Health Final PDF

-​ Stress: the general physical and emotional state that accompanies reactions to a stressor -​ Stressor: a physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions -​ Nervous system controls our emotions involuntarily -​ Sympathetic: stimu...

-​ Stress: the general physical and emotional state that accompanies reactions to a stressor -​ Stressor: a physical or psychological event or condition that produces physical and emotional reactions -​ Nervous system controls our emotions involuntarily -​ Sympathetic: stimulates breathing, muscles and heart rate, it releases cortisol and epinephrine (fight or flight) -​ Parasympathetic: controls digestion, relaxation, and directs blood away from muscles to kidneys and the gut. Stress hormones are inhibited -​ Allostatic load: the cost of chronic exposure to elevated or fluctuating endocrine or neural responses resulting from chronic or repeated situations of stress -​ Stress can be determined by personality, gender, cultural background, and past experiences -​ Type A: impatient, perfectionist, highly competitive, sometimes hostile, and can be excessively angry with poor coping skills -​ Type B: relaxed and thoughtful, responds evenly to stress -​ Type C: repressed anger and less able to express emotion, feel hopelessness and exaggerated response to stress -​ Type D: negative emotions like anxiety and depression, avoids socialization -​ Hardiness: optimistic view of conflict, loss, and stress -​ Resilience is the ability to respond to stressful situations in groups of people who are more likely to experience stress -​ Non Reactive, homeostatic, and positive growth -​ Negative effects of high cortisol and epinephrine -​ Immune system (diseases involving inflammation such as diabetes) -​ CV disease (causes an increase in BP) -​ Digestive functions (IBS, ulcers, constipation, etc) -​ People who exercise regularly react to stress with milder physical stress before, during, and after exposure to a stressor -​ A healthy, balanced diet can also help cope with stress -​ Sleep can affect levels of stress -​ Need 7-9 hrs -​ 70 million Americans suffer from sleep disorders -​ Social support and communication can help manage stress -​ Conflict resolution: clarify the issue, find out what each person wants, decide how to negotiate, and solidify the agreement -​ Spiritual wellness is associated with greater coping skills and higher levels of overall wellness -​ Time management -​ Set priorities, schedule tasks, consolidate tasks, delegate responsibility, give yourself a break -​ Cognitive techniques and relaxation techniques can help manage stress -​ Cardiovascular disease: the array of conditions that affect the heart and the blood vessels -​ Coronary artery disease: condition in which the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygen and nutrients are narrowed by fatty deposits such as cholesterol and triglycerides -​ Arteriosclerosis: generalized disease where medium sized arteries become hardened and thickened -​ Atherosclerosis: disease characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits called plaque in the arteries -​ Ischemia is insufficient blood flow to any tissue -​ Causes Angina Pectoris (generalized pain in the chest, neck and arms) -​ Thrombus is a stationary blood clot -​ Embolus: blood clot that dislodges and blocks flow in another area -​ Stroke: a brain injury that occurs when arteries supplying the brain become blocked or damaged -​ Risk factor analysis is a systematic investigation of factors that increase risk for CV disease -​ It helps to screen people who may be at risk for disease, educate people about risk factors, and get baseline measurements -​ Non modifiable major risk factors -​ Personal and family history -​ Age (men over 45, women over 55) -​ Gender (men are more likely) -​ Modifiable major risk factors -​ Hypertension -​ High BP, results in destruction of inner lining of blood vessels and deposition of plaque -​ Treatment: exercise, weight loss, less stress -​ Smoking -​ Causes damage to inner walls of arteries, encourages formation of blood clots, and decreased HDL levels -​ Excessive body fat -​ Makes heart work harder, increases triglyceride levels and lowers HDL -​ Strongly linked to diabetes -​ Diabetes -​ Body can't control BP, damages blood vessels and higher likelihood of having high cholesterol levels and high BP -​ Treatment: carefully controlled diet and aerobic exercises -​ High cholesterol -​ Associated with the blockage of arteries, can be improved by decreasing intake of saturated fats and getting enough vitamin C and E -​ Physical inactivity -​ Exercise can decrease BP, reduce body fat, decrease stress, cholesterol, and triglycerides, and increase HDL -​ Contributing risk factors include elevated blood triglyceride levels, elevated homocysteine, stress, and an abnormal EKG -​ EKG: graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart -​ Normal EKG has a heart rate between 60-100 bpm, regular heart rhythm, identical P wave, PR interval between.12 and.20, and a QRS less than.12 -​ Abnormal EKG has heart rate between 300-600 an irregular rhythm, no P wave, and baseline of QRS -​ Treatment for CV disease -​ Atherosclerosis: angioplasty, CABG, medications -​ Blood clots: blood thinners -​ Cancer: abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells -​ Responsible for 1 in 4 US deaths -​ Second leading cause of death -​ Tumor: mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose -​ Benign, malignant -​ Metastasis: spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another -​ Main causes of cancer are genetic factors, lifestyle factors, and environmental factors -​ Smoking is responsible for 90% of lung cancer -​ 1 in 5 deaths -​ Eating too much fat, meat, and omega-6 can cause cancer -​ Alcohol is associated with several cancers -​ Acrylamide: probable human carcinogen found in starch based foods cooked at high temps (very bad for you) -​ Lack of fiber can cause cancer -​ Phytochemicals have cancer fighting properties -​ Ingested chemicals are carcinogens in the environment -​ Some food additives are potentially dangerous including nitrates and nitrites -​ General environmental pollution can cause cancer -​ All sources of radiation are potentially carcinogenic -​ About 15-20% of cancers are caused by microbes (such as HPV) -​ When we metabolize alcohol, we produce acetaldehyde -​ Generate reactive oxygen species -​ Impair our abilities to absorb nutrients -​ High levels of estrogen -​ Most common cancers: -​ Women: breast, lung, colon and rectal -​ Men: prostate, lung, colon and rectal -​ Nonmelanoma skin cancer is actually most common -​ Lung cancer symptoms are persistent cough and chest pain -​ Chemotherapy: treatment of cancer with chemicals that destroy cancerous cells -​ Lung cancer has a 15% survival rate -​ 90% of colon cancer is in people age 50+ -​ 64% survival rate -​ Risk factors of breast cancer: early menstruation, having no children, being obese, and alcohol and tobacco use -​ Can be detected by a mammogram, 98% survival rate -​ Prostate cancer can be detected by a PSA blood test -​ Slow growing tumor, almost 100% survival rate -​ Pap test: scraping of cells from cervix -​ HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer -​ Basal cell carcinoma is ok, melanoma is bad -​ Still 94% survival rate -​ ABCDE test -​ Treatment for cancer can be surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy -​ Immunotherapy