Summary

This document discusses various theories and concepts in psychology, including empiricism, interactionism, structuralism, and behaviorism. It covers topics like sleep stages, brain activity, and different models of the mind.

Full Transcript

Empiricism: Learning comse from [empirical] observation and experience. (gain knowledge through senses and watching Epiphenominalism: biochemical events are the only cause of mental events (thoughts, feelings)(eg. Fear seems to make your heart beat faster) Interactionalism: mind/body are distinct bu...

Empiricism: Learning comse from [empirical] observation and experience. (gain knowledge through senses and watching Epiphenominalism: biochemical events are the only cause of mental events (thoughts, feelings)(eg. Fear seems to make your heart beat faster) Interactionalism: mind/body are distinct but interact to cause events within one Another. Structuralism: [Wilhelm Wundt] Sensations of independent elements make up consciousness, structure Introspection: looking into yourself, and understanding your feelings and mental states. Functionalism: [William James] Purpose of thought/why. Stream of consciousness Behaviorism: [Watson] Focus on Biology (objective science). Goal to control behaviour. Studied animals Psychophysiological Model of Mind: Relationship b/w behaviour and structures in the nervous system (Sea slug memory experiment Psychodynamic Model of Mind: All behaviour comes from trying to solve drives and reflexes (Motivation/desires from tension & conflict). We act different because we have different histor Psychoanalysis: Freuds theory of unconscious meaning to behaviour D: Pleasure Principal Ego: Reason and Self Control Superego: Morality (perfect self) Behaviourist Model of Mind: Conditions leading to a response (environmental factors). Humans just react to condition so no good/evil. Williams James: Functionalism, Textbook: <principles of psych=, Founder of psychology Wilhelm Windt: Strucuralism, Introspection, First research library John Watson: Behaviourism, classical conditioning (Little Albert experiment) Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, unconscious mind Rene Descartes: Cartesian dualism Cartesian Dualism: mind controls body, but body can influence mind (ex: passion) Interaction Problem: How do mind and body interact Idealists: only mind exists (physical objects come from mind) Neutral Monists: neither mind nor body is the single substance of reality (same reality either way). Materialists: consciousness is function of brain (nothing exists from physical world) The hard problem: How do we have conscious meaning in our life from brain/body activity. How can matter give rise to mind Qualia: phenomenal private aspects of our mental lives (smell of freshly mown grass, colour of red mcgill sweater EEG: recording electrical activity in the brain as it relates to levels of alertness. Electrooculograms: records electrical poetential b/w front/back of eye. Electromyograms: records electrical activity in muscles. Alpha waves: Physically and Mentally relaxed Beta waves: Active thinking REM sleep, Awake Theta waves: NREM (light sleep), daydreams, creativity, insight Delta waves: REM, slow wave sleep REM Sleep: Dreaming Sleep stages: 1-4 (none REM), 5(REM) - dreamss (whole cycle is 90 mins) Sleep stage 1: light sleep (5-10m/cycle) - A/T waves & halucinations Sleep stage 2: burts of sleep spindles (10-30m/cycle) - K-complexes (65% of sleep) Sleep stage 3/4: Deep sleep (15-30m/cycle) - Slow wave sleep(crucial for rest) - 25% of sleep Sleep stage 5: Extremely deep sleep (10-20m/cycle) - brain activity like being awake (vivid dreams). Sleep Spindles: NREM sleep that helps with mem consolidation (look like spikes indicate light sleep) K-Complexes: suppress sleep disruption (light sleep) Sleep functions: Restoration, Growth/cellular repair, rebuilds brain proteins, boosts # of immune cells(need 9 hours) unctions of Slow Wave sleep: memory consolidation, physically restorativ Narcolepsy: Falling asleep with no control RBD: REM sleep behaviourr disorder (dream enactment/ violent movemen Innattentional blindness: not paying attention to things that aren’t focus (man in gorilla suit walks across other side of field) Global workspace hypothesis: consciousness requires info processed from nonconscious parts of the brain which is broadcasted to the other parts of brain (global workspace) Braitenberg vehicles: Simple robots given human characteristics when describing actions. Ockham’s razor: the simplest explanation for a phenomena is the best Reductionism and its limitations : simplest explanations are easier to falsift/test bc inconsistencies can’t be explained away. Reductionism can’t explain what can’t be described (behaviours may be unpredictable). Rationalism: Using reason & Logic (Observation may be misleading) Empiricism: Observation necessary to confirm theorie Inductivism: Observations used to induce theories (I have only seen brown bears therefore all bears are brown) Falsificationism: Tests designed to refute the predicted theor Milgram experiment: Testing obedience by delivering shocks to an actor at increasing intensity. Descriptive methods: Case study, surveys, longitudinal/cross-sectional research, naturalistic research. (focuses on one measured variable Hawthorne effect: Being observed causes participants to change behaviour Hawthorne Experiment: observing efficiency of office workers Experimenter expectancy effect and experiment: what the experimenter expects to happen influences the experiment. (stupid mice). Response bias: responding falsely/innacurately to survey questions (questiosn in surveys that influence response) Logical empiricism: what truly exists can be measured by objective empirical observations (Bacon & Descartes) Empirical structuralism: the goal of science cannot be to verify/falsify a theory. (scientific work intends to increase knowledge of phenomena not refute claims) Epistemological consequences: scientific progress specific to a theory and where said theory can’t be applied Cognitive (R)evolution: dramatic increase in brain size (2.5% of bodyweight, and 25% energy) change in how we think/operate Consequences of cognitive revolution: less muscle, more time spent looking for food, premature birth, cooking/language, commication & coordination Piaget theory of human development: We have some innate knowledge, experiences are combined to concepts of world. (Equilibrium, Assimilation, Accommodation) Empiricism: Everything is learned Proximate causation: Close factors (hormonal state, enviro) influencing behaviour (How) Ultimate causation: evolutionary causes of behaviour (Why) Baby scheme/Kindchenschema: round/cute facial features promotes a caretaking behaviour. Piloerection: goosebumps/hair standing up on body (makes you appear bigger/keeps you warmer) Twin studies on intelligence: enviro & genetics both responsible for IQ (Identical twins in same enviro have closer IQ than frat. twins that did)(If Identical twins grew up apart they have more differences)

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser