GST 104.pdf

COURSE GUIDE Course Information Course Code: GST 104 Course Title: Use of Library Credit Unit: 2 Course Status: Compulsory Semester: 2nd Required Study Hour: 1 hour per day Course Edition: First Course Team Course Developers: National Universities Commission & Dr. Angela E. Okpala Course Writers: Dr. Angela E. Okpala & Dr. Adam Gambo Saleh Instructional Designer: Inegbedion, Juliet O. (Ph.D.) Learning Technologists: Dr. Adewale Adesina, Nura Maidoki, & Henry Ude Course Editor: Mr. Chukwuemeka Nwosu Copy Editors: Inegbedion, Juliet O. (Ph.D.) & Mrs Christiana Uzoukwu Ice Breaker Upload your passport and introduce yourself by stating your name, what you do for a living, your hobby, your expectation in this course and the name you would prefer to be called during this course. NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA GST 104 COURSE GUIDE © 2019 by NOUN Press National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters University Village Plot 91, Cadastral Zone Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway Jabi, Abuja Lagos Office 14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way Victoria Island, Lagos e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.nou.edu.ng All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Published by: National Open University of Nigeria Headquarters, University Village Plot 91, Cadastral Zone, Nnamdi Azikiwe Expressway Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria Printed by NOUN Press [email protected] Printed 2019 ISBN: 978-978-8521-84-6 ii GST 104 COURSE GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE Introduction ……………………………………………… iv Course Objectives………………………………………... iv Working through this Course …………………………… iv Study Units ……………………………………………….. v References and Further Readings ………………………... vi Presentation Schedule …………………………………… ix Assessment ………………………………………………. x How to get the Most from the Course …………………. x Facilitation ……………………………………………….. xi iii GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Course Guide Introduction Welcome to GST 104: Use of Library. GST 104 is a two-credit unit course that has minimum duration of one semester. It is a compulsory course for all undergraduate students in the university. The course examined the concept of a library, Library services, good reading habit, types of library resources, organization of library materials, ICT use in the library, copyright & plagiarism and bibliographic citation & referencing. Course Objectives By the end of this course you will be able to: 1. Identify sources of information 2. Collect secondary information using the library 3. Utilize secondary information from library for academic writing 4. Manage information received from library. Working through this Course To successfully complete this course, read the study units, listen to the audios and videos, do all assessments, open the links and read, participate in discussion forums, read the recommended books and other materials provided, prepare your portfolios, and participate in the online facilitation. Each study unit has introduction, intended learning outcomes, the main content, conclusion, summary and references/further readings. The introduction will tell you the expectations in the study unit. Read and note the intended learning outcomes (ILOs). The intended learning outcomes tell you what you should be able to do at the completion of each study unit. So, you can evaluate your learning at the end of each unit to ensure you have achieved the intended learning outcomes. To meet the intended learning outcomes, knowledge is presented in texts, video and links arranged into modules and units. Click on the links as may be directed but where you are reading the text off line, you will have to copy and paste the link address into a browser. You can download the audios and videos to view off line. You can also print or download the texts and save in your computer or external drive. The conclusion gives you the theme of the knowledge you are taking away from the unit. Unit summaries are presented in downloadable audios and videos. iv GST 104 COURSE GUIDE There are two main forms of assessments – the formative and the summative. The formative assessments will help you monitor your learning. This is presented as in-text questions, discussion forums and Self-Assessment Exercises. The summative assessments would be used by the university to evaluate your academic performance. This will be given as Computer- Based Test (CBT) which serves as continuous assessment and final examinations. A minimum of three computer based tests will be given with only one final examination at the end of the semester. You are required to take all the computer base tests and the final examination. Study Units There are 17 study units in this course divided into six modules. The modules and units are presented as follows: CONTENTS Module 1 Types of Library and Services Unit 1 Types of Library Unit 2 Library Services Module 2 Research Techniques Unit 1 Information Sources Unit 2 Literature Review Unit 3 Databases Contents Unit 4 Open Educational Resources Module 3 Organization of Library Materials Unit 1 Library Catalogues Unit 2 Classification Schemes Module 4 ICT Use in the Library Unit 1 Digital Libraries Unit 2 Computer Based Literature Search Module 5 Good Reading Habit/Study Skills Unit 1 Basic Study Techniques/Methods Unit 2 Developing Good Reading Habit Unit 3 Handling Examinations v GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Module 6 Copyright; Plagiarism and Referencing Unit 1 Copyright Laws Unit 2 Plagiarism and Its Implications Unit 3 Harvard In-Text Citing and Referencing Unit 4 APA In-text citing and Referencing References and Further Readings Zhang, C. (2011). The Origin and Development of library. Paper presented at International Conference on Computer Science, Environment, Eco-informatics, and Education.pp63-67 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-23324-1_12 Different types of libraries https://lis510- libraries.wikispaces.com/Different+types+of+libraries http://www.lisbdnet.com/Types-libraries-academic-Public-national- special- Library/ IFLA, the Public Library Services https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/publications/archive/the- public-library-service/publ97.pdf Ajayi Crowther University Library Services https://www.acu.edu.ng/index.php/library/library-services Andrers, M. E. Reference Service in Special Libraries http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.172.89 31&rep=rep1&type=pdf Ashikuzzaman (2013). Current Awareness Service (CAS) http://www.lisbdnet.com/current-awareness-service/ Kadir, N.A (2012). Why do we Need Reference Services? https://referencephsusm.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/why-do-we- need-reference- services/ Comparative Literature: Primary, Secondary& tertiary Sources https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=295913&p=1975839 Definition of information http://www.dictionary.com/browse/information Oxford Dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/information vi GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Types of information sources http://karibouconnections.net/medlibafrica/training_module/16.ht ml https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/sources-info.html Mongan-Rallis, Helen Guidelines for writing a literature review http://www.duluth.umn.edu/~hrallis/guides/researching/litreview. html https://www.lib.umn.edu/pim/citation Top 10 databases https://www.library.wisc.edu/find/top-10-databases/ http://libanswers.uvic.ca/a.php?gid=71202 http://web.calstatela.edu/library/whatisadatabase.htp http://www.nouedu.net/page/information- gatewayhttp://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12670/8 /08_chapter%2003.pdf https://wikipedia.org/wiki/delayed_open_access_journal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/category:open_access_journals Knowledge for free: The Emergence of open educational resources https://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/38654317.pdf Library cataloguing theory http://164.100.133.129:81/eCONTENT/Uploads/Library_Catalog uing_theory.pdf Library Classification Schemes: an Overview http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/31769/10/10_ch apter%203.pdf Trivedi, M. (2010). Digital libraries: Functionalities, usability, and accessibility. Library Philosophy and Practice. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/trivedi-diglib.htm Bamgbade, B.J. et al (2015). Comparative analysis and benefits of digital library over traditional library. http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/WSN-24-2015-1-7.pdf vii GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Information on the internet https://www.emazzanti.net/10-tips-for- finding-information-on-the-internet/ https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/ccf634ab-2060-48e0-bc67- 53e395add4d6/1/costructingasearchstrategy.pdf http://www.csc.edu/learningcentre/study/studymethods.csc Reading for understanding: The SQW3R Method https://students.unsw.edu.au/reading-understanding Harboe, T & Mullen, R.V. (2007). Study skills for international students. http://samf.ku.dk/pcs/pdf_filer/Samlet_study_skills_med_nyt_nav n_2010.pdf http://www.csc.edu/learningcentre/study/studymethods.csc Reading for understanding: The SQW3R Method https://students.unsw.edu.au/reading-understanding Nine good reading habits http://www.liketoread.com/readinghabits.html 14 Ways to Cultivate a Lifetime Reading Habit http://www.lifehack.org/articles/featured/14-ways-to-cultivate-a- lifetime-reading-habit.html How to Prepare for an Exam https://www.wikihow.com/Prepare-for- an-Exam Preparing for Tests and Exams http://lss.info.yorku.ca/resources/preparing-for-tests-and-exams A Brief History of Copyright http://www.iprightsoffice.org/copyright_history/ What are Intellectual Property Rights? http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/no/Eksporthandboken/manedens tema/What-are-Intellectual-Property-rights/ What is intellectual property? http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pu b_450.pdf What is intellectual property? http://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/intproperty/450/wipo_pu b_450.pdf viii GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Cronje, M.M. & Murduch, M.N. Referencing Techniques: Harvard Method and APA style http://www.infosecsa.co.za/files/Reference_Techniques.pdf https://web.library.uq.edu.au/research-tools-techniques/referencing- style-guides http://guides.lib.monash.edu/citing-referencing/apa https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/administration-and- support- services/library/public/harvard.pdf Citation & Referencing: Harvard Style http://www.otago.ac.nz/library/pdf/Harvard_referencing.pdf NAIT (2016) APA Style Guidelines &Examples(6th edition) NAIT Library http://www.nait.ca/libresources/Citation/APA_Examples.pdf Citing Sources-APA http://libguides.csuchico.edu/c.php?=414152&p=2822594 APA Citation Style & Formatting: Citing Database & Web Articles http://libguides.collegeofsanmateo.edu/c.php?g=308245&p=20588 46 Citing Internet Sources https://ctl.yale.edu/writing/using-sources/citing- internet-sources Harvard Referencing for Electronic Sources https://student.Unsw.edu.au/harvard-referencing-electronic- sources http://libguides.collegeofsanmateo.edu/c.php?g=308245&p=2058846 Presentation Schedule The presentation schedule gives you the important dates for the completion of your computer-based tests, participation in forum discussions and participation at facilitation. Remember, you are to submit all your assignments at the appropriate time. You should guide against delays and plagiarisms in your work. Plagiarism is a criminal offence in academics and is highly penalized. ix GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Assessment There are two main forms of assessments in this course that will be scored: the continuous assessments and the final examination. The continuous assessment shall be in three-fold. There will be two Computer Based Assessment. The computer-based assessments will be given in accordance to university academic calendar. The timing must be strictly adhered to. The Computer Based Assessments shall be scored a maximum of 10% each, while your participation in discussion forums and your portfolio presentation shall be scored maximum of 10% if you meet 75% participation. Therefore, the maximum score for continuous assessment shall be 30% which shall form part of the final grade. The final examination for GST104 will be for two hours and it takes 70 percent of the total course grade. The examination will consist of 70 multiple choice questions that reflect cognitive reasoning. Note: You will earn 10% score if you meet a minimum of 75% participation in the course forum discussions and in your portfolios otherwise you will lose the 10% in your total score. You will be required to upload your portfolio using Google Doc. What are you expected to do in your portfolio? Your portfolio should be note or jottings you made on each study unit and activities. This will include the time you spent on each unit or activity. How to get the Most from the Course To get the most in this course, you need to have a personal laptop and internet facility. This will give you adequate opportunity to learn anywhere you are in the world. Use the Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) to guide your self-study in the course. At the end of every unit, examine yourself with the ILOs and see if you have achieved what you need to achieve. Carefully work through each unit and make your notes. Join the online real time facilitation as scheduled. Where you missed the scheduled online real time facilitation, go through the recorded facilitation session at your own free time. Each real time facilitation session will be video recorded and posted on the platform. In addition to the real time facilitation, watch the video and audio recorded summary in each unit. The video/audio summaries are directed to salient part in each unit. You can assess the audio and videos by clicking on the links in the text or through the course page x GST 104 COURSE GUIDE Work through all self-assessment exercises. Finally, obey the rules in the class. Facilitation You will receive online facilitation. The facilitation is learner centred. The mode of facilitation shall be asynchronous and synchronous. For the asynchronous facilitation, your facilitator will:  Present the theme for the week  Direct and summarise forum discussions  Coordinate activities in the platform  Score and grade activities when need be  Upload scores into the university recommended platform  Support you to learn. In this regard personal mails may be sent  Send you videos and audio lectures; and podcast. For the synchronous:  There will be eight hours of online real time contact in the course. This will be through video conferencing in the Learning Management System. The eight hours shall be of one-hour contact for eight times.  At the end of each one-hour video conferencing, the video will be uploaded for view at your pace.  The facilitator will concentrate on main themes that are must know in the course.  