GST122_DR FUNOM BLESSING.pdf

GENERAL STUDIES (GST) DIRECTORATE, UNIVERSITY OF ABUJA LECTURE NOTES COURSE CO-ORDINATOR: DR. FUNOM BLESSING 2023 TABLE OF CONTENT LECTURE ONE 1.0 Introduction to library development and library rules and their consequences. 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..9 1.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………….…9 1.3 Main Text……………………………………………………………………………10 a. Definition of a Library…………………………………………………………10 b. Objectives…………………………………………………………………………..10 c. Functions of the Library……………………………………………………..11 d. Historical Development of the Library……………………………...11 e. Library rules and their consequences ………………………………13 1.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE………………………………………………….14 Answers to Exercise……………………………………………………………….14 LECTURE TWO 2.0 Types of Libraries……………………………………………………………………………. 2.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….16 2.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………16 2.3 Main Text……………………………………………………………………………..18 a. Academic Library……………………………………………………………….18 b. School Library……………………………………………………………………18 c. Public Library……………………………………………………………………19 d. National Library………………………………………………………………19 e. Special Library…………………………………………………………………20 f. Private Library…………………………………………………………………21 2.4 SELF – ASSESSMENT EXERCISE……………………………………………..21 Solution to Exercise…………………………………………………………….21 1 LECTURE THREE 3.0 Structural Organization of the Library………………………………………….22 3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………23 3.2 Objectives…………………………………………………………………………..23 3.3 Main Text…………………………………………………………………………..2f4 a. Administrative Department……………………………………………..24 b. Reader’s Services Division……………………………………………….24 i. Circulation unit…………………………………………………… 24 ii. Reference unit………………………………………………………..24 iii. Reserve unit………………………………………………………………24 c. Technical Service Division…………………………………………………25 i. Collection Development unit…………………………………..25 ii. Cataloguing and Classification unit……………………………26 d. Serials Division……………………………………………………………………..26 e. Special Collection Division…………………………………………………….26 f. Bindery unit…………………………………………………………………………..s 3.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE………………………………………………………..27 Answer to questions……………………………………………………………………27 LECTURE FOUR 4.0 Types of Library Materials……………………………………………………………………….29 4.1 introduction ………………………………………………………………………………30 4.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………………..30 4.3 Main Text…………………………………………………………………………..….31 a. Print materials…………………………………………………………………………..31 i. Books……………………………………………………………………………….31 ii. Periodicals………………………………………………………………………..32 iii. Vertical …………………………………………………………………………….32 iv. Government publication………………………………………………..…32 v. Thesis and dissertation………………………………………………………33 2 b. Non-print materials ……………………………………………………………………33 i. Electronic Resources………………………………………………………….33 ii. Types of Electronic Resources……………………………………………34  E-journals……………………………………………………………….34  E-books……………………………………………………….…………34.  Online Databases……………………………………………………34  Directory of Open Access Journals…………………….....35  Directory of Open Access Books…………………………….36  Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CDROM)…………36 4.4 SELF-ASSESSEMENT EXERCISE………………………………………………………….36 Answers to the questions……………………………………………………………….36 LECTURE FIVE 5.0 Organization of Library Materials……………………………………………………………38 5.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………38 5.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………39 5.3 Main Text………………………………………………………………………………40 a. Cataloguing ……………………………………………………………………………40 b. Classification …………………………………………………………………………40 c. Classification scheme……………………………………………………………41 d. Types of library classification scheme…………………………………41 e. Importance of classification scheme…………………………………..44 f. Library catalogue…………………………………………………………………44 g. The physical forms of library catalogue………………………………45 h. Information on card catalogue ……………………………………………48 5.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE……………………………………………………50 5.5 Answer to the exercise……………………………………………………………51 3 LECTURE SIX 6.0 Library Services…………………………………………………………………………………53 6.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………53 6.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………53 6.3 Main Text……………………………………………………………………….55 a. Circulation services……………………………………………………………55 b. Inter library cooperation………………………………………………….55 c. Reference services……………………………………………………………55 d. Photocopying services………………………………………………………56 e. Indexing and abstracting……………………………………………………57 f. Exhibitations………………………………………………………………………57 g. Audio-visual services………………………………………………………….57 h. Staff training ………………………………………………………………………57 i. Consultancy services…………………………………………………………57 6.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCIISE……………………………………………………57 Answer to the exercise……………………………………………………………57 LECTURE SEVEN 7.0 Reference sources or materials…………………………………………………………59 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………59 7.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………………60 7.3 Main Text…………………………………………………………………………61 a. Concept of reference source or materials …………………………61 b. Types of reference source or materials………………………………63 7.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE…………………………………….………………68 Answers to the exercise……………………………………………………………69 4 LECTURE EIGHT 8.0 Electronic Learning or E-Learning………………………………………………………70 8.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………70 8.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………….70 8.3 Main Text…………………………………………………………………………70 a. Electronic learning………………………………………………………………70 b. Technologies used in E-learning…………………………………………72 c. Advantages of E-learning……………………………………………………72 d. Disadvantages of E-learning…..………………………………………….73 8.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE…………………………………………………..73 Answers to the exercise………………………………………………………….73 LECTURE NINE 9.0 Computer Networks………………………………………………………………75 9.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………76 9.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………77 9.3 Main Text……………………………………………………………………77 (a) Definition of computer network………………………………………77 (b) Component of computer network………………………………….77 (c) Types of computer network……………………………………………78 (d) Advantages of computer network………………………………….80 (e) Disadvantages of computer network………………………………82 9.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE………………………………………………83 Answers to the exercise…………………………………………………….83 LECTURE TEN 10.0 Copyright and Intellectual Property…………………………………………85 10.1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………86 10.2 Objectives………………………………………………………………………86 10.3 Main Text………………………………………………………………..86 5 a. Definition ………………………………………………………………………86 b. Materials works eligible for copyright……………………………87 c. Ownership of copyright…………………………………………………89 d. The provision of copyright law………………………………………89 10.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE…………………………………………89 Answers to the exercise……………………………………………………89 LECTURE ELEVEN 11.0 Citation and Referencing………………………………………………………91 11.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….….91 11.2 Objectives……………………………………………………………………………92 11.3 Main Text………………………………………………………………………92 a. Purpose of Referencing ……………………………………………………93 b. Referencing Rules………………………………………………………………93 c. Types of Referencing Style……………………………………………….94 11.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE……………………………………………..119 Answers to the Exercise……………………………………………………….119 LECTURE 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction to library development and library rules and their consequencies. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Main text (a) definition of a library (b) objective of the library (c) functions of the library (d) historical development of the library (e) library rules and their consequences 1.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE. 6 SOLUTION TO EXERCISE. 1.0 Introduction to use of library: This section will discuss library objectives, functions and development from the ancient times, through the medieval period to the modern time as well as rules for using the library.This will help the students to handle and use library resources with care. 1.2 OBJECTIVES At the end of this lecture students should be able to: (a) Define a library and be able to say what the objectives and functions of the library are. (b) Mention groups of people that contributed to the development of ancient libraries (c) Explain the factors that gave rise to establishment and development of modern libraries (d) Mention the first library that was established in Nigeria (e) Mention prominent Nigerians that had private collections which contributed to library development in Nigeria. (f) Identify the rules for using the library 1.3 Main text (a) Definition of a library What is library? Librarians’ Glossary defines library as “a collection of books and other literary materials kept for reading study and consultation”. Johnson and Harris defined a library as “a collection of graphic materials arranged for relatively easy use; care for by an individual or individuals familiar with that arrangement and available for use by at least a limited number of persons. Elmer Johnson defined library as “an organized collection of general information and literature”. However, UNESCO defined a library as an organized collection of published books and periodical and of other reading and audiovisual materials, and the services of a staff able to provide and interpret such materials as are required to meet the information, research, education or recreational needs of users. 7 (b) Objectives of the Libraries The major objective of the library is to ensure that the user is served within the shortest possible time. That is why the library acquires various materials in various formats. In addition the library arranges its materials in such a way that they can be located as easily as possible. There is usually a special place in the library where information on books and other reading materials can be found. This is the card catalogue. That is why any reader in the library will find catalogue cabinets containing sometimes endless trays of cards. Other means like the computer are now used to contain catalogues of books and other library materials. In addition to these facilities in the library, seats are so arranged to cater for users who want to make notes. Library staffs are seen replacing books in their proper positions on the shelves. At other times, you will find library staff sitting in their desks ready to attend to readers’ problems. There are other staff members you may not see. These staff works behind the scene. They arrange for books and other materials to be acquired. Other staff catalogue and classify the books and yet others attend to administrative and financial problems of the library. It can therefore, be appreciated that the library bothers itself to imagine library users’ needs and tries to satisfy these needs within the shortest possible time. (c) The Functions of the Library The major functions of the library are to select, acquire, organize, retrieve and disseminate information to library users in order to meet their educational, informational, research, recreational and social needs. (d) Historical Development of the Library Library development is as old as the invention of writing. Collection of documented materials started as soon as writing started. There were the private, temple and royal collections. Scribes were appointed in the ancient days to copy documents at the scriptoria. They evolved systems of arranging the ever-increasing documents for easy location in the places where they were housed. Some carved the alphabetical list (catalogues) of their holdings on stone and they are clay tablets. With the civilization processes, there were the ancient and medieval libraries. 8 The Egyptians developed hieroglyphic which is a form of writing. They were also associated with the ancient libraries. The Sumerians and the Babylonians as well as Greek contributed to the development of the ancient libraries. The Medieval libraries came into the focus after the ancient libraries. The invention of printing by John Gutenberg gave a boost to the production of books and this also contributed to the development of libraries. The renaissance, enlightenment, reformation, industrial revolution, invention of printing and increase in learning, demands for knowledge and materials to read influenced the establishment and development of modern libraries. Social movements/clubs and professional bodies began to establish libraries. In Nigeria, the Lagos Book Club was formed in the 1920 by the expatriate civil servants and some Nigerians. The club subsequently received a grant of £6,400 (pounds) from the Carnegie Corporation of New York in 1932. A subscription library emerged and members had a fee to enable them use the facilities provided by the library. Many important educated Nigerians had private libraries which could compare with other of a similar nature in other parts of the world. Henry Carr had a private library of about 18,000 volumes. The collections were taken over by the Nigerian Government and were given to the University College, Ibadan at its inception. Tom Jones, a wealthy merchant instructed that library should be set up in his estate. This was done and the library was quite popular among the educated elites. Herbert Macaulay, a prominent Nigerian politician and nationalist had an impressive private library. The collection included works of history, politics and biography. The University College Ibadan was established in 1948 and we can say that the first truly academic library started there. The library served the nation and performed some of the functions of a national library before National Library of Nigeria was established in 1964. e. RULES IN THE LIBRARY AND THEIR CONSEQUENCY 9 The following behaviours of students toward library books have been a major problem to libraries and any student involve in these behaviours can be punished. 1. Mutilation of books – destruction of library books through tearing of pages, cutting of pictures. 2. Theft or stealing 3. Overdue of borrowed books 4. Violation of shelving instructions 5. Noise making 6. Eating and drinking in the library 7. Careless handling of library materials 8. Indecent dressing 9. Always come to the library with your library identity card 10. Entry to the library with bagswill not be allowed. 1.4 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE (SAE) 1. How did UNESCO define a Library? 2. Mention four groups of people that have contributed to the development of the ancient libraries. 3. Which library emerge first in Nigeria? 4. List three factors that gave rise to the establishment of the modern library in Nigeria. 5. Mention two prominent Nigerians who had private library in 1920s. 6. Mention two objectives of a library 7. Mention two functions of a library 8. Mention three rules for using the library Answers to the questions 10 1. UNESCO has defined a library as “an organized collection of published books and periodical and of other reading and audiovisual materials, and the services of a staff able to provide and interpret such materials as are required to meet the information, research, education or recreational needs of users. 2. Egyptians, Sumerians, Babylonians and the Greek 3. Public library 4. Reformation, Industrialization, inventing of printing and increase in learning 5. Henry Carr and Herbert Macaulay 6. To meet users need for information, education or research 7. Acquisition and organization of information resources 8. i. No Mutilation of library books ii. No steeling of library books iii. No keeping of overdue books etc LECTURE 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.0 TYPES OF LIBRARIES 2.1 introduction 2.2 objectives 2.3 MAIN TEXT (a) Academic Library (b) School library (c) Public library (d) National library (e) Special library (f) Private library 2.4 SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISE. SOLUTIONS TO THE EXERCISE. 2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 Libraries are broadly categorized into different types based on the target audience or clientele to be served. These different categories of libraries are the Academic, School, Public, National, Special and Private libraries. These are examined below in terms of objectives and their respective clientele. 2.2 Objectives. At the end of this lecture you should be able to: (a) Mention types of libraries. (b) Mention the name given to libraries mainly established to serve the staff of a particular organization or specialist. (c) Mention the name given to libraries established in the rural areas to serve the people at the grass root. (d) Mention the name given to libraries in higher institutions. (e) Mention how libraries derive their names. 2.3 Main Text (a) Academic Libraries The academic library is the library that is established by institutions of higher learning to achieve its educational goals in terms of research, teaching and learning. Example of academic libraries included all libraries found in the Universities, Polytechnics, College of Education, School of Basic Studies, etc. Users of academic libraries include the staff, students and the staff dependents. An example of an academic library is University of Abuja library. The purpose of academic library is to provide graphic and non-graphic materials to support the instructional, information, research and bibliographical needs of the users. Problems facing academic libraries include poor funding, inadequate staff, outdated collection, stealing, mutilation and space. (b) School Libraries 12 A school library is a library established to serve the teaching and learning of the primary and post primary school users. School library is usually established and funded by the institutions/government. The users of school libraries include the students, staff and parents. Materials of school library are mostly on the subject covered in the school curriculum. On important use of the school library is the lessons allocated in the timetable for pupils and students to go to the library and use the materials. The basic purpose of school library is to provide materials or information resources that will support the instructional and recreational needs of the staff and students of that particular institution. Problems facing school library include space, finance, inadequate collection, mutilation, chief example of school library is Government Secondary School Library Gwagwalada. (c) Public Libraries Public library is a state affair, i.e. it is established and funded by states. Several states have state library boards. In some parts of the country, some local governments have libraries and branches are also in some urban centers. The public library serves its immediate community regardless of religion, ethnic groups, sex educational levels, etc. users are expected to be registered members before they are allowed to borrow any material. The purpose of public library includes: 1. Providing materials for information needs 2. Encouraging educational processes 3. Preservation of local material 4. Providing enlightenment material (d) National Libraries It was established in 1970 by Decree No. 29 of National Library of Nigeria. National library is being refers to as a reference library of last resort. It is established by the Federal Government 13 to serve the information needs of the country. It helps in the development of libraries in a country, i.e. it oversees other libraries. Its collection covers wide range of collection of nation’s literature and materials which it different from academic and other libraries. Purpose of National Library are 1. To serve as the national bibliographic center for the country; 2. To serve as the legal depository for the country. All publishers must donate copies of their books to the library; 3. It serve as the national copyright information center (NCIC) 4. To coordinate and encourage library cooperation in the country; 5. It ensures planning and development of libraries within the country; 6. It serves as a link with other similar libraries over the world. (e) Special Libraries A special library is a library that is established along a specialized field. It is established to serve the staff of particular organization who specialized in certain productions or research. It include those libraries in industries, factories specialized research institutes, media organizations, etc. it does not have objectives different from that of their parent organizations. Information resources are those that will meet the realization of the organizational goal such as libraries include among other, those in industries research institutes, media organizations, i.e. NTA, FRCN, National Mathematical Centre, National Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Central Bank of Nigeria, etc. The users mostly come to library for specific information need. This therefore, justifies the emphasis on selective disseminating of information (SDI) in special libraries. (f) Private Libraries These are libraries established by individuals for their private use. Materials acquired are those of the users’ interest. Their usages are more restricted. Most of them remain unknown unto the death of the owners. 