HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide PDF

HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide MODULE REFLECTION – In the box below, reflect on the course material & activities for this module. If you did not complete all the activities, did you have any questions or comments relating to this? What content did you find the most interesting and why? This should...

HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide MODULE REFLECTION – In the box below, reflect on the course material & activities for this module. If you did not complete all the activities, did you have any questions or comments relating to this? What content did you find the most interesting and why? This should be a 4-5 sentence paragraph. I thankfully did not have too many questions on this weeks module. I found the concepts to be quite interesting and insgihfutl in how certain diseasees might affect the body. There clinical presentations as well as their signs and symptoms provided insights into how certain conditions affect the body. Also by understanding the how these diseases are diagnosised and the treatment plans that are involved to treat them helps me to better identify the disease or disorder. MODULE 5 DISORDERS OR DISEASES Diseases to know for Module 5, include etiology, typical signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, and general treatment (or prognosis). Use your textbook and/or supplemental PowerPoint for the completion of this table. Complete sentences are NOT required. It is important to be succinct in your analysis of each disease and choose the most important components to look for in a clinical setting. For this reason, do not include more than 5 different components in each box. Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology difficulty swallowing related difficulty/pain when to structural or neurological swallowing impairment. higher risk of aspiration Dysphagia (Ch. 29) Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors pooling of liquids in the back of the throat frequent coughing while eating Diagnosis / Treatment (General) barium swallow test pureed foods and thickened fluids feeding tube repeated attempts to swallow regurgitation of stomach acid into the esophagus GERD (Ch. 29) gastroparesis- the delayed emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum dysphagia Diagnosisendoscopy heartburn manometry metaplasia of esophageal epithelial cells epigastric pain Treatment- HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors regurgitation Diagnosis / Treatment (General) lifestyle change PPIs antacids Laparoscopic antireflux surgery any cause of increased intra-abdominal pressure the opening in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus and vagus nerve to connect with the stomach burning sensation in the throat opening weakens and widens with age epigastric pain PPI’s histamine-2 blockers painful swallowing surgery Hiatal Hernia (Ch. 29) dry cough stomach is able to protrude upward in infants is a congenital abnormality Pyloric Stenosis (Ch. 29) uncommon condition in the adult may develop secondary to an ulceration or fibrosis of tissue surrounding the pyloric sphincter constriction of the pyloric sphincter nocturnal asthma caused by GERD abdomen will be firm upon palpation, particularly over the pylorus Diagnosisx-ray upper GI series visible peristalsis ultrasound projectile vomiting few hours after eating nausea electrolyte imbalance Treatmentsurgery HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology inflammation of the stomach infection lining direct trama Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors nausea Diagnosis / Treatment (General) Diagnosisbased on history vomiting physical examination acute stress heartburn endoscopy alcohol abuse Acute Gastritis (Ch. 29) epigastric pain Treatmentantacids medications aspirin NSAIDS corticosteroids histamine-2 receptor antagonists PPIs H.pylori hypersecretion of HCl Diagnosisbarium radiography ineffective GI mucus production abdominal pain between meals 2 to 3 hours after eating NSAIDS/aspirin poor cellular repair nausea endoscopy hematemesis (bright-red or coffee-ground emesis) Treatmentlifestyle changes melena (black, tarry stools) protect gastric lining Triple or quadruple drug therapy rapid urease test stress Peptic Ulcer Disease (Ch. 29) excessive alcohol consumption/smoking excessive caffeine antibiotics HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors Diagnosis / Treatment (General) histamine-2 receptor antagonist PPIs pressure within the intestines pushes against the lower abdominal wall Hernia (Ch. 29) weakened areas in the abdominal muscle wall allow protrusion of intestine just under the skin symptoms and severity dependent upon the location and degree of the protrusion of intestine Diagnosisphysical examination patient’s history Treatmenthernia repair Infectious microorganisms transmitted by fecal-oral route or through close contact irritation of the stomach lining, small or large intestine nausea vomiting abdominal cramping Gastroenteritis (Ch. 29) Diagnosisstool culutre testing Treatmentmedications to treat the nature of the cause diarrhea high-pitched bowel sounds (borborygmi) IV normal saline or Ringer’s lactate probiotics hypersensitivity reaction to gluten Celiac Disease (Ch. 29) cause is unknown, but it is considered an autoimmune disease autoimmune, inflammatory process that destroys the intestinal villi Weight loss Diagnosisceliac panel dehydration intestinal biopsy decreased surface area, causing atrophy of the intestinal wall fatigue abdominal pain/bloating, Treatmentdiet modifications HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology atrophy creates a flattened appearance of the intestinal villi ecal impaction and obstipation- primary or sec. due to other disease/medications more common in elderlyless than 3 stools per week Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors signs of vitamin deficiencies anemia high incident of fractures or bone pain poor skin turgor less than three stool per week, abdominal distention/pain Diagnosis / Treatment (General) Diagnosisphysical examination Treatmentdietary fiber Constipation (Ch. 30) laxatives stool softeners chronic, incurable, etiology is unclear may have autoimmune can affect gi tract (mouth to component, infectious agent, anus) occurring in explosive and genetic components diarrhea, hyperactive bowel, etc. Crohn’s