The facilitator is to present the online real time video facilitation time table at the beginning of the course.  The facilitator will take you through the course guide in the first lecture at the start date of facilitation. Do not hesitate to contact your facilitator. Contact your facilitator if you:  do not understand any part of the study units or the assignment.  have difficulty with the self-assessment exercises  have a question or problem with an assignment or with your tutor’s comments on an assignment. Also, use the contact provided for technical support. Read all the comments and notes of your facilitator especially on your assignments, participate in the forums and discussions. This gives you opportunity to socialise with others in the programme. You can raise any problem encountered during your study. To gain the maximum benefit from course facilitation, prepare a list of questions before the xi GST 104 COURSE GUIDE discussion session. You will learn a lot from participating actively in the discussions. Finally, respond to the questionnaire. This will help the university to know your areas of challenges and how to improve on them for the review of the course materials and lectures. xii MAIN COURSE CONTENTS PAGE Module 1 Types of Library and Services …………….. 1 Unit 1 Types of Libraries ………………………………… 1 Unit 2 Library Services …………………………………. 9 Module 2 Research Techniques ……………………….. 19 Unit 1 Information Sources ……………………………. 19 Unit 2 Literature Review ………………………………. 25 Unit 3 Databases Contents ……………………………. 31 Unit 4 Open Educational Resources ………………….... 37 Module 3 Organization of Library Materials ………... 43 Unit 1 Library Catalogues …………………………….... 43 Unit 2 Classification Schemes ………………………….. 51 Module 4 ICT Use in the Library ……………………… 61 Unit 1 Digital Libraries …………………………………. 61 Unit 2 Computer Based Literature Search …………….. 65 Module 5 Good Reading Habit/Study Skills ………….. 69 Unit 1 Basic Study Techniques/Methods ……………….. 69 Unit 2 Developing Good Reading Habit ………………... 75 Unit 3 Handling Examinations …………………………... 79 Module 6 Copyright; Plagiarism and Referencing …… 83 Unit 1 Copyright Laws …………………………………... 83 Unit 2 Plagiarism and Its Implications …………………… 89 Unit 3 Harvard In-Text Citing and Referencing ………… 93 Unit 4 APA In-text citing and Referencing ……......……... 101 GST 104 Use of Library Module 1 Types of Library and Services You may have visited one or two libraries and used some of their basic services but there is much more to the library than you can see. This module introduces you to various kinds of libraries with their specialized services. For instance, you may be carrying out a research on an aspect of agriculture as an undergraduate and you may need to visit a special library such as that of – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan which demands a referral service from the library. This module will tell you how to go about it also introduce you to all other types of libraries and special services they offer. Unit 1 Types of Libraries Unit 2 Library Services Unit 1 Types of Libraries Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of a Library 3.2 A Brief History of Libraries 3.3 Types of libraries 3.3.1 Academic Libraries 3.3.2 Research/Special Libraries 3.3.3 School Libraries 3.3.4 Public Libraries 3.3.5 National Libraries 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction This unit will introduce you to types of libraries. However, before going into the types of libraries, you need to first understand the concept of library and its origin. The various types of libraries that will be treated are: (a) Academic libraries (b) Research/special libraries (c) 1 GST 104 Use of Library School libraries (d) Public libraries and (e) National libraries. Also, in this unit the functions of the different types of library will be treated. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Define a library  Describe the origin of library  Classify libraries by their characteristics and functions. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of a Library Before we go into the types of libraries, let us first understand the concept of a library. The word library which is “librairie” in French and in Latin “Liber” means book. It is an organized collection of resources made accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual Space, or both. A library’s collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, e-books, audio books, databases, and other formats. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items. In Latin and Greek, the idea of bookcase is represented by Bibliotheca. This means Library in many modern languages. For example, in French, library is called bibliothque. 3.2 History/Origin of Libraries The first libraries contained achieves of the earliest form of writing such as clay tablets in cuneiform script discovered in summer some dating back to 2600 BC. These written archives marked the end of prehistory and the beginning of history. According to Zhang (2011) the earliest discovered private archives were kept at Ugarit. Also, there was evidence of libraries at Nippur about 1900BC and at Nineveh about 700BC showing a Library classification system. Private or personal libraries consisting of written books appeared in classical Greece in the 5th century BC. In the 6th century, at the very close of the classical period, the great libraries of the Mediterranean world were those of Constantinople and Alexandria. From the 15th century in Central and Northern Italy, libraries of humanists and their enlightened patrons existed. The oldest existing library in China was Tianyi chamber library which was founded in 1561 by Fan Qin during 2 GST 104 Use of Library the Ming Dynasty. It had a collection of 70,000 volumes of antique books. In North American, personal collections of books were brought over to the continent by French settlers in the 16th century. The oldest non-personal library on the North America continent was founded at the Jesuit College in Quebec City in 1635. 3.3 Types of Libraries 3.3.1 Academic Libraries These are libraries of academic institutions such as universities, Polytechnics and Colleges of education. The purpose of establishing these libraries is to meet the information needs of staff and students in the institutions they belong. The library is the heart of these institutions since all they do revolve round books. Basically, these libraries support all academic programmes offered in the institutions. Function of Academic Libraries 1. Provision of research information resources in line with the needs of the staff and students. 2. Provision of information materials as required for the academic programmes of the parent institutions. 3. Provision of information resources for recreation and for personal self-development of users. 4. Provision of specialized information services to appropriate sections of the larger community. 5. Co-operation with other libraries at appropriate level for improved and better information services. 6. Provision of conducive reading environment and facilities 3.3.2 Research/Special Libraries Research libraries are also special libraries. They are purposely established to cater for patrons with special and specific interest. Special libraries serve an identified group of users with common (and special) interest. They are privately owned and funded by the organisation that established them. The resources of special libraries cover only particular subject area or group of subjects. Their subject area is usually defined from onset. The information supplied by these libraries to their patrons is usually comprehensive and up-to-date, 3 GST 104 Use of Library mainly for research. Their unique collections emphasize on primary sources of information like Journal articles, research reports, conference proceedings and periodicals. Up to date books and electronic materials are also found in research libraries. Examples of special libraries are International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) library; Nigeria Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER); Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilization (CBAAC). Functions and services of research/special libraries: 1. The functions and resources of the library must be in line with the primary objectives of the parent body of the library. 