorly with the head of the malleus. with? Where does the lower end of the long process of the incus With the head of the stapes. articulate? What does the head of the stapes articulate with? With the long process of the incus. What is the function of the neck of the stapes? It is narrow and receives the insertion of the stapedius muscle. Which cranial nerve is associated with the Tensor Mandibular division of CN 5. Tympani muscle? What is the function of the Tensor Tympani muscle? Dampens down vibrations of the tympanic membrane. Which cranial nerve is associated with the Stapedius CN 7. muscle? What is the function of the Stapedius muscle? Dampens down vibrations of the stapes. What are the components of the bony labyrinth? Vestibule, semicircular canals, and the cochlea. What lines the bony labyrinth? Endosteum and contains perilymph. What is suspended in the perilymph within the bony The membranous labyrinth. labyrinth? Where is the saccule and utricle of the membranous Within the vestibule. labyrinth lodged? How many semicircular canals are there? 3: superior, posterior, and lateral. Where do the semicircular canals open into? The posterior part of the vestibule. What is lodged within the semicircular canals? The semicircular ducts. What does the cochlea resemble? A snail shell. Where does the cochlea open into? The anterior part of the vestibule. Question Answer What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? Endolymph and surrounded by perilymph. What are the components of the membranous labyrinth? Utricle and saccule. Which part of the membranous labyrinth is sensitive to Utricle. horizontal acceleration? Which part of the membranous labyrinth is sensitive to Saccule. vertical acceleration? What is the primary function of the vestibulocochlear Maintaining body balance. nerve? Which nerve is responsible for hearing? Cochlear nerve. What is the largest and strongest bone of the face? The mandible. Where does the mandible articulate with the skull? At the temporomandibular joint. What does the body of the mandible consist of? A horseshoe-shaped body and a pair of rami. What is the faint ridge on the external surface of the body The line of fusion of the two halves during development at the symphysis menti. of the mandible indicating? What does the ramus of the mandible consist of? An anterior coronoid process and a posterior condyloid process/head separated by a mandibular notch. What is located below the condyloid process of the A short neck. mandible? Where does the articulation occur in the Between the articular tubercle and the anterior portion of the mandibular fossa of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? temporal bone above and the condyloid process of the mandible below. What covers the articular surfaces in the Fibrocartilage. temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)? Synovial joint. What divides the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) into The articular disc. upper and lower cavities? What is the articular disc in the temporomandibular joint An oval plate of fibrocartilage that is attached circumferentially to the capsule. (TMJ)? What does the lateral temporomandibular ligament The lateral aspect of the capsule. strengthen? What movement does the lateral temporomandibular The movement of the mandible in a posterior direction. ligament limit? What does the sphenomandibular ligament lie on the The joint. medial side of? Where is the sphenomandibular ligament attached above Above to the spine of the sphenoid bone and below to the lingula of the mandibular and below? foramen. What does the stylomandibular ligament extend from and From the apex of the styloid process to the angle of the mandible. to? What are the muscles of mastication? Temporalis, Internal/Medial Pterygoid, Masseter, Lateral/External Pterygoid. Which muscles are involved in elevation of the jaw? Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoids. Which muscles are involved in protrusion of the jaw? Lateral Pterygoids (assisted by Medial Pterygoids). Which muscles are involved in retraction of the jaw? Posterior fibers of Temporalis. What muscle pulls the neck of the mandible forward along Lateral pterygoid muscle. with the articular disc? Which muscles are involved in the elevation of the Temporalis, masseter, and medial pterygoid. mandible? Question Answer What is the role of the lateral pterygoid muscle in the It draws the lower teeth forward over the upper teeth. protrusion of the mandible? Which muscle is involved in the retraction of the Posterior fibers of the temporalis. mandible? When do deciduous teeth begin to erupt? About 6 months after birth. By what age have all deciduous teeth erupted? By the end of 2 years. Which set of teeth usually appear first, lower or upper? Lower jaw. How many incisors are present in each jaw? 4 (central and lateral). How many canines are present in each jaw? 2. How many molars are present in each jaw? 4 (1st and 2nd). At what age do teeth begin to erupt? At 6 years of age. When does the last tooth, the 3rd molar, typically erupt? Between the ages of 17 and 30. How many incisors are there in each jaw? 4 (central and lateral). How many canines are there in each jaw? 