H-Biology Exam Quiz PDF

Here’s a medium-level multiple-choice quiz covering all the units summarized (Cardiovascular, Skeletal and Muscles, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Nervous, Digestive, Endocrine, Urinary, and Reproductive systems). Each unit includes 10 questions. Cardiovascular System 1. What is the primary function o...

Here’s a medium-level multiple-choice quiz covering all the units summarized (Cardiovascular, Skeletal and Muscles, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Nervous, Digestive, Endocrine, Urinary, and Reproductive systems). Each unit includes 10 questions. Cardiovascular System 1. What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system? ○ A) Produce hormones ○ B) Transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste ○ C) Absorb nutrients ○ D) Produce white blood cells Answer: B 2. Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood? ○ A) Veins ○ B) Capillaries ○ C) Arteries ○ D) Lymphatic vessels Answer: C 3. What structure initiates the electrical impulse in the heart? ○ A) AV Node ○ B) SA Node ○ C) Purkinje Fibers ○ D) Bundle of His Answer: B 4. What is systole in the cardiac cycle? ○ A) Heart relaxation ○ B) Ventricular contraction ○ C) Atrial filling ○ D) Valve closure Answer: B 5. What determines blood pressure? ○ A) Muscle activity ○ B) Vascular resistance and cardiac output ○ C) Hormonal regulation ○ D) Oxygen levels in blood Answer: B  6. Which component of blood is primarily responsible for clotting? ○ A) White blood cells ○ B) Platelets ○ C) Red blood cells ○ D) Plasma Answer: B 7. What is the universal donor blood type? ○ A) AB+ ○ B) A+ ○ C) O- ○ D) B- Answer: C 8. Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body? ○ A) Left atrium ○ B) Right ventricle ○ C) Right atrium ○ D) Left ventricle Answer: D 9. Which artery supplies the heart muscle with blood? ○ A) Aorta ○ B) Coronary artery ○ C) Pulmonary artery ○ D) Subclavian artery Answer: B 10. What does an ECG measure? ○ A) Blood pressure ○ B) Electrical activity of the heart ○ C) Oxygen saturation ○ D) Stroke volume Answer: B Skeletal and Muscular Systems 1. What is the main function of red bone marrow? ○ A) Store calcium ○ B) Produce blood cells  ○ C) Protect organs ○ D) Support muscles Answer: B 2. What type of joint is found in the shoulder? ○ A) Hinge ○ B) Ball-and-socket ○ C) Pivot ○ D) Saddle Answer: B 3. What connects muscles to bones? ○ A) Ligaments ○ B) Cartilage ○ C) Tendons ○ D) Fascia Answer: C 4. Which bone is part of the axial skeleton? ○ A) Femur ○ B) Clavicle ○ C) Sternum ○ D) Pelvis Answer: C 5. What is the primary function of osteoclasts? ○ A) Build bone tissue ○ B) Break down bone tissue ○ C) Support nerve function ○ D) Protect joints Answer: B 6. Which type of muscle is voluntary? ○ A) Smooth ○ B) Cardiac ○ C) Skeletal ○ D) All muscles Answer: C 7. What is the role of calcium in muscle contraction? ○ A) Provide energy ○ B) Stimulate nerve impulses ○ C) Bind to troponin to allow actin-myosin interaction  ○ D) Produce ATP Answer: C 8. What type of bone is the femur? ○ A) Short bone ○ B) Flat bone ○ C) Irregular bone ○ D) Long bone Answer: D 9. What is the function of the epiphyseal plate? ○ A) Strengthen the bone ○ B) Allow bone growth ○ C) Produce blood cells ○ D) Absorb shock Answer: B 10. Which structure reduces friction in a joint? ○ A) Ligament ○ B) Cartilage ○ C) Bone marrow ○ D) Periosteum Answer: B Lymphatic System 1. What is the primary function of lymph? ○ A) Transport oxygen ○ B) Transport white blood cells and remove interstitial fluid ○ C) Absorb calcium ○ D) Deliver hormones Answer: B 2. Where are T-cells matured? ○ A) Bone marrow ○ B) Spleen ○ C) Thymus ○ D) Lymph nodes Answer: C 3. What is the function of lymph nodes?  ○ A) Produce red blood cells ○ B) Filter lymph ○ C) Store calcium ○ D) Absorb nutrients Answer: B 4. What is the role of the spleen in the lymphatic system? ○ A) Produce lymph ○ B) Filter blood ○ C) Store red blood cells ○ D) Remove interstitial fluid Answer: B 5. What is the function of the lymphatic vessels? ○ A) Carry oxygenated blood ○ B) Carry lymph to the heart ○ C) Produce hormones ○ D) Transport digestive enzymes Answer: B 6. Which lymphatic organ is associated with immune memory? ○ A) Bone marrow ○ B) Thymus ○ C) Lymph nodes ○ D) Spleen Answer: D 7. What do lacteals absorb? ○ A) Proteins ○ B) Lipids ○ C) Carbohydrates ○ D) Minerals Answer: B 8. Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ? ○ A) Liver ○ B) Spleen ○ C) Thymus ○ D) Lymph nodes Answer: A 9. What immune cell is produced in the bone marrow? ○ A) T-cells ○ B) B-cells  ○ C) Platelets ○ D) Erythrocytes Answer: B 10. What is the main fluid transported by the lymphatic system? ○ A) Blood ○ B) Plasma ○ C) Interstitial fluid ○ D) Cerebrospinal fluid Answer: C Here is the continuation of the multiple-choice quiz for the remaining units: Respiratory System 1. What is the primary function of the respiratory system? ○ A) Produce energy ○ B) Transport nutrients ○ C) Gas exchange (Oxygen in, Carbon dioxide out) ○ D) Absorb water Answer: C 2. What is the main muscle involved in quiet inspiration? ○ A) Intercostal muscles ○ B) Abdominal muscles ○ C) Diaphragm ○ D) Sternocleidomastoid Answer: C 3. What is the role of alveoli in the lungs? ○A) Filter blood ○B) Site of gas exchange ○C) Store oxygen ○D) Warm air Answer: B 4. What drives the movement of gases during respiration? ○ A) Blood pressure ○ B) Osmotic pressure ○ C) Partial pressure gradients  ○ D) Lymphatic flow Answer: C 5. What structure prevents food from entering the trachea? ○ A) Uvula ○ B) Epiglottis ○ C) Esophagus ○ D) Larynx Answer: B 6. What is tidal volume? ○ A) Total lung capacity ○ B) Volume of air exchanged in a normal breath ○ C) Volume of air after maximal inspiration ○ D) Residual air after exhalation Answer: B 7. Which gas is primarily carried by hemoglobin in red blood cells? ○ A) Carbon dioxide ○ B) Oxygen ○ C) Nitrogen ○ D) Argon Answer: B 8. What is the function of surfactant in the lungs? ○ A) Remove toxins ○ B) Reduce surface tension in alveoli ○ C) Facilitate oxygen binding ○ D) Expel CO₂ Answer: B 9. What controls the rhythm of breathing? ○ A) Hypothalamus ○ B) Medulla oblongata ○ C) Cerebellum ○ D) Pituitary gland Answer: B 10. What is cellular respiration? ○ A) Absorption of nutrients ○ B) ATP production using oxygen ○ C) Diffusion of gases in lungs ○ D) Exchange of gases in blood Answer: B Nervous System 1. Which part of the nervous system processes sensory input? ○ A) PNS ○ B) CNS ○ C) Somatic NS ○ D) Autonomic NS Answer: B 2. What is the primary function of Schwann cells? ○ A) Produce cerebrospinal fluid ○ B) Provide immune defense ○ C) Myelinate PNS neurons ○ D) Support blood-brain barrier Answer: C 3. What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron? ○ A) -90 mV ○ B) -70 mV ○ C) 0 mV ○ D) +30 mV Answer: B 4. What triggers depolarization in an action potential? ○ A) Sodium ions leaving the cell ○ B) Potassium ions entering the cell ○ C) Sodium ions entering the cell ○ D) Chloride ions entering the cell Answer: C 5. What part of the brain controls heart rate and breathing? ○ A) Hypothalamus ○ B) Medulla oblongata ○ C) Cerebellum ○ D) Cerebrum Answer: B 6. What is a monosynaptic reflex? ○ A) Involves a single synapse between sensory and motor neurons ○ B) Involves multiple interneurons ○ C) Requires conscious input  ○ D) Always involves the brain Answer: A 7. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest"? ○ A) Somatic NS ○ B) Sympathetic NS ○ C) Parasympathetic NS ○ D) Central NS Answer: C 8. What cells produce myelin in the CNS? ○ A) Schwann cells ○ B) Oligodendrocytes ○ C) Astrocytes ○ D) Ependymal cells Answer: B 9. What neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction? ○ A) Dopamine ○ B) Serotonin ○ C) Acetylcholine ○ D) Glutamate Answer: C 10. Which structure connects the brain to the spinal cord? ○ A) Thalamus ○ B) Brainstem ○ C) Cerebellum ○ D) Corpus callosum Answer: B Digestive System 1. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? ○ A) Stomach ○ B) Small intestine ○ C) Large intestine ○ D) Esophagus Answer: B 2. What enzyme begins starch digestion in the mouth?  ○ A) Lipase ○ B) Amylase ○ C) Pepsin ○ D) Ribonuclease Answer: B 3. What is the primary function of bile? ○ A) Digest proteins ○ B) Neutralize stomach acid ○ C) Emulsify fats ○ D) Absorb glucose Answer: C 4. Which organ produces insulin? ○ A) Liver ○ B) Pancreas ○ C) Stomach ○ D) Small intestine Answer: B 5. What is peristalsis? ○ A) Enzymatic breakdown of food ○ B) Physical mixing of food ○ C) Wave-like muscle contractions moving food ○ D) Nutrient absorption Answer: C 6. What structure prevents stomach acid from entering the esophagus? ○ A) Pyloric sphincter ○ B) Lower esophageal sphincter ○ C) Duodenum ○ D) Villi Answer: B 7. What is the role of the large intestine? ○ A) Produce digestive enzymes ○ B) Absorb water and electrolytes ○ C) Digest carbohydrates ○ D) Store bile Answer: B 8. What nutrient does pepsin break down? ○ A) Carbohydrates ○ B) Lipids  ○C) Proteins ○D) Nucleic acids Answer: C 9. Where is the majority of bile stored? ○ A) Pancreas ○ B) Gallbladder ○ C) Liver ○ D) Stomach Answer: B 10. What is the function of villi in the small intestine? ○ A) Produce digestive enzymes ○ B) Increase surface area for absorption ○ C) Neutralize stomach acid ○ D) Transport bile Answer: B Final set of questions (Endocrine, Urinary, and Reproductive) is coming next! Endocrine System 1. Which hormone regulates water balance in the body? ○ A) Insulin ○ B) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) ○ C) Cortisol ○ D) Oxytocin Answer: B 2. What is the primary role of the thyroid gland? ○A) Produce bile ○B) Regulate metabolism ○C) Secrete insulin ○D) Stimulate growth Answer: B 3. Where are hormones stored and released in the posterior pituitary? ○ A) Produced in the pituitary itself ○ B) Produced by the hypothalamus ○ C) Stored in adrenal glands ○ D) Released by thyroid stimulation Answer: B 4. What hormone is responsible for milk production in mammary glands? ○ A) Oxytocin ○ B) Prolactin ○ C) Estrogen ○ D) Progesterone Answer: B 5. Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels? ○ A) Glucagon ○ B) Insulin ○ C) Cortisol ○ D) Growth hormone Answer: B 6. What is a characteristic of water-soluble hormones? ○ A) They pass through cell membranes directly. ○ B) They use second-messenger systems. ○ C) They bind to receptors inside the nucleus. ○ D) They are carried by lipoproteins. Answer: B 7. What does the adrenal medulla secrete during stress? ○ A) Cortisol ○ B) Epinephrine ○ C) Aldosterone ○ D) Estrogen Answer: B 8. Which gland produces growth hormone? ○ A) Thyroid ○ B) Pituitary ○ C) Adrenal ○ D) Pineal Answer: B 9. Which hormone is involved in the regulation of calcium levels? ○ A) Insulin ○ B) Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ○ C) Glucagon ○ D) ADH Answer: B 10. What is a major role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?  ○ A) Store hormones ○ B) Produce and regulate releasing hormones ○ C) Filter toxins ○ D) Produce bile Answer: B Urinary System 1. What is the functional unit of the kidney? ○ A) Ureter ○ B) Nephron ○ C) Glomerulus ○ D) Collecting duct Answer: B 2. What process occurs at the glomerulus? ○ A) Reabsorption ○ B) Filtration ○ C) Secretion ○ D) Excretion Answer: B 3. Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the kidneys? ○ A) Aldosterone ○ B) ADH ○ C) Cortisol ○ D) Insulin Answer: B 4. What structure transports urine from the kidney to the bladder? ○ A) Urethra ○ B) Renal pelvis ○ C) Ureter ○ D) Collecting duct Answer: C 5. Where does the majority of nutrient reabsorption occur in the nephron? ○ A) Distal convoluted tubule ○ B) Proximal convoluted tubule ○ C) Loop of Henle  ○ D) Collecting duct Answer: B 6. What part of the nephron is responsible for creating concentrated urine? ○ A) Loop of Henle ○ B) Bowman’s capsule ○ C) Proximal tubule ○ D) Collecting duct Answer: A 7. What is the primary function of the urinary bladder? ○ A) Filter blood ○ B) Store urine ○ C) Reabsorb nutrients ○ D) Secrete hormones Answer: B 8. What happens when blood pressure drops significantly? ○ A) ADH release decreases ○ B) Renin is secreted to increase blood pressure ○ C) Urine output increases ○ D) The bladder contracts Answer: B 9. What is a normal constituent of urine? ○ A) Glucose ○ B) Proteins ○ C) Urea ○ D) Red blood cells Answer: C 10. What is the term for the inability to concentrate urine due to kidney dysfunction? ○ A) Polyuria ○ B) Proteinuria ○ C) Anuria ○ D) Oliguria Answer: A Reproductive System 1. Where does fertilization typically occur?  ○ A) Ovary ○ B) Fallopian tube ○ C) Uterus ○ D) Cervix Answer: B 2. What is the primary function of the testes? ○ A) Store sperm ○ B) Produce sperm and testosterone ○ C) Transport sperm ○ D) Release semen Answer: B 3. What hormone triggers ovulation in females? ○ A) FSH ○ B) LH ○ C) Progesterone ○ D) Estrogen Answer: B 4. Which structure in the male reproductive system stores and matures sperm? ○ A) Prostate gland ○ B) Epididymis ○ C) Vas deferens ○ D) Seminal vesicle Answer: B 5. What layer of the uterus supports fetal development? ○ A) Myometrium ○ B) Perimetrium ○ C) Endometrium ○ D) Cervix Answer: C 6. What is the primary function of the seminal vesicles? ○ A) Secrete alkaline fluid with fructose ○ B) Neutralize urine ○ C) Produce testosterone ○ D) Store sperm Answer: A 7. Which phase of the menstrual cycle involves thickening of the uterine lining? ○ A) Ovulation ○ B) Follicular phase  ○ C) Luteal phase ○ D) Menstrual phase Answer: C 8. What is the role of oxytocin in childbirth? ○ A) Dilate the cervix ○ B) Stimulate uterine contractions ○ C) Prevent preterm labor ○ D) Relax pelvic muscles Answer: B 9. What term describes the production of sperm? ○ A) Oogenesis ○ B) Spermatogenesis ○ C) Gametogenesis ○ D) Meiosis Answer: B 10. What structure connects the ovary to the uterus? ○ A) Cervix ○ B) Vagina ○ C) Fallopian tube ○ D) Urethra Answer: C