14 2.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1. Name two types of libraries. 2. What is the name given to libraries established mainly to serve the staff of a particular organization or specialist? 3. What is the name given to libraries in higher institution? 4. How do libraries derive their names? 5. Which library is called people University? Answers to the questions 1. Academic, public and any other 2. Special library 3. Academic library 4. From the organization or institutions that establish them 5. Public library LECTURE 3 TABLE OF CONTENT 3.0 STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE LIBRARY 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Objectives or Learning Outcome 3.3 Main Text a. Administrative department b. Reader services division i. Circulation unit ii. Reference unit iii. Reserve unit c. Technical services division i. Collection development unit 15 ii. Cataloguing and classification unit d. Serials division e. Special collection division f. Bindery units 3.4 Self-Assessment Exercise Answer to the questions 3.1 Introduction Library organization depends on the size and type of the library collection as well as the type of users and size of the library building. For proper organization, the library is divided into divisions in order to enhance the library function in achieving the institution goals and for user to locate materials of interest with ease. 3.2 Objectives or Learning Outcome 4 At the end of this lecture you should be able to: 1. Identify the various divisions and units in the library. 2. Explain the activities of each division and unit 3.3. Main Text STRUCTURAL ORGANZATION OF THE LIBRARY a. Administrative department The University Librarians office comes under this department and he or she supervises all the activities of the university library. b. Reader Services Division This is the area where the activities of library staff are glaringly seen. The readers’ services division is made up of various units: i. Circulation Unit This unit is referred to as open access unit. In this unit, the circulation desk handles the charging and discharging (i.e. borrowing and returning) of books in the library. The unit is also charged 16 with the responsibility of handling the routines of registration of users, users statistics, inter- library loan, recall notices, overdue notices. In the circulation unit of the library, adequate reading space and facilities are provided for the users to consult the materials. The circulation librarian and his/her assistants guide the patrons on how to use the library materials. ii. Reserve or Short Term Loan Unit This unit houses materials that are rare and in high demand, materials that are limited in number or recommended by lecturers. The books are loan out to users on hourly bases. iii. Reference Unit This unit provides materials that are for reference purpose only, materials in this unit are not lent out but just for consultation purposes. They include encyclopedia, dictionary, handbooks, manuals, proceedings, almanac, directories, yearbooks, maps, biographies, indexes/abstracts, bibliographies, etc. they are arranged as a separate collection in the library. c. Technical Services Division Technical services division is generally referred to as that division which its activities are unknown out of sight (i.e. behind the scene) of regular users of the library. It is made up of acquisition/collection development unit and cataloguing and classification unit. i. Collection Development Unit This unit handles all recommendations of books for purchases. It order and receive order from suppliers. Process all the book invoices for setting the payments. The unit is charged with the responsibilities of selecting the materials, carrying out the bibliographic data checking, checking the stock of the library to avoid duplication of library material receive requests, checking details of the materials against the details on the order slip and processing the materials. Specific Functions of Acquisition/collection Development Unit a) Selection of books and monographic series for ordering b) Receiving request from the faculties and library staff 17 c) Bibliographic checking d) Ordering books, monographs series not on standing order and other library materials, e.g. record cassettes, etc. e) Receiving books and other library materials from book sellers, documents unit, gift and exchange unit. Serials recording and these unit for accessioning f) Filing of on-order and in-progress cards g) Clearing invoices for payment h) Routing library materials to appropriate units i) Conducting regular surveys of the collection to determine the adequacy or gaps in conjunction with the coordinator of acquisitions j) Liaise with the faculty members and the library senior staff k) Compilation of necessary statistics l) Maintaining accession register ii. Cataloguing and Classification Unit Cataloguing and classification unit perform the function of cataloguing and classifying the library materials. This unit organizes the materials into a set pattern of classes. These materials are placed on the appropriate shelves with materials on specific subjects being housed together in the same area of the library. This unit also maintains and provides catalogue cards which are arranged in the catalogue cabinet. Each card in the catalogue represents a book in the library. d. Serial Division Various journals and newspapers subscribed to by the library are selected ordered, received processed and shelved by the serials division. e. Special Collection Division This division contains all postgraduate thesis and dissertation, government publications e.g World Health Organization, United Nations publication, and any publication that emanates from government establishments, Conference, seminar, workshop and inaugural lectures papers. 18 f. Bindery unit: This unit is responsible for the repair of damaged books and binding of books, thesis and dissertation in the library. It is open to students, staff and members of the general public to repair their damaged books and to bind their books, project works, thesis and dissertation. 3.4 Self-Assessment Exercise 1. List three units in readers services division 2. The unit where journals and newspapers are kept in the library is called…………………………………. 3. What is the name of the unit that is responsible for the acquisition of library materials 4. Mention the unit that keep reference materials in the library 5. The university librarian office comes under ………………………………………………department. 6. Why are some books kept in the reserve book unit 7. The unit of the library that register and loan books to users is called ………………………………………………………. 8. Which unit of the library can you find thesis, dissertation and government publications Answers 1. Reference , reserve and circulation unit 2. Serials unit 3. Collection development unit 4. Reference unit 5. Because such books are in high demand and the library have a few copies of such books. 6. Administrative department 7. Circulation 8. Special collection unit LECTURE FOUR 4.0 TYPES OF LIBRARY MATERIALS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Objectives 19 4.3 Main Text 1. Print materials a. Books b. Periodicals c. Vertical file d. Government publication e. Thesis and Dissertation 2. Non-print materials i. Electronic Resources ii. Types of Electronic Resources  E-journals  E-books  Online Databases  Directory of Open Access Journals  Directory of Open Access Books  Compact Disk Read Only Memory ( CD- ROM) 4.4 Self-Assessment Exercise SOLUTION TO EXERCISE. 4.1 Introduction The goals of any institution of higher learning are teaching, learning and research. These goals can only be achieved through the consultation of already existing resources which may be print or non-print (electronic) format. 4.2 Objectives 20 At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to: 1. Identify print materials in the library 2. Identify electronic resources that they can accessed from the library 4.3 Main Text Library materials are all forms of information carriers that can be used to record, store, preserve, transmit or retrieve information for learning, for research for instructional purpose, etc. They may be divided into groups according to their formats. Library material consists of print and non-print electronic formats. The goals of any institution of higher learning are teaching, learning and research. These goals can only be achieved through the consultation of already existing resources which may be in print or non-print electronic format. Print Materials These are paper based information sources i.e. materials that are printed on paper. They form the bulk of information sources in the media centers, print materials include books, periodicals, vertical files and government publications. a) Books – Books are published work of literature of scholarship, UNESCO refers to book as a “non-periodical printed publication of at least 49 pages excluding covers”. Books are written into fiction and non-fiction to suit all ages, reading abilities and reading interest. i) Fiction books: These are simply referred to as story books or novels. They are read for enjoyment and relaxation. Some subject fiction e.g. (science fiction can provide the reader with some general information). ii) Non-fiction books: They included all other books except story or novels. Examples of non-fiction books are (a) reference