2. How many premolars are there in each jaw? 4 (1st and 2nd). How many molars are there in each jaw? 6 (1st, 2nd, and 3rd). What covers the tongue? Mucous membrane. What divides the tongue into right and left halves? A median fibrous septum. How is the upper surface of the tongue divided? By a V-shaped sulcus called the sulcus terminalis into anterior !T (oral part) and posterior !S (pharyngeal part). What is the frenulum of the tongue? A fold of mucous membrane that connects the undersurface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. Where are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue confined? To the tongue and are not attached to bone. What are the components of the intrinsic muscles of the Longitudinal, transverse, and vertical fibers. tongue? What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the To alter the shape of the tongue. tongue? Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Genioglossus, Hyoglossus, Styloglossus, Palatoglossus. What are the boundaries of the neck? Between the lower margin of the mandible and the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone above, and the suprasternal notch and the upper border of the clavicle below. Where is the hyoid bone located? In the midline of the neck below the mandible and in the larynx. How is the hyoid bone attached to the skull? By the stylohyoid ligament. To what is the hyoid bone attached to the thyroid To the thyroid membrane. cartilage? What function does the hyoid bone serve? It forms a base for the tongue. How is the hyoid bone suspended in position? By muscles that connect it to the mandible, styloid process of the temporal bone, thyroid cartilage, sternum, and scapula. At what level is the hyoid located? C3. At what levels are the thyroid located? C4-C5. At what level is the cricoid located? C6. Question Answer What does the stylohyoid ligament connect? Connects the hamular process of the medial pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. What muscles are attached to the stylomandibular Superior constrictor and the buccinator muscles. ligament? What is the function of the sphenomandibular ligament? Connects the hamular process of the medial pterygoid plate to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. What is the attachment point of the pterygomandibular The posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible. ligament? What divides the neck into anterior and posterior The SCM (Sternocleidomastoid) muscle. triangles? What is the function of the ANSA CERVICALIS? Supplies the hyoid muscles. What structures are found beneath the SCM muscle? Carotid sheath, cervical sympathetic trunk, ANSA CERVICALIS. What does the carotid sheath contain? Common Carotid Artery, vagus nerve, and internal jugular vein. What are the boundaries of the anterior muscular triangle Bounded above by the body of the mandible, posteriorly by the SCM, and anteriorly by of the neck? the midline. How is the anterior muscular triangle of the neck It is subdivided into Carotid, Digastric/Submandibular, Submental, and Muscular. subdivided? What are the boundaries of the posterior muscular triangle Bounded posteriorly by the trapezius muscle, anteriorly by the SCM, and inferiorly by the of the neck? clavicle. How is the posterior muscular triangle of the neck It is subdivided by the inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle into Occipital (large) and subdivided? Supraclavicular (small). What are the triangles of the neck? Anterior and posterior triangles. What are the boundaries of the submental triangle? Anterior: Anterior neck line, Lateral: Anterior digastric, Inferior: Hyoid bone. What are the boundaries of the submandibular/digastric Superior: Mandible, Anterior: Anterior digastric, Posterior: Posterior digastric. triangle? What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle? Superior: Superior omohyoid, Anterior: Anterior neck line, Posterior: Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM). What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle? Superior: Posterior digastric, Inferior: Superior omohyoid, Posterior: Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM). What are the boundaries of the occipital triangle? Anterior: Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Posterior: Trapezius, Inferior: Inferior omohyoid. What are the boundaries of the supraclavicular triangle? Superior: Inferior omohyoid, Anterior: Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Inferior: Clavicle. What is the Ansa Cervicalis? A network of nerve fibres that supplies innervation to some structures in the neck and trunk. Where is the Cervical Plexus located? In the posterior triangle of the neck, halfway up the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and within the prevertebral layer of cervical fascia. What forms the superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis? Cervical spinal nerve 1 of the cervical plexus. Where does the superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis It goes around the occipital artery and then descends on the carotid sheath. descend? What muscles does the superior root of the Ansa Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle, and the upper parts of the sternothyroid and Cervicalis send branches to? sternohyoid muscles. What forms the inferior root of the Ansa Cervicalis? Fibers from spinal nerves C2 and C3. What muscles does the inferior root of the Ansa Cervicalis Inferior belly of the omohyoid muscle, and the lower parts of the sternothyroid and give off branches to? sternohyoid muscles. What are the four anterior neck muscles? Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid. Question Answer Which muscle originates from the manubrium and inserts Sternohyoid muscle. into the hyoid bone? What is the action of the sternothyroid muscle? Depresses the hyoid bone. Which muscle has a superior and inferior belly connected Omohyoid muscle. by an intermediate tendon? What is the innervation of the thyrohyoid muscle? C1 fibers via the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII). What are the three parts of the scalene muscles? Anterior, Medius/Middle, Posterior. What is the origin of the scalene muscles? TP of 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae, TP of upper 6 cervical vertebrae, TP of lower cervical vertebrae. What is the insertion point of the scalene muscles? 1st rib; 2nd rib. Which nerves innervate the scalene muscles? C4, 5 and 6; Anterior Rami of cervical nerves. What action do the scalene muscles perform when acting Elevates first rib/2nd rib; laterally flexes and rotates cervical part of vertebral column to unilaterally? the same side. What action do the scalene muscles perform when acting Cervical flexion. bilaterally? What is the origin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle? Manubrium sterni and medial 3rd of clavicle. Where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert? Mastoid process of temporal bone & occipital bone. Which nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle? Spinal part of accessory nerve (CN 11) and C2 and 3. What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle Cervical flexion and head extension. when contracting bilaterally? What are the actions of the sternocleidomastoid muscle Ipsilateral flexion and contralateral rotation. when contracting unilaterally? What are the muscles included in the suprahyoid muscles Digastrics, Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid. (DMSG)? What are the muscles included in the infrahyoid muscles Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid. (TOSS)? Which muscle is responsible for depressing the hyoid Sternohyoid. bone and larynx? Which muscle is responsible for elevating the hyoid bone Digastrics. and depressing the mandible? Which muscle is responsible for elevating the hyoid bone Mylohyoid. and floor of the mouth during swallowing? What is the origin of the Rectus Capitis Lateralis muscle? Transverse process of atlas (C1). What is the insertion point of the Rectus Capitis Lateralis Jugular process of occipital bone. muscle? Which nerves innervate the Rectus Capitis Lateralis Anterior rami of 1st and 2nd cervical nerves (C1-C2). muscle? What action does the Rectus Capitis Lateralis muscle Flexes the head on the neck. perform bilaterally? What action does the Rectus Capitis Lateralis muscle Laterally flexes the head. perform unilaterally? What is the origin of the Rectus Capitis Anterior muscle? Lateral mass and transverse process of atlas (C1). Where does the Rectus Capitis Anterior muscle insert? Basilar part of occipital bone. Which nerves innervate the Rectus Capitis Anterior Anterior rami of 1st and 2nd cervical nerves (C1-C2). muscle? Question Answer What action does the Rectus Capitis Anterior muscle Flexes the head. perform? What are the origins of the Longus Capitis muscle? Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6. Where does the Longus Capitis muscle insert? Basilar part of Occipital bone. Which nerves supply the Longus Capitis muscle? Anterior rami of 1st to 3rd cervical nerves (C1-C3). What are the bilateral actions of the Longus Capitis Head flexion. muscle? What are the unilateral actions of the Longus Capitis Ipsilateral head rotation. muscle? What are the segments of the Longus Colli? Superior Oblique, Vertical portion, Inferior Oblique. Where does the Superior Oblique of Longus Colli Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C5 vertebrae. originate? What is the origin of the Vertical portion of Longus Colli? Anterior surfaces of bodies of lower three cervical and superior three thoracic vertebrae (C5-T3). Where does the Inferior Oblique of Longus Colli originate? Anterior aspect of the T1-T3 vertebral bodies. Where does the Superior Oblique of Longus Colli insert? Anterior tubercle of anterior arch of atlas (C1). What is the insertion point of the Vertical portion of Longus Anterior surface of bodies of second, third and fourth cervical vertebrae (C2-C4). Colli? Where does the Inferior Oblique of Longus Colli insert? Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae (C5-C6). What is the innervation of Longus Colli? Anterior rami of 2nd to 6th cervical nerves (C2-C6). What are the actions of Longus Colli during bilateral Neck flexion. contraction? What are the actions of Longus Colli during unilateral Ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation. contraction?