Disease (Ch. 30) Diagnosiscolonoscopy biopsy Treatmentdiet management symptom relief Ulcerative Colitis (Ch. 30) involves large intestine, begins in rectum moves upwardnon transmural etiology in unclear pseudo polyps, increases the risk for colon cancer similar presentation to crohns fever, leukocytosis, uveitis, erythema nodosum arth. distinguish crohns corticosteroids, antiinflammatories, antidiarrheal, etc. HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology inflammation of the acute abdomen pain appendix- development of medium for bacterial growth Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors sharp abdominal pain in RLQ, abdomen. distension and tenderness Appendicitis (Ch. 30) Diagnosis / Treatment (General) Diagnosisphysical examination, abdomen x-ray ultrasound Treatmentsurgery bowel has weakened areas or pouches may also be inflamed weakness in bowel wall and increased intraluminal pressure low fiber diet is major risk Diagnosisfactor-symptoms depends on abdomen severity and location bowel habits altered Xray of lower gi series Diverticular Disease (Ch. 30) CT scan Treatmentdiet oddifications adequate fluid and fiber twisting of the large intestine Volvulus (Ch. 30) sigmoid volvus is most common results in obstruction and ischemia bilious vomiting abdomen pain and tenderness Diagnosisupper and lower barium gi studies Treatmentsurgery HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Hemorrhoids (Ch. 30) Etiology (cause) occurs in esophagus (blockage), rectum (pressure), or various veins (prolonged standing) Pathophysiology constipation, straining, pregnancy, prolonged sitting, lack of fiber in the diet Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors hematochezia Diagnosis / Treatment (General) Diagnosisrectal exam anoscope Treatmentrubber band ligation hepatocytes are severely injured, dysfunctional Enlarged, firm nodular liver on palpation Anorexia sclerotherapy Diagnosisultrasound of liver nausea replaced by fibrotic tissue. Jaundice liver biopsy weight loss liver is scarred and shrunken spider angioma dark urine. clubbing of fingers Cirrhosis and Liver Failure (Ch. 31) Hematemesis possible because of portal hypertension signs of hepatic encephalopathy Treatmentremove underlying cause of cirrhosis or fibrosis no alcohol or sedatives low-protein diet for encephalopathy diuretics for edema paracentesis for ascites Cholecystitis (Ch. 32) acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to biliary stasis gallstones gallstones that lodge in the cystic duct (calculous cholecystitis) abdominal pain in the RUQ DiagnosisWBC count anorexia ESR nausea/vomiting HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones causes heartburn distention of the gallbladder feeling full after eating Diagnosis / Treatment (General) CRP liver enzymes/bilirubin levels abdominal ultrasonography TreatmentLaparoscopic cholecystectomy biliary tract disease alcohol abuse Acute Pancreatitis (Ch. 32) an inflammatory disease of the pancreas that can result from episodes of untreated cholecystitis caused by gallstone digestive enzymes then back up and perform autodigestion on the gland parenchyma and destroy the pancreatic cells severe abdominal pain dull penetrating steady gradually intensifies in severity DiagnosisRCASP testing nausea/vomiitng Treatmentno proven therapy blood work noninvasive imaging tachycardia anorexia main treatment goal provide supportive care and minimize symptoms fluid resuscitation maintenance of optimal fluid balance monitoring for signs of local systemic complications HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Disease or Disorder (Chapter) Chronic Pancreatitis (Ch. 32) Etiology (cause) Pathophysiology Signs & Symptoms of Disease (Clinical Presentation) / Risk Factors Diagnosis / Treatment (General) long-term, heavy alcohol use and can be triggered by one acute attack that damages the pancreatic duct results after several episodes upper abdominal pain of acute pancreatitis over the spreading to back lifetime of the affected feel worse when individual eating or drinking DiagnosisAbdominal x-ray hereditary disorders pancreas ceases to function and develops scar tissue nausea ERCP cystic fibrosis vomiting MRCP drugs weight loss autoimmune problems diarrhea Treatment​hospitalization for pain management IV hydration nutritional support CT scan Nasogastric feedings synthetic pancreatic enzymes CHAPTER 31: VIRAL HEPATITIS Describe the five agents of infection that can occur in the liver. Virus Cause of Infection fecal-oral route Hepatitis A Incidence Statistics Vaccination? endemic in Asia, Africa, yes Mexico, and south America Signs and Symptoms Treatment and Prognosis fever, abdominal pain, mild supportive flu like symp. HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide blood prod. body fluids, sex Occurs in four stages no Hepatitis B anorexia, nausea, vomiting, based on symptoms; may be fatigue, jaundice severe prevention is key acute infectionPT asymptomatic can mild- blood - iv drug spread virus no asymptomatic Hepatitis C IV drug use or sex requires helper function of HBV no anorexia, nausea, vomiting, based on symptoms fatigue fecal oral transmission similar to HAV no fever, mild flu like symptoms Hepatitis D Hepatitis E antiviral drugs, current drug therapy, protease inhibitor supportive MODULE 5 OTHER TERMS TO KNOW The terms below outline some additional pathophysiology terms to know for the final exam in Module 8. You are NOT required to define them in this module learning guide; however, all terms can be seen in the Module Knowledge Check and Final Exam. Chapter 29: Disorders of Esophagus, Stomach, and Small Intestine Terms Odynophagia Esophageal strictures Achalasia Gastroparesis Dyspepsia Helicobacter pylori Reducible (Hernia) Incarceration (Hernia) Strangulation (Hernia) Gastroenteritis Diarrhea Steatorrhea Chapter 30: Common Disorders of the Large Intestine Terms Fecal impaction Obstipation Cholecystitis Melena Skip lesions Cobblestone Toxic megacolon Diverticulosis Varicose Veins Hematochezia Chapter 31: Infection, Inflammation, and Cirrhosis of the Liver Terms Jaundice Hyperbilirubinemia Hepatocyte Biliary obstruction HCR 240 Module 5 Learning Guide Cholestasis Caput medusa Hematemesis Ascites Chapter 32: Gallbladder, Pancreatic, and Bile Duct Dysfunction Terms Cholelithiasis Choledocholithiasis Biliary stasis Cholangitis Exocrine function of pancreas Empyema Cholecystectomy