books – reference books are not meant to be read from page to page, they are to be consulted for specific information and are not to be borrowed out of the library. Reference books include encyclopedia, dictionaries, handbook, etc. 21 iii) Textbooks: These are written by expressing various subjects for the purpose of instructions. iv) Supplementary readers: These contain information that may not be covered by the textbooks. They are read for further information (e.g. our common insects) b) Periodicals: These are publications which come out at regular interval and intended to continue indefinitely in several vols, and several authors contribute articles to them and they have distinct titles. Journals, magazines and newspapers, weekly, bi- monthly, monthly, quarterly, biannually, annual, etc. c) Vertical File: this is a file of pamphlet materials that are kept in filing cabinet. It is sometimes called the information file. The articles or pamphlets are filed by subject and are kept in folders with subject headings at the top of the folder. The drawers of the cabinets are labeled as well. The vertical file collection is very handy in providing current information. Information obtain in vertical file are too brief to be treated in books. d) Government Publications: These are official publication put out by the government and its agencies some of publications appear on regular basis while others are occasional publications. They contain information about the government programmes and activities. They affect especially education and socio-political issues of a particular country. e) Thesis and dissertation: These are record of postgraduate’s research. Non-Print Materials These consist of library resources that are not in printed formats. They are products of advanced technology, requiring special equipment such as hardware and software for their usage. Electronic resources fall under the non-print materials. What are e-Resources? E-resources are referred to as online resources. They store information that are transmitted and accessed via Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), intranet or internet. 22 According to Okore, Asogwu and Okpala (2015), the use of online resources for research and educational purpose by student (undergraduate and postgraduate) means that they benefit from the works of experts in the different fields of study. Though libraries acquire and house significant number of print materials, such limited acquisitions may not meet the needs of researchers with the proliferation of information in various academic disciplines. Researchers (students inclusive) often extend their searchers to online resources, so as to benefit from the numerous works of experts in the different fields of study. They use online resources for a wide variety of reasons which include acquisition of knowledge, monitoring publications in the different fields of study (journal/database, e-mail alerts), looking for information to fuel some academic or scientific debate, retrieving resources to carry out some assignment. The library provides access to wide variety of e-resources including electronic books (e-books), electronic journals (e-journals), indexes and collections of journals articles, reference works, digital collections, databases, and websites. All library e-resources can be accessed on campus most can be accessed off campus. E-resources are useful because of the volume of information they contain and because of the convenience of being able to access them both on and off- campus at any time. It should be noted however, that e-resources are online resources. TYPES OF E-RESOURCES E-journals (electronic journals):These are electronic issues of journals and articles that are accessed via the internet. E-journals are essentials because they contain current information and the publications are always timely. E-books (electronic books): These are electronic versions of printed books which are often purchased by the Library to supplement printed copies of books which are in heavy or regular demand. In addition to the e-books purchased by the library, there are many e-book collections freely available online E-thesis and dissertation: These are electronic version of postgraduate records of research. Online Database: These are organized collection of computerized information or data such as articles, books, graphics and multimedia that are in general or subject-based in form of abstracts and or full text and be accessed online or over the internet. This is different from a 23 local database in that the later (local databases) is usually held in an individual computer or attached storage, such as CD or external hard drive and accessed via the intranet rather than internet. Some of the online databases provide access to the full text. Examples of such online databases include: Ebscohost, Agora, Hinari, Jstor, NEXUS, Keesings, Sabinet Online, Researchpro, MEDLINE, Academic Source Complete, Business Source Complete, Legal Collection, etc. Open Access Resources: ‘Open Access’ simply connotes free access to any collection of materials which otherwise could have been assigned restrictions but for the need to bridge the digital divide. Digital means not having equal access to information by people, some would be the information-haves and others information-have-nots. What this simply means is that some people who do not have the financial resources to subscribe or purchase materials online cannot have access to such needed information as opposed to the rich ones who can afford such. With open access resources, books and journals can be accessed by anyone, at any time, without restraint and made use of at one’s convenience. Example of open access databases includes Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB). Directory of Open Access Journal (DOAJ): This is an online directory that indexes and provided access to quality open access, peer-reviewed journals. Open Access (OA) journals are scholarly journals that are available online to the reader without financial, legal or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself (Wikipedia). Some journals could be open access but may require individual payment of some fee to finance the production and publication of the journal online. Academic institutions or government can also finance open access journals. The directory of open access journals covers all subject categories. Visit the website at www.doaj.org. Directory of Open Access Books (DOAB): The primary aim of DOAB is to increase discoverability of peer-reviewed Open Access Books that have been published under an Open Access license. The address for DOAB is www.doabooks.org. 24 Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CDROM): Physically, CD-ROM is the same compact disc that has become the standard in the music industry. It is plastic disc, 43/4” (12cm) in diameter, on which data is recorded digitally. In order to take advantage of the information on a CD-ROM disc, you must have a CD-ROM drive (also called a CD-ROM player) connected to your personal computer, CD-ROM has capacity of about 650 million characters for the small format on each disc. This is equivalent to over 200,000 pages of printed text. 4.4 Self-Assessment Exercise 1. List and explain any two print materials in the library 2. Define a book 3. A publication which comes out at regular interval and intended to continue indefinitely in volumes is referred to as …………………………………………………………… 4. List any two types of electronic resources you can access from the library 5. Give two examples of online databases ANSWER TO THE EXERCISE 1. The answer can be from any of the following: Books, periodicals, vertical file, government publications 2. A non-periodical printed publication of a least 49 pages excluding cover 3. Periodicals and serials 4. The answer can come from any of the followings: E-journals, E-books, Online database, Open Access Resources, Directory of Open Access Journals and Directory of Open Access Books. 5. Ebscohost, Hinari, MEDLINE, Agora, etc LECTURE 5 5.0 ORGANIZATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS 5.1 Introduction 25 5.2 Objective. 5.3 Main Text (a) Cataloguing (b) Classification (c) Classification Scheme (d) Types of library classification (e) Importance of classification Scheme (f) Library catalogue (g) The Physical forms of library catalogue (h) Information on card catalogue entry. 5.1 Introduction For effective use of the library information found in library resources are organized for easy retrieval. When a library user approaches the library enters a library with a defined need and once his need is identified, such a user uses the library to retrieve the relevant information to satisfy his information. Organization and retrieval of information takes place when books, journals, serials and audio- visual materials are organized by way of cataloguing and classifying them by units and subjects specialization. All academic library materials are arranged alphabetically and sequentially by subject classification numbers. Arrangement of labels on library shelves and books on them are also done in alphabetical and sequential order by subject classification and author numbers. Library materials therefore are organized through cataloguing and classification to enable library users retrieves information available in-them. 5.2 Objectives. 26 At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: (a) Define library classification and identify the types of library classification schemes. (b) Explain the importance of library classification scheme. (c) Define a library catalogue, understand the different forms of library catalogue and their importance. (d) Comprehend the information on library catalogue entry. 