Patho Study Guide PDF

Patho study guide A. Pathophysiology-the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function B. Disease occurs when there is a disruption in homeostasis or deviation from normal - Homeostasis- is to keep the body close to normal as possible regulate the body - Being...

Patho study guide A. Pathophysiology-the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body's function B. Disease occurs when there is a disruption in homeostasis or deviation from normal - Homeostasis- is to keep the body close to normal as possible regulate the body - Being healthy is absence of sickness and wellness of mind body and spirt - Acute illness- means comes on suddenly - Pathogenesis- is the development of a disease - Chronic disease- you're going have the rest of your life and progressively get worse - Clinical manifestation- stages of a disease - Hereditary- there within your DNA and genes (down syndrome) - Congenital disease- glitch in the system spina bifida, cerebral palsy - Etiology- direct cause of a disease - Type one diabetes cant control glucose levels pancreas - Idiopathic- a disease of a unknown cause A. Cell function- Exchanging material - Enzymes in and out of cells chemical interactions in cells - Glucose can go in and out of cells - Diffusion - Diffusion- always moves a solute to a lower concentration - Diffusion deals with the solute substance if its higher out side it will move in higher inside move out - Osmosis - passive movement of water/solvent across membrane towards higher concentrations (osmotic pressure) - lysis- cells swell and burst - crenation- cells shrink and shrivel - Isotonic- 0.9% same amount of fluid on outside and inside - Hypotonic- lower less.45% normal saline less that normal osmosis will move from outside to inside cell - Hypertonic -more than 0.9% normal saline carnation - Endocytosis- brining a substance into a cell - Phagocytosis- Eating white blood sells float around that eats and destroys pathogen - Pinocytosis- Drinking fluid into cell membrane you incase the inside of cell but takes energy - Cell function- replication and differentiation - Takes 90-120 days to complete mitosis - Cancer cells grow faster because of this system getting all jacked up - cell differentiation occurs when cells become specialized - they can become something they were never intended to be stem cells - cellular adaptation - evolve- adapt and mature - Atrophy- shrink and get weaker cells can also atrophy lose functionality - Hypertrophy- gain muscles not good for the heart cause the heart to over work its going to get bigger it gets the less functionality we have in the heart muscle - Incases the work on your heart - Increased cell production pathological hyperplasia cells that are growing faster quicker in numbers than there supposed too more chance for error more good chance they can become cancer - Environmental factors internal and external as od adaptation they might try to change their size or number to survive but when they adapt things can go wrong - A diagram of cell growth Description automatically generated - Liquefactive-brain - Caseous- infection w mycobacterium tuberculosis - Fat- breast and pancreas - Coagulative- kidney, liver or heart muscle - Gangrene- appendages (usually limbs) - Neoplasms- some cluster of cells its not supposed to be doing its uncontrolled and unregulated Heredity - Carcinogenesis - Neoplasm: "new growth", uncontrolled and unregulated - Carcinogenesis (the development of cancer) is impacted by heredity (oncogenes) and carcinogen exposure and has three steps - Initiation: introduction of the agent - Promotion: initiation of uncontrolled growth - Progression: permanent malignant changes - Introduced phase - Introduced - Promotion - Tumor - Can change and move - Metastasis can happen in multiple ways lymphatic system will pull it in to destroy it but sometime it cant and spreads the cancer. - Seating a piece of tumor breaks off and moves and plants it self somewhere else - Metastasis through direct contact as well it will grow and spread - Bone marrow red blood cells white blood cells platelets - Cancer can attack your bone marrow - They don't go anywhere else in body A lot slower to happen it incapsulates itself cells look very much like surrounding cells they replaced too fast there not cancer it can grow big though and it can affect your body in those ways -benign tumors - - Go super fast and spread to other parts of body fast metastatic they don't look anything like surrounding cells and left untreated they can become fatal in men prostate in the most common cancer most common in women breast and lung cancer is the leading cause of death in men and women- Malignant - Oma- have a cluster of unctrooled chunk - Brain tissue is glioma -  - Cancer - Best way to beat cancer is it find it early! - Mammogram screening at 45 - 50 colonoscopy - - Cachexia- people that lose weight that looks very like skin a bone cause the cancer is taking all your nutrients - Anemia- red blood cells drop - Neutrophils - Leukocytes - Penia - Leukopenia - Neutropenia - Radiation and chemotherapy can cause all the as well! - Fine needle aspiration large gage needle in middle of tumor and stuck it up - Open surgery where they cut a piece of it and take it out - Stick it in bone marrow and suck it out - Tumor marker makes proteins and antibody's - PSA antigen will be high that they have something growing on there prostate - T - umor markers can be found in blood urine and liquid that we biopsy - Imaging producer gets us picture that can show us how big and what shape it his pet scans mri ultersounds - Staging tells us staging size spread from original site - Staging goes from 0-4 - 0 really tiny - 4 has spread all over size and spread - Graining tells me what the cancer cells look like - The degree of differentiation - 1 looks like the cells - 4 it doses look anything like parent tissue - Curative means you have a 5 year survival without reassurance after treatment - Palliative means that we are going to slow it down treat symptoms to improve comfort - Preventative- - Prognosis is your likely hood to survive - Remission- cancer responded to the treatment and is under control - Implant radiation mutates and kills cancer cell - Chemo therapy that destroy replicating cancer cells - - Hormonotherapy slow and stop the growth of certan cancers - Immunotherapy boost your immunity - Give you blood and bone marrow to gain what you lost - Down syndrome trisomy 21 - Cardiac issues - Low set ears - Flat nasal bridge - Eyes are slanted upwards - Misstructured in jaw - Autosomal dominate disorder one of the parents has the disorder and carry\'s the gene - Either one can carry it people that has 50/50 shot the baby can get it - Connective tissue disorder heart eyes skin and lungs and it also causes abnormal bone growth - Arachnodactyly long finger - Ocular lenes is not lined up in middle of eye there off - Very painful very disfiguring - Autosomal recessive disorders - Both parents carry the bad genes - 25% chance that kid will get it - Skips generation - PKU 3 day of life they know it's the problem cant break down proteins those by product attacks neurological system - Sickle cell anima the structure of there rbc changes - Common in Jewish population unable to metabolize lipids that died by age - A child with a list of symptoms Description automatically generated with medium confidence - Trisomy 21-down's Syndrome - Monosomy X-Turner's Syndrome (Females) - Polysomy X-Klinefelter's Syndrome (Males) - KLINEFELTERS syndrome - Turner syndrome is only in girls - Do not inheart the right x chromos from mom no ovaries cardiac issues - Lowest ears brod chest webbed neck - Clinefelders syndrome get a extra x only in boy - Male that starts to gain female characteristic small genitals very feminine characteristics