Basic Concepts Of Human Development PDF

**HE 106 REVIEWER** **BASIC CONCEPTS AND ISSUES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT** WHAT IS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? \- Is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. \- It includes growth and decline. \- Development can be positive or negative. **SOME MAJOR P...

**HE 106 REVIEWER** **BASIC CONCEPTS AND ISSUES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT** WHAT IS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? \- Is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the life span. \- It includes growth and decline. \- Development can be positive or negative. **SOME MAJOR PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT** PRINCIPLE ONE \- Development is relatively orderly. PRINCIPLE TWO \- While the pattern of development likely to be similar, the outcome of development process and the rate of development are likely to vary among individuals. PRINCIPLE THREE \- Development takes place gradually PRINCIPLE FOUR \- Development as a process is complex because it is the product of biological, cognitive and socio-emotional process. BIOLOGICAL - Involves changes in the individual's physical nature. COGNITIVE - Involves changes in the individual's thought, intelligence and language. SOCIO -- EMOTIONAL - Includes changes in the individual's relationship with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. **APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT** TRADITIONAL APPROACH \- Human development shows extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood and decline in the late old age. LIFE SPAN APPROACH \- Human development occurs all throughout the life span of an individual. **CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT** [LIFE-LONG] It does not end by adulthood and no development stage dominates the development. [MULTI-DIMENSIONAL] Development consists of biological, cognitive, socio-emotional dimensions. [PLASTIC] Development is possible throughout the life-span. [CONTEXTUAL] Individuals are changing begins in changing world. [GROWTH, MAINTENANCE AND REGULATION] These are considered goals that varies in every developmental stage. **PRINCIPLES OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING** - All domains of development and learning (physical, social, emotional and cognitive) are important and closely-related. - Early experiences have profound effects (cumulative and delay) on child's development and learning; and optimal period exist for certain types of development and learning to occur. **THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS** **Prenatal Period -** Progress before birth. 3 PHASES - GERMINAL STAGE - EMBRYONIC STAGE - FATAL STAGE GERMINAL STAGE - First two weeks conception, implantation, formation of placenta. EMBRYONIC STAGE - Formation of vital organs and systems. FATAL STAGE - Bodily growth continues, movement capacity begins, brain cells multiply age of viability **INFANCY (Birth)** - Extreme dependence on adults - Beginning psychological activities (language, symbolic thoughts, sensorimotor coordination and social learning) - Beginning psychological activities (language, symbolic thoughts, sensorimotor coordination and social learning) **INFANCY (1 Year Old)** - Change from plump baby to learner more muscular toddler. - Begins to walk and talk. - Ability for passive language (better understanding of what's being said) **INFANCY (2 Years Old)** - Will play side by side other children, but does not actively play with them. - Great imitators. **EARLY CHILDHOOD (3 to 5 Years Old)** - Wants to be just like parents. - Vocabulary and pronunciation continue to expand. Climbs stairs with alternating feet. - Develops fears (common fears: fear of dark, fear of animals, and fear of death.) **MIDDLE & LATE CHILDHOOD (6 to 12 Years Old)** - Both large and small muscles well-developed. Develop complex motor skills. - From independent activities to same sex activities Acceptance by peers is very important. **ADOLESCENCE (13- 18 Years Old)** - Traumatic life stage for child and parent. - Puberty occurs. Extremely concerned with appearance Trying to establish self-identity. **EARLY ADULTHOOD (19- 29 Years Old)** - Physical development complete. - Emotional maturation continues to develop. - Usually learned to accept responsibility for action and accept criticism. **MIDDLE ADULTHOOD (30-60Years Old)** Physical changes begins to occur: ✓ Hair begins to thin and gray ✓ Wrinkles appearance ✓ Hearing and vision decrease ✓ Muscle lose tone. Main concerns: Children, health, job security, aging parents, and fear of aging. **LATE ADULTHOOD (61 Years Old and above)** - Fastest growing age bracket of society. - Physical deterioration (brittle bones, poor coordination) Some memory problems. **FREUD'S PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY** **SIGMUND FREUD** \- He is a popular psychologist whose theory of human development. \- The theory is quite interesting for many because Freud identified erogenous zones for each stage of development. These are specific ["Pleasure Areas"] that become focal points for the particular stage. **Freud psychosexual development stages:** - ORAL - ANAL - PHALLIC - LATENT - GENITAL **3 SRTUCTURE OF PERSONALITY** - **ID** - - **EGO** - The EGO is ruled by "REALITY" principle. *(You can't always get what you want)* - **SUPEREGO** - **2 COMPONENTS OF SUPEREGO** **[EGO IDEAL]** When the child is consistently rewarded for "Good" behavior, the self-esteem is enhanced, and the behavior becomes part of the "Ego Ideal" **[CONSCIENCE ]** The conscience is formed when the child is punished consistently for "Bad" behavior. It generates the feeling of guilt within the individual. **3 LEVEL OF AWARENESS** **CONSCIOUS -** The conscious includes all memories that remain with in individual's awareness. **PRE CONSCIOUS -** The preconscious includes all memories that may have been forgotten or are not in present awareness but with attention can be readily recalled into consciousness. **UNCONSCIOS -** The unconscious include all memories that one is unable to bring to conscious awareness. **ERIKSON'S PSYCHO-SOCIAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT** STAGE 1: TRUST VS. MISTRUST (0-1 YEAR) In the first stage of life, infants learn to trust or mistrust based on the consistency of their caregivers. Successful resolution leads to trust and security. STAGE 2: AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT (1-3 YEARS) In this stage, toddlers develop independence and autonomy. Success leads to autonomy, while failure may result in shame and doubt. STAGE 3: INITIATIVE VS. GUILT (3-6 YEARS) Children assert themselves more frequently. If encouraged, they feel capable of leadership. If discouraged, they may feel guilt. STAGE 4: INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY (6-12 YEARS) Children begin to develop pride in their accomplishments. If encouraged, they feel industrious; if not, they may feel inferior. STAGE 5: IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (12-18 YEARS) In adolescence, individuals explore personal identity. Success leads to a strong identity; failure results in role confusion. STAGE 6: INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION (18-40 YEARS) In young adulthood, individuals form intimate, loving relationships with others. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to isolation. STAGE 7: GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION (40-65 YEARS) In middle adulthood, people strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them, contributing to society. Failure results in stagnation. STAGE 8: INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR (65+ YEARS) In late adulthood, individuals reflect on their life. Successful resolution leads to feelings of integrity; failure leads to despair. **JEROME BRUNER'S THREE-TIRED MODEL OF EXPERIENCE** **JEROME BRUNER'S** **-** model proposes three stages of cognitive development: [Enactive], [Iconic] and [Symbolic]. This framework suggest that learning progresses from hands-on experiences to abstract representation. **Enactive Representation** - This stage is characterized by learning through [doing] - It emphasizes the importance of [motor skills and sensory feedback] **Iconic Representation: Visual and Spatial Learning** Visual and spatial - Iconic representation involves the use of images, diagrams, and other visual aids to represent information Mental Image - Learners create mental images and use them to understand and recall concepts. This stage relies on visual and spatial reasoning. Developing Cognitive Skills - Iconic representation helps develop spatial reasoning, visualization skills, and the ability to understand and interpret visual information. **Symbolic Representation:** - Abstract and Conceptual Learning - Abstract Symbol - Concepts and Ideas - Language and Written Symbols - Mathematical Equations - Logical Reasoning - Formal Systems of Thought