5.3 Main Text Library collections are made up of both print and non-print materials. These materials are property organized through the following aids to achieve the institutional goals. The materials are therefore organized through (a) Cataloguing is a process where all physical details of material are recorded on cards. These physical details include: (b) Author (c) Title, including author statement and edition (d) Imprint (place of publication, publisher and date of publication) (e) Collation and series note (f) Bibliography (g) ISBN (International Standard Book Number) (h) Tracings/added entry (i) Call number (b) Classification Classification is the process by which we group things according to their likeness and separate them according to their differences. Things can be classified differently and by different people according to different purpose or needs. The objective of classification is to arrange things in the most helpful order and for convenience. As far as books are concerned, it must be obvious that there are many possible ways of arranging them, either by size, by publisher, colour of ````````````binding, alphabetically by subject, alphabetically by author or by systematic subject arrangement. With regards to the 27 library, classification is therefore the arrangement of all knowledge into generally accepted classes. (c) Classification Scheme A printed classification for arranging books is called a scheme. A notation consists of the symbols adopted by a book classification to signify the classes, divisions and subdivisions which form the schedules. A notation is also called “class mark”. A notation may be pure or mixed. A pure notation being one in which only one kind of symbol is used and a mixed notation being one in which two or more kinds of symbols are utilized. Good qualities of a notation include: the notation should be brief, simple, flexible and easy to say, write, read and understand. Since it is convenient and important that all books on subject be kept together, libraries should have classification schemes as devices for achieving this goal. (d) Types of Library Classification 1. Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC) 2. Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC) 1876 3. Universal Decimal Classification Scheme (UDC) 4. Expansive Classification of C.A Cutter 11891-1903 5. Bibliographic Classification of H.E. Bliss 1935 Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LC) It is developed by LC system in America. It has mixed notation combining alphabets and figures. It is mostly used in academic libraries. All books are placed in capital letters A-Z. Non-used letters are I.O.W.X.Y. These letters are reserved for future expansion of knowledge. Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC) It is developed in America by Melvil Dewey in the 19th century. All branches of knowledge are divided into 10 main classes. 000 – General works 100 - Philosophy 28 200 - Religion 300 - Social Sciences 400 - Language 500 - Pure Sciences 600 - Technology (Applied Sciences) 700 - Fine Arts 800 - Literature 900 - History (Travel and Geography) Each tens in the hundreds stands for sub-class or sub-division of a subject. Future Expansion A - General works B - Philosophy and Religion C - History – General D - History – Old World E - American History and General U.S. History F - American History G - Geography H - Social Science J - Political Science K - Law L - Education 29 M - Music N - Fine Arts P - Language and Literature Q - Science R - Medicine S - Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Culture, Fish Culture, Hunting T - Technology U - Military Science V - Naval Science Z - Bibliography and Library Science (e) Importance of Classification Scheme 1. It helps to pinpoint a specific or precisely defined item of information 2. It helps to locate particular library item on the shelve 3. It helps to show complete range of subject available in the library and their relationship to another 4. Easy location of library materials on the shelve Class mark: class mark represent the approximation of the subject or discipline use of special device where subjects are represented by numbers. Accession Number: These are numbers assigned to library materials as they are required into the library. Arrangement of Library Materials on the Shelves: Library materials are arranged on the shelves with the help of the classification scheme which put the books and other library materials of similar subjects together in sequence. That is books which are related and similar in subject area are arranged together in sequence using the class mark. 30 THE LIBRARY CATALOGUE The library catalogue can be defined as a list of library materials arranged in an orderly manner for easy retrieval. The library catalogue is the key to the use of library. It is kept near the entrance of the library for easy accessibility. The catalogue is of two forms, i.e. the physical and inner forms of catalogue. The physical forms of the catalogue are the card, book and shelf catalogues computed or OPAC. The inner forms are the dictionary catalogue comprising author/title and subject catalogue. The other inner form is the classified catalogue. (f) The Physical forms of Library Catalogue a) The card catalogue: This is most popular catalogue in use all over the world. The physical descriptions of the materials are on cards. The cards are kept in cabinet for safety. The card catalogue cabinet has several drawers each alphabetically lettered to assist users in their search. The standard size of the catalogue is 5”X3” with a hold below it through which a rod is passed to hold them together in the cabinet see the example below: Author: HD 87.5 T951 TURNER, R. KERRY The economics of planning/R. Turner and Clive Collis – London: Macmillan 1977 103p:iII. 220cm – (Macmillan Studies in Economics) Bibliog.. pp96-103 0-333-19657-D(pbk) 1) Economic policy (2) planning (i) Collis, Clive joint author (ii) Title (iii) Series Title: HD 87.5 T951 TURNER, R. KERRY The economics of planning/R. Turner and Clive Collis – London: Macmillan 31 1977 103p:iII. 220cm – (Macmillan Studies in Economics) Bibliog.. pp96-103 0-333-19657-D(pbk) 1) Economic policy (2) planning (i) Collis, Clive joint author (ii) Title (iii) Series Subject: HD 87.5 T951 TURNER, R. KERRY The economics of planning/R. Turner and Clive Collis – London: Macmillan 1977 103p:iII. 220cm – (Macmillan Studies in Economics) Bibliog.. pp96-103 0-333-19657-D(pbk) 1) Economic policy (2) planning (i) Collis, Clive joint author (ii) Title (iii) Series NOTE: To have access to cards in the card catalogue users should ignore the following: vowels, the, and, an, a, etc. b) Book catalogue: Catalogues that appears in book form are called book catalogue or printed catalogues. This is where the information about the materials is arranged in book form. Such arrangement is made according to a system, i.e. alphabetically or according to a classification scheme. Examples of book catalogue are the National Union Catalogue (NUC) of the United States of America and the National Bibliography of Nigeria (NBN) publishers catalogue, etc. such catalogues are issued periodically with quarterly and annual commulations. c) Sheaf catalogue: This catalogue has the same information as the other two, but it is put together in booklets with hard covers. They are stored in cabinets (form of shelves). Each booklet contains nine (9) numbers of cards. The arrangement alphabetically and also by the classification scheme used. Example of sheaf 32 catalogues can be found in the Agricultural library, Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. d) On-line public Access Catalogue (OPAC): This is the most modern form of catalogue. One needs a microcomputer with a large memory. Bibliographic records of all the documents in a collection are stored in the computer memory disk. It is also the most efficient. It possesses all the advantages of other forms of catalogue. It is very flexible as it can be updated easily. It is also possible to access the records through several points. The catalogue does not occupy too much space and it can be provided in many places. All the bibliographic records of a collection are input into the computer and can be accessed through the internet. The only disadvantage is that it is very expensive. e) Computerized catalogue: With the use of library software the bibliographic records of a library collection may also appear in computerized form and can be accessed within the library offline. Inner Forms of Catalogue The purpose that the catalogue is expected to achieve determines its patterns of arrangement. This type of catalogue is called the inner forms of catalogue because of their mode of entries and their arrangement in the catalogue cabinet. They are easy to use as cards are arranged based on author, titles, subject, series translator, editor, etc. They are two types, dictionary and classified catalogue. Dictionary Catalogue The dictionary catalogue also is known as alphabetic catalogue is the type whose author, title, subject was first used in USA in 1876. Entries are arranged on cards in the cabinet in one general alphabetical order. In practice however, this kind of catalogue does not exist, rather what we have is the divided dictionary catalogue. This involves the division of the dictionary catalogued into two or more sections. The most popular type is the division into; 33 (a) Author title catalogue (b) Subject catalogue In each case entries are alphabetically arranged as explained below. (a) Author/title catalogue: It comprises the cards whose main and added entries begin with author or name, title or subject. This is the type of catalogue where the entries for the author, subject or title are filed together under one alphabetical sequence. The alphabetical arrangement brought about the dictionaries catalogue. Classified Catalogue This type of catalogue has its entries arranged according to a classification scheme; rather than alphabetically. As for Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme only figures indicating the classes are involved. (g) Information on a Card Catalogue Entry Information appearing on full unit catalogue; 1. Author: The author is giving the place of prominent as the author is the basic entry or main entry. The author’s personal name is always inverted; the surname is followed by the forename so that all the books by the same author may be brought together, no matter what variations in name appear on the title pages of his books. 2. Title: The title, including the author statement and the edition is the next item on the card. All titles in foreign languages are entered in the language use on the title page. 3. Imprint: Place of a publication, publisher and date 4. Collation: This part describe the book by providing information such as pagination, illustrations,heights and series about the book. 5. Notes: Give additional information about bibliography included in the book. 6. Tracing: Shows other added entries. 7. ISBN. 34 8. Call number: Call number is to show the location of the book on the shelves How to Use the Catalogue to Retrieve a Material in the Library Good library users usually begin their search for library books from the public catalogue. The card catalogue is designed in such a way that one particular book can be reached or retrieve through a number of points. A library user can locate a book through the author (and joint author), the title, editor, series and the subject matter of the book. The user must decide through which of these points he wants to locate the book. He must know the name(s) of the author(s) to be able to access the book through the author or joint author. In this regard, he must begin by consulting the author/title card catalogue as explained earlier; entries are arranged in one alphabetical sequence, beginning with the surname in case of authors. The catalogue cabinet is partitioned into drawers each labeled with a letter of the alphabet. Therefore, if the book in question is the Economic of planning by R. Kerry Turner and Clive Collis, the bearing the label “T” or “C” being the letters that begin the authors’ surnames. In consulting the “T” or “C” drawers, he begins to go through several cards inside until he gets to the one for Turner, R. Kerry or Collis, Clive as the case may be. The reader must ensure that the author’s name corresponds or conforms with the title to have written other books which are filed together in the author/title catalogue. The next step is to copy down in a piece of paper. The number and letters on the top left hand corner of the card. This is called the call number and it serves as the shelf-location mark. From the Catalogue to the Shelf Once the library user has copied the call numbers of books to be consulted, the next line of action is to walk straight to the book shelves for location and retrieval. The call number is the number assigned to the book according to its subject and author. It also serves as a mark of identification of the book on the shelf. Under normal circumstances, a book should be located easily on the shelf using number as books and shelves are labeled with classification marks. 5.4 Self-Assessment Exercise (SAE) 35 1. What is library classification? 2. Mention three popular library classification scheme 3. Assign the main classes of the following subject area in library of congress classification scheme: Social Science, Education, Bibliography and Library Science, Political Science, Science 4. What are the functions of library catalogue 5. Mention two forms of library catalogue 6. Identify three items on a card catalogue 7. List the five (5) non-used letters of the alphabets in library of congress classification scheme ANSWERS TO QUESTION 1. The arrangement of all knowledge into generally accepted classes 2. Library of congress classification scheme (LC), Dewey Decimal Classification Scheme (DDC) and Universal Decimal Classification Scheme (UDU) 3. Social Science – H, Education – L, Bibliography and Library Science – Z, Political Science – J and Science – Q 4. a. It shows the total holdings of a library b. It allows for easy access to the library collection c. It facilitates the location of materials in the midst of a vast array of books and other resources d. It is the key to any library collection 5. Card catalogue and Shelf catalogue 6. Author, title, imprint, edition, collation, call number (class marks) 7. I.O.U.X.Y LECTURE 6 6.0 Library Services 6.1 Introduction 36 6.2 Objective 6.3 Main Text a. Circulation services b. Inter library cooperation c. Reference services d. Photocopying services e. Indexing and abstracting f. Exhibitions g. Audio-visual services h. Staff training i. Consultancy services 6.1 Introduction There are many services offered by the library to enable the users make maximum use to it resources. Given the complexity of library arrangement, many of these services are however, hardly utilized by the users. It is therefore necessary to highlight the services available to library users. These services, none the less differ from library to library. 6.2 Objective. At the end of this lecture, students should be able to: a. Identify the services offered by academic libraries b. Explain the services in a university library c. Know how to utilize the various reference services in an academic library d. Mention functions of the circulation unit of a library e. 6.3 Main Text Library renders some services to the library users to achieve their objectives. These services include: (a) Circulation services (b) Reference services 37 Circulation services: Circulation services rendered to users in the library include; registration of users, giving out books on loan readers and assisting readers to make effective use of the library materials. (1) Circulation services: The duty of circulation librarians is to control the movement of books in and out of the library. The circulation unit registers users, charge and discharge books to users (borrow and collect back the books) from users. Give out reserve books to users on hourly bases. (2) Inter-Library Cooperation: Academic libraries cooperate to provide wider services to their uses. One visible area of cooperation which benefits users most is inter-library loan. Inter-library loan can be described as a library transaction in which one library borrows materials from another on behalf of a user. What it means is that a user of library “A” is free to borrow materials from library “B” through the appropriate officer in his library. (3) Reference Service and Materials/Tools: Reference service is the hallmark of modern librarianship. Reference service is the direct personal assistance given to users in pursuit of information. This aid could be in form of a guide to sources of desired information or in the outright provision of the information. The reference librarian “please, where can I find something on poultry management”? Reference service therefore can be seen as a formalized provision of information in diverse form by a reference form by a reference librarian who interposed (stands) in between the questionnaire and the available information sources. Importance of Reference service 1) Reference services help in research, as a researcher before conducting a research, you have to find which areas covered and those uncovered to avoid duplication. 2) It provides different tune of information service, i.e. different people come for different information and this services provide different information to readers. 3) Reference service educate library users – By going to reference section to find out information for yourself or through library instruction or users education, one will be familiar with how to use the library resources. 38 4) Reference service also entertains – There is a book known as Guinea’s book of records used to entertain people, it is a funny miscellaneous information source. 5.0Inter-library lending – agreement between two or more library to borrow and exchange materials themselves, for the benefit of their users. No library is self-sufficient in terms of materials resources 1. Photocopying 2. Indexing and abstracting indexing is the process of records or listing the physical details of an article, e.g. author, title, none of the periodical page, edition. Abstract – after listing the physical details of an article, it also summaries the contents of the articles. 3. Exhibitions – displaying to public published and non-published materials exhibition on various subjects are mounted 4. Audio-visual unit – electronics like film, fiches, card 5. Staff training – library, staff being trained on the job 6. Consultancy services – giving advice on how to set up a library 6.4 Self - Assessment Exercise (SAE) 1. Mention four (4) services offered by an academic library 2. Explain briefly inter-library lending 3. List two functions of circulation unit of the library 4. What is abstracting 5. Mention three audio-visual materials in the library Answers 1. Circulation services, reference services, inter library cooperation and lending, photocopying services 2. Inter library lending in an agreement between two or more libraries to borrow and exchange materials among themselves for the benefits of them users 3. Registration of users; charging and discharging of books and other library materials to user; keeping statistics of users and materials consulted in the library; making the library especially the reading units conducive for consultation; etc 39 4. Abstracting the process of listing the physical details and summarizing the contents of an article 5. Micro fiche, film, transparencies, over-head projector, audio and video computer disks, etc LECTURE 7 TABLE OF CONTENT 8.0 Reference Sources or Materials 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Objectives. 8.3 Main Text a. Concept of Reference Source or Material b. Types of Reference Sources or Material 7.4 Self – Assessment Exercise 7.1 Introduction Reference sources are materials or publications meant to be consulted when needed for specific information desired by library users or researcher. The word reference is derived from a verb ‘refer’. This means they are materials users can turn to for information. Reference sources can appear in both printed and electronic formats. According to Aina (2004) reference sources are specially completed to provide answers to any types of query users of the library. This type of materials contains facts that come up from research efforts of individuals in a particular field of endeavor. Reference sources are not expected to be read from cover to cover like other textbooks. 7.2 Objective At the end of this lecture, the students are expected to: 1. Explain the concept of reference sources. 2. Identify the different types of reference sources. 40 7.3 Main Text Reference sources or materials include the following: (a)Encyclopedia is a book or a set of book that provides information about every branch of knowledge or on one subject. The information is arranged in a system or alphabetic order. A general encyclopedia provides information about every subject, important places, events and important personalities. There is one volume of encyclopedia as well as multivolume sets. Articles in different encyclopedia vary in length from two lines to several pages. Encyclopedias are comprehensive in coverage and will answer all questions of general information. The multivolume encyclopedia has separate index volume. Purpose of Encyclopedia 1. It serves as a source of answer to facts, questions such as who, what, when, where, how etc. 2. It serves as a source of background information for the experts and layman 3. The third purpose is directional. The bibliographies at the end of article may help readers to find additional information. Subject encyclopedia provides detail information on a particular subject. Types of Encyclopedia (A) The general encyclopedia provides information on almost every subject, place or personality. Examples of general encyclopedia on a; (e) Encyclopedia Americana. It is American bias or oriented published 30 volumes by encyclopedia Americana in cooperation in Danbinry in Connecticut in U.S. (f) Encyclopedia Britannica – published by Chicago in 30 volumes, Britannica is better for scholarly wire. (B) Subject encyclopedia gives details on a particular subject. It offers several pages with illustrations and extensive bibliography. Examples of subject encyclopedia: (i) Encyclopedia of Education 41 (ii) Encyclopedia of Philosophy (iii) Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (iv) Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (v) Encyclopedia of Sociology, etc. (C) A dictionary is a book or a work which contains the words of a language or subject arranged alphabetically with their spellings, meanings, pronunciation, and syllabication. The function of a dictionary is to define words using a set of known words to explain unknown words. Examples of dictionaries; (i) Oxford English dictionaries (ii) Websters new international dictionary of English language (iii) Random house dictionary of English language (D) Directories – The American Library Association Glossary of library terms defined directory as a list of persons or organizations systematically arranged usually in alphabetical or classed order giving address, a filiations for individuals and officials address functions and similar data for organizations. The purpose of directory is evidence in the definition, it is to provide answers to questions about and individual or films address or telephone numbers. Provide a description of a particular manufacturer’s produce or service. Historical current data about an institution, firm and political group. Types of Directories (a) Institutional directories - are list of schools, libraries, hospitals, museums and similar organization e.g. the world of learning (b) Trade and business directories – These primarily list of manufacturers, companies, industries and personal services. It gives different people involved in such trade e.g. Nigerian Yellow Pages 42 (c) Professional directories – These are primarily list of professional organizations such as medicine, librarianship, law, etc. it provide information about a particular profession, e.g. directory of Nigeria libraries (d) Telephone directory – is either at the national or state level. It gives telephone number. E) Handbooks: Handbooks means a book which could be held comfortably in the hand. The primary purpose of a handbook is to serve as a ready - reference sources for a given field of knowledge. Examples of handbooks are: (i) Nigerian handbook gives information about Nigeria (ii) Handbook of Education in Nigeria provide information on chemistry (iii) Handbook of Education in Nigeria provides information on education that came into Nigeria (iv) Guinea handbook gives different forms of information published annually to update the previous records. They provide information on extraordinary events. F) Manual: A manual is concerned with how to do something e.g. how to repair a car. Example is a manual of cookery G) Year books or annuals: They are published yearly or annual. This provides a variety of information and review events of the past year. They could also present the events of the past year. They could include directory information, biographies. Statistics and Latest Achievement Purpose of year book is to update the content of the main set. Examples of year books: i) Nigerian yearbook is to update the content of the main history of the country, politics economic, achievement in sports, etc. ii) European yearbook provides basic information about every country in the world, i.e. their politics, economy, history, etc. 43 iii) Subject yearbook such as statistical yearbook gives different types of statistic in different subjects in different parts of the world iv) Demographic yearbook – gives information on population about different countries in the world about birthrate, death rate, etc H) Almanac – like year books. They are collection of facts and statistics. They provide information about many events (i) Whitaker’s almanac – gives different information about different countries in the world. (ii) World almanac and book of facts – all these provide factual information. I) Indexes: This is a guide or key to specific bits or piece of information out of a larger unit. Purpose: it is used to locate or identify a particular part of information out of a longer unit. (i) Book indexes – to help locate particular information out of a book (ii) Index to newspapers – index to a collective newspapers give different newspapers that have had an article in a particular issues e.g. index to Nigerian newspapers (iii) Periodical index – index to a particular periodical or collection of periodical literature (iv) Homemade indexes is one that is prepared by the library to meet the demand of users in those areas in which there is no published index. Subject Index 1. Education index 2. Social science index 3. Biological and Agricultural index J) Abstract: An abstract is a short summary of a content of a work. An abstract locate materials as well as describing the content of the work. Purpose of abstract – it helps in controlling information explosion. 44 Two Forms of Abstract (a) Indicative abstract – gives a brief summary of the content of the work (b) Informative abstract – provides details information about the original documents enough to make the user to decide whether to read the original article or not. Examples of subject abstracts i) Biological abstract ii) Chemical abstract iii) Physical abstract K) Biographies: is a publication that provides useful information on eminent people, it includes birth education and achievement. Example of biographies: who is who in Nigeria; who is who in Africa. L) Gazetteer is defined as a geographical dictionary, it provide geographical information about places include name of towns, villages, rivers, mountain, etc. population location, history, economics and political features of a particular place. Examples; i) Webster’s new geographical dictionary ii) Columbia Lippincott gazette of the world M) Map: Map is a geographical representation of the earth or any celestial body. N) Atlas: Atlas is a collection of maps. There are different types of maps from different purposes. Examples of Atlas-world atlas of agriculture (i) Oxford economic atlas of the world. Travel guide – it gives minimum historical background information about the area. It provides access to information on hotel museum, historic site, restaurants, etc. They are mostly restricted to town, city, state and country. They are issued on revised annually. O) Bibliography: is a technique of systematically producing descriptive lists of written or published records. 45 Purpose of Bibliography To identify and verify the existence of information on a given subject and it locate materials in a subject area help in selection of materials. Examples: (i) National bibliography (ii) Universal bibliography (iii) Subject bibliography (iv) Trade bibliography (v) Author bibliography (vi) Bibliography of bibliographies (vii) National library bibliography 7.4 Self-Assessment Exercise 1. Explain the concept of reference sources 2. Identify six (6) types of reference materials and discuss them. 3. Mention two general Encyclopedias 4. Mention two types of abstracts LECTURE EIGHT 8.0 Electronic Learning or E-Learning 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Objectives 8.3 Main Text a. Electronic learning b. Technologies used in E-Learning c. Advantages of E-Learning d. Disadvantages of E-Learning 8.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Answers to the exercise 46 Introduction There are trend to move towards blended learning services, where computer based activities are integrated with practical or classroom based situations. The students need to know about this trend, so that they can be prepared to use available technology to learn. 