Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Lecture Notes - Chapter 07A: The Skeleton - PDF

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 07 Part A The Skeleton PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College...

Human Anatomy and Physiology Eleventh Edition Chapter 07 Part A The Skeleton PowerPoint® Lectures Slides prepared by Karen Dunbar Kareiva, Ivy Tech Community College Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Why This Matters Understanding the anatomy of the skeleton enables you to anticipate problems such as pelvic dimensions that may affect labor and delivery Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Video: Why This Matters Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skeleton The skeletal system, or skeleton, is composed of bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments – Mostly bone – Cartilage occurs in isolated areas – Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints The skeleton accounts for 20% of body mass Two major divisions – Axial skeleton – Appendicular skeleton Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Part 1: The Axial Skeleton Axial skeleton consists of 80 bones divided into three major regions: – Skull – Vertebral column – Thoracic cage Axial skeleton has three functions: – Form longitudinal axis of body – Support head, neck, and trunk – Protect brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Human Skeleton (1 of 2) Figure 7.1a The human skeleton. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Human Skeleton (2 of 2) Figure 7.1b The human skeleton. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7.1 The Skull (1 of 2) Skull is most complex bony structure in body Formed by two sets of bones: – Cranial bones (cranium)  Enclose the brain in the cranial cavity  Provide sites of attachment for head and neck muscles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 7.1 The Skull (2 of 2) – Facial bones  Form framework of face  Contain cavities for special sense organs for sight, taste, and smell  Provide openings for air and food passage  Secure teeth  Anchor facial muscles used for facial expression – Most skull bones are flat and firmly locked together (except for mandible)  Joints are called sutures – Have a serrated, saw-tooth appearance Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skull (1 of 4) Figure 7.2a The skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Overview of Skull Geography (1 of 2) Facial bones form anterior aspect, with cranium forming the rest of skull Cranium is divided into a vault and a base – Cranial vault (calvaria) forms superior, lateral, and posterior portion of skull, as well as forehead – Cranial base forms inferior aspect of skull  Internally base is divided into three “steps,” or fossae: anterior, middle, posterior fossae  Brain sits within these fossae, enclosed by cranium vault – Area referred to as cranial cavity Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skull (2 of 4) Figure 7.2b The skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skull (3 of 4) Figure 7.2c The skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Overview of Skull Geography (2 of 2) Cranium also contains other cavities: – Middle and internal ear cavities – Nasal cavity – Orbits that house eyeballs Skull has 85 named openings – Foramina, canals, fissures – Provide passageways for spinal cord, major blood vessels, and the 12 cranial nerves Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Major Cavities of the Skull, Frontal Section Figure 7.3 Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (1 of 11) Cranium is comprised of eight cranial bones: – Frontal bone – Parietal bones (two—left and right) – Occipital bone – Temporal bones (two—left and right) – Sphenoid bone – Ethmoid bone Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (2 of 11) Frontal bone: shell-shaped bone forms anterior portion of cranium – Vertical part, called squamous region, is also known as the forehead – Inferior portion ends at supraorbital margins  Area underneath eyebrows – Forms superior wall of the orbits and most of anterior cranial fossa – Supraorbital foramen (notch) allows supraorbital artery and nerve to pass to forehead – Glabella is area of frontal bone between orbits  Frontal sinuses located just lateral to glabella Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (1 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Base of the Cranial Cavity (1 of 4) Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Base of the Cranial Cavity (2 of 4) Figure 7.7b The base of the cranial cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (3 of 11) Parietal bones and the major sutures – Two large parietal bones form most of superior and lateral aspects of cranial vault – Four sutures mark articulations of parietal bones with frontal, occipital, and temporal bones:  Coronal suture: between parietal bones and frontal bone  Sagittal suture: between right and left parietal bones  Lambdoid suture: between parietal bones and occipital bone  Squamous (squamosal) sutures: between parietal and temporal bones on each side of skull Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Skull (4 of 4) Figure 7.2a The skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (2 of 9) Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (1 of 7) Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (2 of 7) Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (3 of 7) Figure 7.5c Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (4 of 7) Figure 7.5d Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (4 of 11) Occipital bone – Forms most of skull’s posterior wall and posterior cranial fossa – Articulates with parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones – Foramen magnum: “large hole” through which brain connects with spinal cord  Flanked by pair of occipital condyles that articulate with 1st vertebra – Hypoglossal canal allows cranial nerve XII to pass through Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cranium (5 of 11) – External occipital protuberance: protrusion just superior to foramen magnum – External occipital crest: ridges that are site of attachment for ligamentum nuchae – Superior and inferior nuchal lines: site of attachment for many neck and back muscles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (3 of 9) Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Inferior Aspect of the Skull, Mandible Removed (1 of 5) Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Inferior Aspect of the Skull, Mandible Removed (2 of 5) Figure 7.6b Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (6 of 11) Temporal bones: paired bones that make up inferolateral aspects of skull and parts of cranial base – Three major regions:  Squamous: zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch and mandibular fossa makes up part of temporomandibular joint  Tympanic: surround external acoustic meatus (external ear canal) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Cranium (7 of 11)  Petrous: houses middle and internal ear cavities – Makes up part of the middle cranial fossa – Several foramina penetrate petrous region: Jugular foramen allows passage of three cranial nerves Carotid canal: passageway for internal carotid artery Foramen lacerum: jagged opening covered by cartilage in living human Internal acoustic meatus and styloidmastoid foramen: cranial nerve passageways – Mastoid and styloid processes: areas for attachment of several neck and tongue muscles Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (5 of 7) Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (6 of 7) Figure 7.5b Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Temporal Bone Figure 7.8 The temporal bone. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Inferior Aspect of the Skull, Mandible Removed (3 of 5) Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Base of the Cranial Cavity (3 of 4) Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Clinical – Homeostatic Imbalance 7.1 Mastoid process contains cavities (sinuses) called mastoid air cells Mastoiditis can develop if a middle ear infection spreads into mastoid process area Mastoid air cells are separated from brain by a very thin bony plate, increasing chances that the infection could spread to brain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (8 of 11) Sphenoid bone: complex, bat-shaped bone – Keystone bone that articulates with all other cranial bones – Sphenoidal sinuses found within body of sphenoid – Body also includes sella turcica prominence that includes hypophyseal fossa area enclosing the pituitary gland Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (9 of 11) Sphenoid contains three pairs of processes: – Greater wings – Lesser wings – Pterygoid processes Sphenoid contains several foramina: – Optic canals: allow passage of optic nerves – Superior orbital fissure: cranial nerve passage – Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale: also passageways for cranial nerves – Foramen spinosum: opening for arteries Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Sphenoid Bone Figure 7.9 The sphenoid bone. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (10 of 11) Ethmoid bone: deepest skull bone – Superior part formed by paired cribriform plates that also form roof of nasal cavity and floor of anterior cranial fossa – Crista galli: triangular process that is point of attachment for brain’s dura mater covering – Perpendicular plate: forms superior part of nasal septum and is flanked by lateral masses that contain sinuses called ethmoidal air cells  Lateral masses extend medially to form superior and middle nasal conchae – Orbital plates contribute to medial wall of orbits Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Ethmoid Bone Figure 7.10 The ethmoid bone. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (4 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Base of the Cranial Cavity (4 of 4) Figure 7.7a The base of the cranial cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved  Cranium (11 of 11) Sutural bones – Tiny, irregularly shaped bones that appear within sutures – Significance is unknown, as not everyone has these Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (5 of 9) Figure 7.4b Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (1 of 8) Facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones, 12 of which are paired (mandible and vomer are single) Mandible Lacrimal bones (2) Maxillary bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Vomer Nasal bones (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (2 of 8) Mandible: largest, strongest bone of face – U-shaped lower jawbone made up of body (chin) and two upright rami  Mandibular angle: point where rami and chin meet  Coronoid process: superior end of rami serves as insertion point for large temporalis muscle  Condylar process: posterior to coronoid forms part of temporomandibular joint – Mandibular notch: separates processes  Body consists of alveolar process that contains sockets for teeth and mandibular symphysis ridge  Foramina include mandibular (for nerves) and mental foramina (for nerves and blood vessels) Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Detailed Anatomy of the Mandible and the Maxilla (1 of 2) Figure 7.11a Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (6 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (3 of 8) Maxillary bones (maxillae): medially fused to form upper jaw and central facial skeleton – Upper teeth held in alveolar processes – Anterior nasal spine forms just below nose – Palatine process forms two-thirds of hard palate – Frontal process: forms lateral bridge of nose – Zygomatic processes articulate with zygomatic bones – Maxillary sinuses: flank nasal cavity laterally Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (4 of 8) – Openings for nerves and blood vessels include:  Inferior orbital fissure  Infraorbital foramen  Incisive fossa and canal Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Detailed Anatomy of the Mandible and the Maxilla (2 of 2) Figure 7.11b Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (7 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Inferior Aspect of the Skull, Mandible Removed (4 of 5) Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (5 of 8) Zygomatic bones – Form cheekbones and inferolateral margins of orbits – Articulate with zygomatic processes of temporal, frontal, and maxillary bones Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (8 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (6 of 8) Nasal bones – Form bridge of nose – Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones – Attach to cartilage that forms tip of nose Lacrimal bones – Form medial walls of orbits – Articulate with frontal, maxillary, and ethmoid bones – Lacrimal fossa that houses lacrimal sac allows passageway for tears to drain Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Anterior and Posterior Views of the Skull (9 of 9) Figure 7.4a Anterior and posterior views of the skull. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Lateral Aspect of the Skull, External and Internal Views (7 of 7) Figure 7.5a Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (7 of 8) Palatine bones – L-shaped bones made from two bony plates  Horizontal plate: completes posterior one-third of hard palate  Perpendicular plate: forms part of posterolateral walls of the nasal cavity and a small part of the orbits Vomer – Plow-shaped bone; forms part of nasal septum Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Inferior Aspect of the Skull, Mandible Removed (5 of 5) Figure 7.6a Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Nasal Cavity (1 of 3) Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Nasal Cavity (1 of 2) Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Facial Bones (8 of 8) Inferior nasal conchae – Paired bones that form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity – Largest of three pairs of conchae  Ethmoid bone forms other two pairs Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Nasal Cavity (2 of 3) Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Hyoid Bone (1 of 2) Not a bone of skull Lies in anterior neck inferior to mandible Only bone in body that does not articulate directly with another bone – Anchored by ligaments Acts as a movable base for tongue and site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved The Hyoid Bone (2 of 2) Figure 7.12 The hyoid bone. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (1 of 3) Orbits – Cavities that encase eyes and lacrimal glands – Sites of attachment for eye muscles – Formed by parts of seven bones  Frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, and ethmoid Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones That Form the Orbits (1 of 2) Figure 7.13a Bones that form the orbits. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones That Form the Orbits (2 of 2) Figure 7.13b Bones that form the orbits. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (2 of 3) Nasal cavity: formed by parts of several bones – Roof: cribriform plates of ethmoid – Lateral walls: superior and middle conchae of ethmoid, perpendicular plates of palatine and Inferior nasal conchae  Spaces between conchae called meatuses  Conchae increase turbulence of air flow – Floor: processes of palatine and maxillary bones – Nasal septum  Bony posterior formed by vomer and perpendicular plate of ethmoid  Anterior formed by septal cartilage Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Nasal Cavity (3 of 3) Figure 7.14a Bones of the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bones of the Nasal Cavity (2 of 2) Figure 7.14b Bones of the nasal cavity. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Special Characteristics of the Orbits and Nasal Cavity (3 of 3) Paranasal sinuses: formed from five skull bones: frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and paired maxillary bones – All contain mucosa-lined, air-filled spaces – Functions:  Warm and humidify air  Help to lighten skull  Enhance resonance of voice Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Paranasal Sinuses (1 of 2) Figure 7.15a Paranasal sinuses. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Paranasal Sinuses (2 of 2) Figure 7.15b Paranasal sinuses. Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved