Practical II practice exam quizgecko questions.pdf

**1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?** - A) Excessive salt intake - B) Diarrhea - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Correct Answer: A **2. How does the addition of aldosterone affect potassium concentr...

**1. Which condition leads to an increase in extracellular fluid volume (ECF)?** - A) Excessive salt intake - B) Diarrhea - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Correct Answer: A **2. How does the addition of aldosterone affect potassium concentration in urine?** - A) Increases concentration - B) Decreases concentration - C) No effect - D) Only affects sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **3. Which of the following accurately describes the role of ADH in the kidney?** - A) Increases sodium reabsorption - B) Increases water reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts - C) Decreases potassium reabsorption - D) Increases urine volume Correct Answer: B **4. What effect does decreasing the efferent arteriole radius have on GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect - D) Variable effect based on blood pressure Correct Answer: A **5. In a hyperventilation experiment, what is the expected change in blood pH?** - A) Decrease due to increased CO2 - B) Increase due to decreased CO2 - C) No change - D) Fluctuates between increase and decrease Correct Answer: B **6. What is the function of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system?** - A) Regulates blood pH by controlling H+ ion concentration - B) Removes CO2 from the bloodstream - C) Absorbs excess sodium ions - D) Prevents protein denaturation Correct Answer: A **7. What is the likely blood type of a person whose serum shows agglutination with anti-A but not with anti-B or anti-Rh serum?** - A) Type A, Rh+ - B) Type B, Rh- - C) Type A, Rh- - D) Type AB, Rh+ Correct Answer: C **8. What occurs when the body is exposed to a hypertonic IV solution?** - A) Cells swell due to water influx - B) Cells shrink due to water efflux - C) No change in cell size - D) Increased intracellular fluid volume Correct Answer: B **9. Which metabolic disorder is characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate levels in the blood?** - A) Respiratory acidosis - B) Metabolic acidosis - C) Respiratory alkalosis - D) Metabolic alkalosis Correct Answer: B **10. Which of the following increases during exercise in a conditioned athlete compared to a sedentary individual?** - A) Tidal volume - B) Expiratory reserve volume - C) Vital capacity - D) All of the above Correct Answer: D **11. How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?** - A) Primary active transport in the collecting duct - B) Simple diffusion in the distal convoluted tubule - C) Secondary active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule - D) Facilitated diffusion in the loop of Henle Correct Answer: C **12. What happens to urine volume if ADH secretion is inhibited?** - A) Increases due to decreased water reabsorption - B) Decreases due to increased water reabsorption - C) Remains unchanged - D) Increases due to increased sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **13. What is the major determinant for the release of aldosterone?** - A) Blood potassium levels - B) Blood sodium levels - C) Blood pressure - D) Blood glucose levels Correct Answer: A **14. Where is aldosterone produced?** - A) Anterior pituitary gland - B) Adrenal cortex - C) Kidney cortex - D) Hypothalamus Correct Answer: B **15. During rebreathing, what happens to blood pCO2 and pH levels?** - A) pCO2 decreases, pH increases - B) pCO2 increases, pH decreases - C) Both pCO2 and pH increase - D) Both pCO2 and pH decrease Correct Answer: B **16. What would be the expected result if a patient with Type I diabetes mellitus was not administered insulin?** - A) Low blood glucose levels - B) No change in blood glucose levels - C) Elevated blood glucose levels - D) Elevated blood insulin levels Correct Answer: C **17. What is the main function of the renal corpuscle?** - A) Filtration of blood to form urine - B) Reabsorption of water and electrolytes - C) Secretion of hormones - D) Regulation of blood pressure Correct Answer: A **18. How is solute reabsorption in the nephron related to water reabsorption?