2. Provision of in-house training activities to new users and staff members alike. 3. Provision and production of bibliographies. 4. Provision of current awareness services (CAS) to the library clienteles. A space must be allocated for CAS in the library for the exhibition of newly published materials. 5. Provision of literature search. 6. Selective dissemination of information (SDI). The librarian must know users’ profile and send relevant information to them on their area of interest. 7. Provision of other supportive services such as provision of photocopying, printing and document delivery services. 8. Inter-library loans and network are also provided by special libraries. 9. Special libraries perform some other internal and external services, such as writing of periodic reports (e.g. monthly, quarterly or annual reports), organizing conferences, seminars, talks for users and outsiders. 3.3.3 School Libraries School libraries are libraries that are established in schools, they are attached to primary and secondary schools. School libraries main objective is to serve the educational needs of pupils, students and 4 GST 104 Use of Library teachers. Among other resources school libraries particularly have fictions, visual materials, study-kits and realia. Functions of school libraries: 1. Collect relevant information resources that will enhance the performance of the teachers as well as the pupils to achieve the aim and objectives of the school education. 2. Develop and create in pupils good reading habits. 3. Help pupils to improve their vocabulary. 4. Support academic or school work. 5. Help teachers and pupils to be current and up-to date with daily information sources. 6. Serves as a source of subject information Centre for both teachers and pupils. 7. Help to train pupils in the use of reference materials 3.3.4 Public Libraries Public library is a library that is open to everybody and is generally accessible by the public. Its source of funding is public taxes and operated by civil servants. There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries. The first is that they are generally supported by taxes (usually local, federal or state government may contribute); they are under a board to serve the public; they are open to all and all community members can access their collections; public libraries provide basic services without charge (Rubin, 2010). The presence of a public library in a community is an indication that the community is literate. The basic difference between a public library and other types of libraries is that the main aim of public library is to provide the information needs of the general public rather than provide the information needs of just a particular school, institution, or research population. The services of the public library are free. They organize reading clubs, storytelling, exhibition etc. users can borrow books and are given access to internet were available. Functions and services of public libraries: 1. They cater for the social, educational and recreational needs of the community. 5 GST 104 Use of Library 2. They collect, preserve and disseminate library resources suitable for different categories of people such as children, adults, literates and illiterates. 3. They usually engage in repackaging of information using audio- visual materials and indigenous languages to render information services to the illiterate class. 4. They promote recreation and leisure reading. 5. They promote the civic and cultural activities of the community. 6. They create and strengthen reading habits in children from childhood. 7. They support both individual and self-conducted education as well as formal education at all levels. 8. They provide adequate information that will improve the knowledge and opinion of the masses. 3.3.5 National Libraries National libraries are specially established by the government of the nation to serve as the pre-eminent repository of information for that country. Unlike public libraries, national libraries rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Their collections usually consist of rare, valuable, or significant works. The major mandate of national libraries is to serve as the memory of the nation. Being the nation’s depository Centre, they are responsible for receiving all copy right publications within the country. Functions of National Libraries 1. To act as the legal depository and bibliographic Centre of the nation 2. To give advice or library development or organization to any agency of the federal, state or local government. 3. To have a responsibility for the national bibliography and development of bibliographic services. The national library of Nigeria, with the Headquarters at Abuja, plays a parental role to other libraries in Nigeria. It issues the International Standard Book Number (ISBN), to publishers and authors of books. Self-Assessment Exercises 1. The basic types of libraries are: A. Academic libraries; children’s libraries; public libraries and national libraries. 6 GST 104 Use of Library B. Public libraries; adult libraries, children’s libraries and national libraries. C. Agricultural libraries, academic libraries, organizational libraries and public libraries. D. Academic libraries; research/special libraries; school libraries; public libraries and national libraries. 2. One of these is not a key function of Academic libraries: A. To act as the legal depository and bibliographic centre of the nation B. Provision of research information resources in line with the needs of the staff and students C. Provision of information materials as required for the academic programs of the parent institutions D. Provision of information resources for recreation and for personal self-development of users. Feedback 1. D 2. A 4.0 Conclusion The use of library is pertinent to the individual, the society and economic growth of the nation. The society is dynamic and meeting the change requires constant research. Research can only be worthwhile when there is repository of knowledge or information. 5.0 Summary To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. You can also download it and play offline. Video https://youtu.be/V3N3v9H0_mc 7 GST 104 Use of Library 6.0 References/Further Readings Zhang, C (2011). The Origin and Development of Library. Paper presented at International Conference on Computer Science, Environment, Eco-informatics, and Education.pp.63- 67https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-23324-1_12 Different types of libraries https://lis510-libraries.wikispaces.com/Different+types+of+libraries http://www.lisbdnet.com/Types-libraries-academic-Public-national- special- Library/ IFLA, the Public Library Services https://www.ifla.org/files/assets/hq/publications/archive/the-public- library-service/publ97.pdf 8 GST 104 Use of Library Unit 2 Library Services Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Library Services 3.2 Specialized Library Services 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction In this unit, you will learn about the various services of the library. These services are designed to ease academic work and research. The services provided to users depend on the objectives of the parent organization of the library. Although, services provided in libraries may differ, but there are certain services that are common to all libraries known as general library services; e.g. lending services, reservation services, Inter-library loan service and document delivery, reference service, current awareness service and user education. There are also some specialized services that libraries provide for users such as: literature search, selective dissemination of information, referral service, and translation service. All these services will be treated in this unit. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Distinguish the types of library services  Choose a library based on the services. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 General Library Services Reference Services According to Kadir (2012), a reference service is the personal assistance given by the reference personnel (librarians) to library users in search of information for whatever purpose. Library users and potential users have different reference queries that need to be solved 9 GST 104 Use of Library by the librarians. Reference processes involve interviewing the reader to enable the reference librarian to articulate the problem of the user clearly. The outcome of the interview will determine what source in the library or outside the library (other libraries) to use in order to provide answers to the queries. There are different types of queries, they include the following: Directional This type involves reader questing for a specific location within the library. Most readers, especially first-time users, find the services very useful. Ready/quick reference question This is when a reader asks a specific question relating to the use of library materials in the reference sections. For example, what is the population of Ghana? Who was the president of Ghana in year 2000? These are everyday questions that readers regularly ask reference librarians. These questions are easily answered by consulting a specific reference source, such as almanacs, biographies, yearbooks, dictionaries etc. To answering these types of queries, most libraries have created a special desk called the information desk. Search Questions Readers often need background information or general information on a theme. Such questions cannot be met by one single reference source in the library. One might need the use of a variety of sources to answer the reference question, for example, what is the difference between conventional education and open and distance education? The reference librarian may need to consult dictionaries, encyclopedias, handbooks, indexes, abstracts, etc. to answer such questions. Research Questions This is a more serious type of reference service. Here the user is faced with a research topic that requires comprehensive reference sources in order to provide literature review. For example, to answer a question on the role of the library in national development, the user will need to consult a wide variety of sources that will assist him/her in compiling a comprehensive listing of pertinent documents relevant to the topic. In addition, the library may refer the user to experts in the field. 10 GST 104 Use of Library Vertical files In general, reference librarians maintain specific source that will meet the local enquiries, such as an airline/railway/bus time-tables, public holidays, local cinema shows, and directions within a city. Sources for answering such question are kept by the reference librarians and they are referred to as vertical files. They are usually sources of miscellaneous information. It is important therefore, for reference librarians to keep such sources as maps, brochures, telephones, guides etc of towns or cities in which the libraries are located. Statistics All records of user’s queries must be well kept by the reference librarian. This is to enable the library to know the nature of user’s queries and get adequately prepared to answer them in future. Current Awareness Services (CAS) Current awareness service is defined by Ashikuzzaman (2013) as the establishment of a system for reviewing publications immediately at receipt, selecting information pertinent to the programme of the organization served, and recording individual items to be brought to the attention of those persons to whose work are related. The purpose of current awareness service is to keep users abreast with up to date information in their specialized field of interest. The reference librarians achieve this by collating all latest documents and by using user’s profile, send them through telephone calls, e-mail, scan, etc. to users. Materials such as preprints of papers, photocopy of table of contents, periodicals routings, library bulletins, can be sent to users. Library’s recently published accession lists or acquisition list containing bibliographic details of new materials just acquired can also be sent to users. Current awareness service is not a personalized service, thus information provided to users is in broad subject categories without necessary targeting a user. Information can be provided on journals, books, conference proceedings, theses and dissertations, newspapers, and magazines. Inter Library Loan Service 11 GST 104 Use of Library Resource sharing and collaboration is one of the new trends in librarianship. A library may not be able to meet the information needs of all its users due to limited resources. Any user in need of any material that is not available in his library, informs the reference librarian who in turn loans such a material from any collaborating library for the user. Libraries go into partnership and collaboration to enable them share resources. Such resources must be returned by the reference librarian on or before the date due. Lending Services The librarian at the circulation section of the library is responsible for charging and discharging of library resources. He will provide information in this regard to the users. For example, only registered library users can borrow books and other library resources. Also, potential library users are required to register before being permitted to use the library. Registration of clientele may be manual, or computer based. To borrow a book, borrower’s ticket form will be filled by the user. This operation could also be computerized. However, before you are allowed to go home with the book, it must be stamped with date-due- stamp. There is a slip (date-due-slip) that all books available for loan carry in the library. This slip is pasted at the loose leave at the back of every book (on circulation) in the library. A Date-Due-Slip usually contains the author’s name title of the book, date due, accessioning number, and call mark. DATE-DUE-SLIP NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA LEARNING RESOURCE CENTRE/UNIVERSITY LIBRARY University Village, Plot 91, Cadastral Zone Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way, Jabi, Abuja In order that this book may be put to the best use, this book is due on the latest date stamped below. A fine of N100 per day will be charge for each day overdue 24th August, 2019 Date-Due-Slip The length of time a book can be borrowed depends on the library’s policy. The library’s policy also determines the number of books a user can borrow at a time. The number of books and the duration of time a 12 GST 104 Use of Library book can