8.1 Objectives At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: 1. Define e-learning 2. Explain advantages and disadvantages of e-learning 3. Explain asynchronous and synchronous 8.3 Main Text a. ELECTRONIC LEARNING OR E-LEARNING Electronic Learning (E-learning) in a lay man language is learning that is aided by electronic means. E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning and teaching, which are procedural in character and are aimed to effect the construction of knowledge with reference to individual experience, practice and knowledge of the learner ( Tavangarian, Leypold, Nolting and Poser, 2004). E-learning is basically computer and network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. According to WIKIPEDIA (2010), e-learning is an all compassing terms generally used to refer to computer-enhanced learning. It refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn. The applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms, hypermedia in general, discussion boards, digital collaborations, etc. The contents are delivered via the following means: Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or video tape, satellite TV and CD-ROM. E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and flexible learning, but can also be used in conjunction with face-to-face teaching. E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. E-learning is also referred to as educational web sites, such as learning scenarios and interactive exercise for 47 students. The term is also extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost- effective online training. E-learning services are some of the various services that have been developed through electronic medium. Examples are: E-service: It is electronic delivery of government information programmes and services that is often over internet. E-administration: This is the use of information and communication technology to create data repositions for management, information system and computerization of records. The requirement of e-learning is that one must be highly trained in the use of computer and internet. E-learning consists of asynchronous and synchronous activities. Asynchronous activities used technologies like blogs, wikis, and discussion boards. These enable students to exchange ideas or information without dependence on other student’s involvement at the same time Synchronous activities involve the exchange of idea and information with one or two students at same period of time. E.g a face to face discussion. This occurs with all students joining in at once. b. Technologies used in E-learning Many technologists can be and are used in e-learning. They are: a. Virtual classroom b. Electronic voting system c. Learning management software d. E-mail e. Computer aided assessment  Web site  Games  CD-ROMs (Computer Disk Read Only Memory) 48  Educational animation. C. Advantages of E-Learning  Time used for learning is reduced; concepts are easily learnt and retained  Flexible and convenient i.e ability to work at any place where an internet connection is available and at one’s own pace  Real life subject matters can be built into the multimedia lesson to access near-reality hazardous content matters without life threatening risks.  It gives room for concentration during lesson, enhance thought provoking, problem stimulation and encourage problem solving  Reinforcement by means of feedback is possible during an interactive multimedia computer-based instruction (CBI) lesson  The content discussed during lesson can easily be made available in a storage device or hard copy processed at the institution’s computer network service. This could be used for those who missed a lesson and also serves as tutorials for the weak student d. Disadvantages  It cut out direct teacher – student relationship as it lacks face to face interaction with the teacher  The feeling of isolation is sometimes experienced by students 8.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE 1. define e-learning 2. Explain asynchronous and synchronous activities in e-learning 3. State three advantages of e-learning 4. List two disadvantage of e-learning 5. List three technologies require for e-learning programme 49 Answers to the exercise 1. E-learning is an all-compassing terms generally used to refer to computer enhanced learning. It refers to using electronic applications and processes to learn. 2. i. Asynchronous activities use technologies like blogs, wikis, and discussion boards. These enable students to exchange ideas or information without the dependence on other student’s involvement at the same time. iii. Synchronous activities involve the exchange of ideas and information with one or two students at same period of time. e.g a face to face discussion. This occurs with all students joining in at once. 3. i. E-learners can use the internet to access up-to-date and relevant learning materials, and can communicate with experts in the field in which they are studying ii. Situatedlearning is facilitated, since learners can complete online courses while working on the job or in their own space, and can contextualize the learning. For the instructor, tutoring can be done at any time and from anywhere iii. Online materials can be updated, and learners are able to see the changes at once. When learners are able to access materials on the internet, it is easier for instructors to direct them to appropriate information based on their needs. 4. i. It cut out direct teacher – student relationship as it lacks face to face interaction with the teacher ii. The feeling of isolation is sometimes experienced by students 5. Virtual classroom, e-mail, computer aided assessment, etc LECTURE NINE 9.0 Computer Networks 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Objectives 9.3 Main Text (a) Definition of computer network (b) Component of computer network (c) Types of computer network 50 (d) Advantages of computer network (e) Disadvantages of computer network 9.4 SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISE Answers to the exercise 9.1 Introduction Network makes it possible for information to be communicated on-line. There are various types of Networks and their areas of coverage in terms of connectivity. The student needs to be exposed to computer networks since they require it to access online resources in the library. 9.2 Objectives At the end of this lecture the student should be able to: 1. Explain a computer network. 2. Identify the resources that can be shared in a network. 3. Identify the component of computer network. 4. Identify types of computer network. 5. Explain advantages and disadvantages of computer network. 9.3 MAIN TEXT Computer Network Definition: A computer network is a group of electronically connected computers which can share information and resources among themselves. A network could also be the interconnections of computer hardware and peripherals for the purpose of sharing resources. The resources include information or other computer facilities such as printers, fax machines, web camera etc. There are communication protocols that outline how this sharing should take place. Computer networks grant the user access to remote programs and databases either of the same organization or from other enterprises or public sources. Computer networks deliver 51 optimal information and communication promises which may raise the organizational learning rate. Computers can be networked using cables or electromagnetic waves known as wireless. Networking is the act of linking computer so that users can exchange information or have access to central store of information. (b) Components of Computer network 1. Hardware: It is any component of the computer that one can touch or see. It consists of equipment’s like keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU, printers, scanners, cables, network cards, etc. hardware is controlled by the software. For networking to take place there is the need for at least two devices and a cable or wireless connection to connect the devices. There is also the need for a networking software to be installed on the devices to enable them see each other. 2. Software: Generally, software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. Therefore, there are different types of software for different functions in the computer. As earlier stated, there is the need for networking software to be installed the networked devices to enable them see each other. A popular networking software is the Net Operating System (NOS) which is a programme that enables a network to function. The networking software can be pre-installed on the devices or comes on separate CD along with the devices. (c) Types of Computer network There are different types of networks depending on the nature, size and services the network was meant for. The following are the most popular types of network:  WAN (Wide Area Network)  LAN (Local Area Network) 52  Intranet Wide Area Network (WAN) This network covers wide geographical distances that are within a province, country or the globe. The computers in the network are spread over large distances. Generally, mainframes computers are used in WAN, other computers (PCs) in the network communicate with the mainframe through the terminal emulation software while the mainframe computer can download data files from the host computer or upload data files to the host. Example of WAN is the internet. Local Area Network (LAN) Local Area Network (LAN) is a group of computers connected together to serve a limited geographical area. The basic features of a LAN are: -Its nodes are interconnected through a continuous medium such as cable. -It is privately owned. -It supports both low and communication channels. Intranet An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form an intranet is 53 established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The main distinguishing feature of the intranet is that it does not need internet connectivity for it to function. The major software used in creating intranets is Microsoft SharePoint. Others include Autonomy Corporation, Atlassian Confluence, Bitrix24, Drupal, eXo Platform, Google Sites, Igloo Software, etc. (d) Advantages of Computer Network 1) Save cost by sharing hardware and software resources 2) High reliability by having numerous sources 3) Sharing of programmes and data in organization where most people use the same software. 4) Cost reduction by scale down to microcomputer-based networks instead of using mainframes. 5) Better communication through networking, facilitated through e-mail. 6) Security of information, this ensures that no user of an organization can monopolize information as it will be available to everybody. 7) Better flexibility due to ability to connect devices from diverse vendors 8) Sharing Media: Sharing media among computers is effortless when connected to a network. Similar to file sharing, computers can stream music, videos and movies from one computer to the next. 54 9) Increased Storage Capacity: As there is more than one computer on a network for sharing files, the concern of storage capacity is fixed to a significant degree. A standalone computer may be lacking in storage capacity but when many computers are on a network, the capacity of several computers can be utilized. It is also possible to implement a storage server on the network so as to have a large storage capacity. Data is also simple to backup as all the data is stored on the file server. 10) Speed: Networks offer a very rapid system for sharing and transferring files. The sharing of data with other users in a stand-alone environment involves physical transfer of data such as by copying the data on a portable

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