** - A) Independent processes - B) Solute reabsorption drives water reabsorption - C) Water reabsorption inhibits solute reabsorption - D) Water reabsorption increases solute reabsorption Correct Answer: B **19. What is the primary effect of increasing the concentration gradient in the renal medulla?** - A) Increased urine volume - B) Decreased urine volume - C) Increased urine solute concentration - D) Decreased urine solute concentration Correct Answer: C **20. What happens to GFR when blood pressure increases?** - A) GFR decreases - B) GFR increases - C) GFR remains unchanged - D) GFR fluctuates irregularly Correct Answer: B **21. Which hormone has a greater effect on urine volume: ADH or aldosterone?** - A) ADH - B) Aldosterone - C) Both have equal effects - D) Neither affects urine volume Correct Answer: A **22. How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?** - A) Increase in blood bicarbonate - B) Decrease in blood bicarbonate - C) Increase in CO2 exhalation - D) Increase in renal bicarbonate secretion Correct Answer: A **23. What is the effect of hypertonic IV fluid administration on intracellular fluid volume?** - A) Increases due to water movement into cells - B) Decreases due to water movement out of cells - C) No effect on intracellular fluid volume - D) Depends on the type of solute in the IV fluid Correct Answer: B **24. What characterizes the condition of metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Elevated blood pH due to decreased bicarbonate - B) Elevated blood pH due to increased bicarbonate - C) Decreased blood pH due to increased CO2 - D) Decreased blood pH due to increased H+ Correct Answer: B **25. How does a decrease in afferent arteriole radius affect GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases GFR only if blood pressure is high Correct Answer: B **26. What is the main buffer system in the extracellular fluid?** - A) Phosphate buffer system - B) Protein buffer system - C) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - D) Hemoglobin buffer system Correct Answer: C **27. In a blood transfusion, what is the most critical factor to consider?** - A) Donor's antigen type - B) Recipient's antibodies in plasma - C) Donor's blood type - D) Recipient's Rh factor Correct Answer: B **28. What does a high specific gravity in urine indicate?** - A) Low urine concentration - B) High urine concentration - C) High water intake - D) Decreased kidney function Correct Answer: B **29. How does aldosterone regulate blood pressure?** - A) Increases sodium excretion - B) Decreases potassium excretion - C) Increases sodium reabsorption - D) Decreases water reabsorption Correct Answer: C **30. What are agglutinins?** - A) Antigens on red blood cells - B) Antibodies in plasma - C) Hormones that regulate blood pressure - D) Enzymes involved in metabolism Correct Answer: B **31. What occurs in diabetic ketoacidosis?** - A) Decrease in blood glucose levels - B) Increase in blood ketone levels - C) Increase in insulin sensitivity - D) Decrease in urine output Correct Answer: B **32. Where is ADH produced?** - A) Adrenal cortex - B) Posterior pituitary - C) Hypothalamus - D) Anterior pituitary Correct Answer: C **33. How does water reabsorption in the nephron occur?** - A) Passive diffusion through aquaporins - B) Active transport against the concentration gradient - C) Facilitated diffusion through ion channels - D) Active transport coupled with sodium reabsorption Correct Answer: A **34. Which ion's concentration primarily determines extracellular fluid volume?** - A) Potassium B) Calcium - C) Sodium - D) Chloride Correct Answer: C **35. What is the expected outcome when the body compensates for metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increase in blood pH - B) Decrease in blood pH - C) No change in blood pH - D) Increase in blood CO2 Correct Answer: A Here are 20 additional questions based on the content from the "Practical Review 3.pdf" document: **36. What is the primary effect of aldosterone on sodium balance in the body?** - A) Increases sodium secretion in the urine - B) Increases sodium reabsorption in the kidneys - C) Decreases sodium reabsorption in the intestines - D) Decreases sodium concentration in sweat Correct Answer: B **37. Which of the following is a major symptom of hyperosmotic volume contraction?** - A) Increased blood pressure - B) Decreased blood osmolarity - C) Dehydration and hypernatremia - D) Increased ECF volume Correct Answer: C **38. During respiratory alkalosis, what happens to blood pH and PCO2?** - A) pH decreases, PCO2 decreases - B) pH increases, PCO2 decreases - C) pH decreases, PCO2 increases - D) pH increases, PCO2 increases Correct Answer: B **39. What causes metabolic acidosis in chronic kidney disease?** - A) Increased renal reabsorption of HCO3- - B) Decreased renal excretion of H+ - C) Increased production of CO2 - D) Decreased production of lactic acid Correct Answer: B **40. What role does the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system play in the ECF?** - A) Buffers changes in plasma sodium concentration - B) Maintains osmotic pressure - C) Buffers changes in blood pH - D) Regulates potassium levels Correct Answer: C **41. In the context of fluid compartments, what does a decrease in intracellular fluid (ICF) volume typically indicate?** - A) Iso-osmotic fluid loss - B) Increased osmolarity in the ICF - C) Fluid movement into the extracellular fluid (ECF) - D) Excessive water intake Correct Answer: C **42. What is a key characteristic of hypo-osmotic volume expansion?** - A) Decreased ECF osmolarity - B) Increased ECF osmolarity - C) Decreased ICF volume - D) Increased urine output Correct Answer: A **43. Which condition might lead to hypo-osmotic volume contraction?** - A) Sweating in a desert - B) Excessive intake of isotonic saline - C) Adrenal insufficiency - D) High sodium diet Correct Answer: C **44. What is the effect of ADH on the nephron's permeability to water?** - A) Decreases permeability - B) Increases permeability in the proximal tubule - C) Increases permeability in the collecting ducts - D) No effect on permeability Correct Answer: C **45. How does angiotensin II affect the efferent arterioles in the kidney?** - A) Dilates the efferent arterioles - B) Constricts the efferent arterioles - C) Decreases blood flow through the efferent arterioles - D) Has no effect on the efferent arterioles Correct Answer: B **46. Which of the following is true regarding iso-osmotic volume expansion?** - A) It results from the intake of hypertonic solutions - B) It leads to an increase in both ECF and ICF osmolarity - C) It involves the intake of isotonic saline, increasing ECF volume - D) It causes fluid to move from the ECF to the ICF Correct Answer: C **47. How does the kidney respond to metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increases reabsorption of H+ - B) Increases excretion of HCO3- - C) Increases reabsorption of HCO3- - D) Decreases production of NH3 Correct Answer: C **48. What is the primary stimulus for ADH release?** - A) High blood pressure - B) Low plasma osmolarity - C) High plasma osmolarity - D) High blood glucose Correct Answer: C **49. What is the expected outcome when the afferent arteriole dilates?** - A) Decrease in GFR - B) Increase in GFR - C) No change in GFR - D) Decrease in renal blood flow Correct Answer: B **50. Which type of acid-base imbalance is characterized by elevated HCO3- levels?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory acidosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: C **51. How is metabolic alkalosis compensated for by the respiratory system?** - A) Hyperventilation - B) Hypoventilation - C) Increased H+ secretion - D) Increased HCO3- reabsorption Correct Answer: B **52. What is the main component of the glomerular filtration barrier that prevents large proteins from being filtered?** - A) Glomerular basement membrane - B) Podocytes - C) Endothelial cells - D) Mesangial cells Correct Answer: A **53. During hyperosmotic volume expansion, what is the body's response?** - A) Decreased ADH release - B) Increased ADH release - C) Decreased thirst sensation - D) Increased aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: B **54. Which of the following describes the effect of decreased efferent arteriole resistance on GFR?** - A) Decreases GFR due to decreased filtration pressure - B) Increases GFR due to increased filtration pressure - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases renal blood flow without affecting GFR Correct Answer: A **55. What is the effect of the renal compensation mechanism in respiratory acidosis?** - A) Decreases H+ excretion - B) Increases HCO3- reabsorption - C) Decreases NH3 production - D) Increases renal blood flow Correct Answer: B **1. During iso-osmotic volume contraction, such as in diarrhea, what happens to the ECF volume and osmolarity?