be borrowed differ with students and staff. The policy most times gives more time and books to staff. To know what book to borrow, the user may check the various catalogues which could be manual or electronic. For example, open access catalogues (OPAC) is an electronic catalogue. He can search by subject, title or author etc. the class mark indicates the location of the book on the shelf. Once the book is retrieved from the shelf, the user can now go straight to the circulation desk with it for charging. The reader could return the borrowed book before the date-due if he has finished using it, but if he has not finished using it before the expiration of the date due, he could go back to the library with the book to renew if such book is not on reserve. If the user keeps the book after expiration date, at return, he must pay the fine of N100 (depending on the library) per day. This fine is to discourage users from holding tight to library’s materials for long and for them to have consideration for other library users who may also need such a book. The first daily task of the circulation department is the shelving of all books consulted by library users the previous day. The library users usually advised to leave consulted books on the reading tables and in the carrels. The circulation staff is expected to gather these books first thing in the morning, while statistics is taken of the books consulted by users. These books are then arranged on the book truck in a classified order and wheeled to the shelves, where they will be appropriately shelved, subject by subject. These shelves are usually labeled at the outer sides’ front and by the sides according to subjects. Reservation Service Reservation service is very important in academic and school libraries because there are some materials that are heavily used and stand the risk of being stolen or mutilated if such materials are kept on open shelves. Reserved materials cannot be lent out. They are kept in a restricted area where they could be loaned out for a limited period. Personal books from lecturers can be kept for their students in the reserve collection room. User Education User education equips users with adequate knowledge on the use of the library. It enables users to effectively and efficiently use the library resources. This can be in form of library orientation or classroom instruction. Library orientation involves taking a group of users on a guided tour of the library. At the end of the tour, there is usually a 13 GST 104 Use of Library special session with the group to discuss the various activities of the library and how readers could benefit from the services of the library. In the case of classroom instruction, user education is a credit-earning course. Library activities are integrated with the curriculum of students who are expected to earn credit for the course. The library staff in conjunction with academic staff often provides a series of topics for instruction. The objective of the course is to teach students the skills that will enable them explore the resources of the library and, more importantly, to assist the students in the research methodology course, which is often compulsory in most undergraduate programmes. 3.2 Specialized Library Services 3.2.1 Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) This type of service is particularly common in special libraries. The main objective of SDI is to provide users (especially in special libraries) with information that will promote their research and other day- to- day activities. With SDI the user is relieved of the problem of sieving through many documents before getting the relevant documents. Thus, the user’s time is saved for other purpose. SDI is a customized service which is very common in academic and special libraries. SDI service is a personalized service which is unlike the current awareness service that is a group service. For SDI, the library staff, on a regular basis, searches through a mass of literature from which those that are of interest to a user are selected and are made available to him/her. The librarian must collect the research profile of users. This is achieved through giving users a well-designed form to fill and a one-on- one interview by the librarian with users. This way, the user’s area of interest is determined with precision. The librarian, who keeps complete details of his document, matches the key, words in the documents profile with key words in user’s profile. If the system is computerized, users and documents profiles are matched to sift out relevant documents for a user and this is sent to him/her through email, fax, post or courier. 3.2.2 Referral Service The library in this case can direct a user to another library to an alternative source of information if such information is not available in its own library. With a referral letter, the user can be directed for example, to professional organizations, research institutes, individual specialists and other libraries that can meet the information needs of a 14 GST 104 Use of Library reader. The reference librarian maintains a list of referral institutions and experts that is regularly updated. 3.2.3 Translation Service Some libraries offer translation service. This is done when users request for a translation of information materials needed from English to indigenous language(s) that users can comprehend. The library therefore must maintain a list of professional translators that can be easily contacted to render such service. This service is particularly needed in scientific libraries with periodicals in foreign languages. There are some organizations that also perform translation service e.g. European Translation Centre in Delft, the Netherlands. Translation could also be done in-house. 3.2.4 Literature Search Service Special libraries normally provide this specialized service to their users. In most other libraries, users usually do their own literature search. It is easy to provide literature search for users of special libraries because they are usually small in number and their research and information needs are homogeneous. Literature search is a systematic search for knowledge and information contained in resources of the library on a topic or theme. The library catalogue is the main source for searching for relevant documents, either by author, title or subject entries. A comprehensive bibliographic detail of these relevant documents is compiled. Self-Assessment Exercises 1. A reference service can be best described as: A. The personal assistance given by the reference personnel (libraries) to library users in search of information for whatever purpose B. The establishment of a system for reviewing publications immediately at receipt, selecting information pertinent to the programme of the organization served, and recording individual items to be brought to the attention of those persons to whose work are related C. Equipping users with adequate knowledge on the use of the library through orientation or classroom instruction D. A systematic search for knowledge and information contained in resources of the library on a topic or theme. 15 GST 104 Use of Library 2. Referral service is when: A. Information materials are translated from English to indigenous language(s) that users can comprehended B. Libraries conduct a systematic search for knowledge and information contained in resources of the library on a topic or theme C. There is an establishment of a system for reviewing publications immediately at receipt, selection of information pertinent to the programme of the organization served and recording of individual items to be brought to the attention of those persons to whose work are related. D. A user is directed to another library, to an alternative source of information if such information is not available in his/her library. Feedback 1. A 2. D 4.0 Conclusion Library services are common to all libraries and there are specialized library services. The type of information required determines the type of library services that will be required by the user or provided by the library. You will learn about research technique in the text module. This will give you opportunity to learn more about the services of library. 5.0 Summary In this unit, you have learned about general library services such as lending services, Inter-library loan service and document delivery, reservation service, reference service, current awareness service and user education. Specialized library services such as literature search, selective dissemination of information, referral service and translation service were also explained. Click on the video for easy re-cap. To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. You could also click on the audio version and listen. You can also download them and play offline. Video https://youtu.be/_S7nmDX4KOA 16 GST 104 Use of Library 6.0 References/Further Reading Ajayi Crowther University Library Services https://www.acu.edu.ng/index.php/library/library-services Andrers, M. E. Reference Service in Special Libraries http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.172.8931&rep =rep1&type=pdf Ashikuzzaman (2013). Current Awareness Service (CAS) http://www.lisbdnet.com/current-awareness-service/ Kadir, N.A (2012). Why do we Need Reference Services? https://referencephsusm.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/why-do-we-need- reference-services/ 17 GST 104 Use of Library 18 GST 104 Use of Library Module 2 Research Techniques This module prepares you for research work as it concerns the library. Most students get confused on how to get started with their research. This module is to help you get started with your research by helping you identify the various information sources you can consult for your research. It also takes you through a step by step process of reviewing your literature. List of databases you can consult was provided. You may not have enough fund to buy or subscribe to all the books and journals needed for your research, but you can use Open Educational Resources (OER) which grant you free access to variety of quality books and journals. The links to major OER are provided in this module. Unit 1 Information Sources Unit 2 Literature Review Unit 3 Databases Contents Unit 4 Open Educational Resources Unit 1 Information Sources Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Primary Sources of Information 3.2 Secondary Sources of Information 3.3 Tertiary Sources of Information 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction Information is important in all human activities. The term is difficult to define because it has several dimensions. It means many things to different people. According to dictionary.com information is knowledge communicated or received concerning a fact or circumstance. Oxford dictionary defined information as facts provided or learned about something or someone. It further defined information as data processed, stored or transmitted by a computer. 19 GST 104 Use of Library Information is being generated and transmitted by individuals on daily basis. Information seekers consult various sources to satisfy their information needs. There are basically three sources of information, namely primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. The choice of the source to consult depends on the type of information sought In this unit you will learn about the resources of the library which are basically classified into three: primary sources of information, secondary sources of information and tertiary sources of information. The knowledge of these sources will help you in your research work. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  distinguish the type of sources of information provided by the library  demonstrate the skills of getting required information from the different sources of information – primary, secondary and tertiary. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Types of Information Sources Information is important in all human activities. The term is difficult to define because it has several dimensions. It means many things to different people. According to dictionary.com information is knowledge communicated or received concerning a fact or circumstance. Oxford dictionary defined information as facts provided or learned about something or someone. It further defined information as data processed, stored or transmitted by a computer. Information is being generated and transmitted by individuals on daily basis. Information seekers consult various sources to satisfy their information needs. There are basically three sources of information, namely primary, secondary and tertiary sources of information. The choice of the source to consult depends on the type of information sought. 20 GST 104 Use of Library 3.1.1 Primary Sources Primary sources are original materials on which other sources of information are based. They report a discovery or share new information. First-hand accounts and information to events are presented in primary sources. Information is presented in its original form, void of various interpretation or evaluation by various authors. Usually, research outcomes and results from original research work fall into this category. Primary sources are usually the first formal appearance of results either in print or electronic format. Examples of primary sources of information are: Diaries, letters, print speeches, patents, photographs, newspaper articles, Journal articles, theses and dissertations, survey research, proceedings of meetings, conferences and symposia, original documents (birth certificates, wills, marriage licenses, trial transcripts), records of organizations, government agencies (treaties, annual reports etc.),e-mail communications, interviews, video recordings, audio recordings, websites, artefacts, (e.g. coins, plant specimens, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing, etc.) works of art, architecture, literature, and music (e.g. painting, sculptures, musical scores, buildings, novels, poems). 3.1.2 Secondary Sources Secondary sources of information are created from primary sources of information. The authors (creators) of secondary sources did not have first – hand experience of the event being researched. Secondary sources give accounts of facts by describing, analysing, interpreting, evaluating, commenting or discussing evidence provided by primary sources. It is important to note that secondary sources are not evidence, but commentary on, and discussion of evidence. Examples of secondary sources of information include text book, biographical works, commentaries, criticisms, dictionaries and histories. It is important to take note of how recent secondary sources of information are. 3.1.3 Tertiary Sources Tertiary sources of information act as pointers to primary and secondary sources. In fact, tertiary sources are: i. Works that list primary and secondary resources in a specific area. 21 GST 104 Use of Library ii. Works which index organize and compile citations to secondary sources. Examples of tertiary sources include, chronologies, bibliographies, indexes, encyclopaedias, and directories. Self-Assessment Exercises 1. Primary sources are: A. Original materials on which other sources of information are based B. Materials that give account of facts by describing, analyzing, interpreting evaluating, commenting or discussing evidence provided by original materials C. Pointers to original sources and works which make organize and compile citations to secondary sources D. Text book, biographical works, commentaries, criticisms, dictionaries, and histories 2. Which of the following are examples of chronologies, bibliographies, indexes, encyclopedias, and directories? A. Primary sources of information B. Secondary sources of information C. Tertiary sources of information D. Electronic sources of information Feedback 1. A 2. C 4.0 Conclusion All researchers have at their disposal the three basic information sources to satisfy their information needs. However, their choice of source depends on the type of information needed. 