** - A) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity increases - B) ECF volume decreases, ECF osmolarity remains constant - C) ECF volume increases, ECF osmolarity decreases - D) ECF volume remains constant, ECF osmolarity increases Correct Answer: B **2. What is the effect of hyperosmotic volume contraction, as seen in sweating in a desert?** - A) ECF volume decreases, water moves from ICF to ECF - B) ECF volume increases, water moves from ECF to ICF - C) ECF osmolarity decreases, volume increases - D) ECF and ICF volumes increase Correct Answer: A **3. Which condition results from hypo-osmotic volume contraction, such as adrenal insufficiency?** - A) Decreased aldosterone leads to more NaCl reabsorption - B) Increased aldosterone leads to more NaCl secretion - C) ECF osmolarity decreases, water moves into the ICF - D) ECF volume increases, ICF volume decreases Correct Answer: C **4. In the case of excessive NaCl intake, which type of volume change occurs?** - A) Iso-osmotic volume expansion - B) Hypo-osmotic volume expansion - C) Hyperosmotic volume expansion - D) Hyperosmotic volume contraction Correct Answer: C **5. How does ADH influence water reabsorption in the kidneys?** - A) It decreases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts - B) It increases water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins in the DCT and collecting ducts - C) It increases sodium reabsorption, indirectly reducing water reabsorption - D) It reduces the permeability of the collecting ducts to water Correct Answer: B **6. What role does aldosterone play in renal physiology?** - A) Decreases potassium reabsorption - B) Increases sodium and water reabsorption - C) Decreases sodium reabsorption - D) Increases water excretion Correct Answer: B **7. Which of the following pressures contributes to the filtration pressure in the glomerulus?** - A) Glomerular hydrostatic pressure - B) Bowman's capsule osmotic pressure - C) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - D) Efferent arteriole colloid pressure Correct Answer: A **8. What is the effect of decreasing the afferent arteriole radius on GFR?** - A) Increases GFR - B) Decreases GFR - C) No effect on GFR - D) Increases filtration pressure Correct Answer: B **9. What would you expect to happen during hyperventilation?** - A) Increased CO2 levels and decreased pH - B) Decreased CO2 levels and increased pH - C) Increased O2 levels and decreased pH - D) Decreased O2 levels and decreased pH Correct Answer: B **10. Which buffer system is most abundant in the body's cells and blood?** - A) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B) Phosphate buffer system - C) Protein buffer system - D) Ammonia buffer system Correct Answer: C **11. Which condition is characterized by a decrease in HCO3- and pH, and compensatory hyperventilation?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory acidosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory alkalosis Correct Answer: A **12. In the case of respiratory acidosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?** - A) Decrease in renal H+ excretion - B) Increase in renal HCO3- reabsorption - C) Decrease in ventilation rate - D) Increase in lactic acid production Correct Answer: B **13. What changes occur in ECF and ICF compartments during hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as with excessive distilled water intake?** - A) ECF osmolarity increases, ICF volume decreases - B) ECF volume increases, ICF osmolarity decreases - C) ECF volume decreases, ICF volume increases - D) ECF volume increases, ICF volume increases Correct Answer: D **14. In which location is ADH synthesized?** - A) Posterior pituitary gland - B) Anterior pituitary gland - C) Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus - D) Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex Correct Answer: C **15. What is the normal range for arterial blood pH?** - A) 7.35-7.45 - B) 7.25-7.35 - C) 7.45-7.55 - D) 7.15-7.25 Correct Answer: A **16. Which type of acid-base imbalance might occur at high altitudes due to increased ventilation?** - A) Metabolic acidosis - B) Respiratory alkalosis - C) Metabolic alkalosis - D) Respiratory acidosis Correct Answer: B **17. What is the result of aldosterone secretion in response to decreased ECF volume?** - A) Decreased sodium reabsorption - B) Increased potassium reabsorption - C) Increased sodium and water reabsorption - D) Decreased blood pressure Correct Answer: C **18. What effect does ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) have in the RAAS pathway?** - A) Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I - B) Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II - C) Directly increases aldosterone secretion - D) Inhibits renin release from the kidney Correct Answer: B **19. How does the body compensate for metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Hypoventilation - B) Hyperventilation - C) Increased renal excretion of HCO3- - D) Increased renal reabsorption of H+ Correct Answer: A **20. What is the major determinant for the release of ADH?** - A) Plasma sodium concentration - B) Plasma osmolarity - C) Blood pressure - D) Blood glucose levels Correct Answer: B **21. What is the expected outcome of iso-osmotic volume expansion, such as from the intake of isotonic saline?** - A) Increase in ECF osmolarity - B) Decrease in ECF volume - C) No change in osmolarity, increase in ECF volume - D) No change in ECF volume, increase in ICF volume Correct Answer: C **22. During respiratory alkalosis, what compensatory mechanism does the body employ?** - A) Renal retention of H+ - B) Renal excretion of HCO3- - C) Increase in ventilation rate - D) Decrease in ventilation rate Correct Answer: B **23. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of metabolic acidosis?** - A) Elevated blood HCO3- concentration - B) Decreased blood CO2 levels - C) Increased blood H+ concentration - D) Decreased blood K+ levels Correct Answer: C **24. What is the primary action of angiotensin II in the RAAS system?** - A) Vasodilation of afferent arterioles - B) Stimulation of renin release - C) Constriction of efferent arterioles - D) Inhibition of aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: C **25. In which buffer system does hemoglobin play a critical role?** - A) Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system - B) Phosphate buffer system - C) Protein buffer system - D) Ammonia buffer system Correct Answer: C **26. What is the consequence of decreased efferent arteriole radius on GFR?** - A) Increased GFR - B) Decreased GFR - C) No change in GFR - D) Decreased filtration pressure Correct Answer: A **27. Which condition can lead to respiratory acidosis?** - A) Anxiety-induced hyperventilation - B) Obstructive pulmonary diseases - C) Excessive vomiting - D) Ingestion of antacids Correct Answer: B **28. How does aldosterone affect potassium levels in the body?** - A) Increases potassium reabsorption - B) Decreases potassium secretion - C) Increases potassium secretion - D) Decreases potassium reabsorption Correct Answer: C **29. What is the primary function of aquaporins in the kidney?** - A) Reabsorption of sodium - B) Excretion of potassium - C) Facilitation of water reabsorption - D) Regulation of acid-base balance Correct Answer: C **30. Which hormone is released in response to increased plasma osmolarity?** - A) Aldosterone - B) Renin - C) ADH - D) Angiotensin II Correct Answer: C **31. What role does the phosphate buffer system play in the body?** - A) Regulates blood pH - B) Maintains plasma calcium levels - C) Buffers urine pH - D) Controls sodium balance Correct Answer: C **32. What is the physiological response to hypo-osmotic volume expansion, such as from excessive water intake?** - A) Increase in ADH secretion - B) Increase in aldosterone secretion - C) Decrease in ADH secretion - D) Decrease in aldosterone secretion Correct Answer: C **33. How does the body respond to metabolic alkalosis?** - A) Increase in renal H+ secretion - B) Decrease in ventilation rate - C) Increase in ventilation rate - D) Decrease in renal HCO3- excretion Correct Answer: B **34. Which laboratory measurement is used to clinically assess GFR?** - A) Serum creatinine levels - B) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) - C) Urinary protein levels - D) Plasma osmolarity Correct Answer: A **35. How does the respiratory system compensate for metabolic acidosis?** - A) Increased renal H+ secretion - B) Increased HCO3- reabsorption - C) Increased ventilation rate - D) Decreased ventilation rate Correct Answer: C