5.0 Summary To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. You could also click on the audio version and listen. You can also download them and play offline. Video https://youtu.be/kTPPiEwR2G8 22 GST 104 Use of Library 6.0 References/Further Reading Comparative Literature: Primary, Secondary& tertiary Sources https://guides.library.yale.edu/c.php?g=295913&p=1975839 Definition of information http://www.dictionary.com/browse/information Oxford Dictionary https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/information Types of information sources http://karibouconnections.net/medlibafrica/training_module/16.html https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/sources-info.html 23 GST 104 Use of Library 24 GST 104 Use of Library Unit 2 Literature Review Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of Literature Review 3.2 Literature Identification 3.3 Analyzing the Literature 3.4 Synthesizing the Literature 3.5 Writing the Review 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction The previous unit discussed the various sources of information you can consult during your research. This unit is set out to specifically teach you, what to do with these resources in writing your literature review. You will be taken step by step on the process of writing literature review. These steps are 1. Statement of the topic 2. Literature identification 3. Synthesizing the literature 4. Writing the review. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcome (ILO) By the end of this unit, you will be able to review literature on any research topic of your choice within a limited time. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of Literature Review Literature review is a critical analysis of related literature to research topic. It is not just a critical analysis of related literature but also a summary of all available literature that related to your research topic. Literature review can help a researcher to specifically choose an appropriate research topic. Based on what others have done, you are able to prepare an adequate research plan and formulate reliable objectives, research questions and hypotheses. It also assists researchers in designing appropriate research methodologies and data collection instruments. 25 GST 104 Use of Library Some questions you may think about as you develop your literature review are:  What is known about the subject?  Are there any gaps in the knowledge of the subject?  Have areas of further study been identified by other researchers that you may want to consider?  Who are the significant research personalities in this area?  Is there consensus about the topic?  What aspects have generated significant debate on the topic?  What methods or problems were identified by others studying in the field and how might they impact your research?  What is the most productive methodology for your research based on the literature you have reviewed?  What is the current status of research in this area?  What sources of information or data were identified that might be useful to you? 3.2 Literature Identification The next step is to get familiarized with resources (print or electronic, primary, secondary or tertiary resources) that will be relevant to your research topic. Also you need to identify databases and also open educational resources you may need to use in the course of your research. There are some scholarly research search engines that may be beneficial to you. i. ACADEMIC INFO http://www.academicinfo.net/subject.guides ii. National ARCHIEVES http://www.archieves.gov/research/arc/about-arc.htm/ iii. BASE http://www.base-search.net/ iv. CITEULIKE http://www.citeulike.org/ v. ERIC http://www.eric.ed.gov/ 26 GST 104 Use of Library vi. GOOGLE SCHOLAR http://scholar.google.ca/ vii. INFOMINE http://www.infomine.ucr.edu/ viii. INFOTOPIA http://www.infotopia.info/ ix. LIBGUIDES http://libguides.com/community.php?m=i&ref=libguides.com X. REFSEEK http://www.refseek.com/ xi. THE VIRTUAL LRC http://www.virtual/rc.com/ In the previous unit, under information sources, you saw a list of sources that can aid your literature review. Also, the next two units will be treating databases including open access databases for your literature search. Haven identified a relevant database, start your search with a well-defined descriptor based on past works in this field. Document titles and abstracts can help you find good descriptors. You will observe that as you search through literature, you may have need to redefine your chosen topic which originally may be too broad. Also in the course of your literature search you may discover theories that can serve as theoretical frame work for the research. As you work, please use citation manager of your choice. Citation Managers Citation managers are vital tools in research. It makes the work of referencing at the end of every research very easy. You don’t need to wait till the end of your work before you gather your references; you do it as you work using citation managers. Citation managers are digital tools that can assist researchers in organizing, storing and creating bibliographies of their research process. Citation managers allow you to:  Import and organize citation information from article indexes and other sources  Save links to pdfs and other documents, and in some cases save the document itself.  Format citations for your papers and bibliographies using APA and many other styles. 27 GST 104 Use of Library  Include your own note. Examples of citation managers are Bib Tex, EndNote, Basic EndNote Desktop, Mendeley, Zotero and Refworks Link: 3.3 Analyzing the Literature Once you have gathered all relevant literature, first skim each article to have an idea of its general purpose and content. The skimming will enable you to group the article into categories i.e. into topics and sub topics. As you read each article please take note of the following: 1. Decide on the format in which you will take notes as you read the articles. 2. Define key terms: take note of the differences in which key terms are defined. 3. Select useful statistics and quotes as you read. All quotes must be accompanied by page references. 4. Evaluate the article by emphasizing on the strengths and weaknesses. This will help you to avoid just mere summarizing what you read to critical analysis of each article. Critique the research methodologies used in the studies and also distinguish between assertions and actual research finding 5. As you read take note of major trends or pattern that can lead to generalization across studies. It is also important to take note of existing inconsistencies across studies as you read. 6. Identify gaps in the literature which you may address as you plan and write your review. 7. Note the relationships among studies and use this as a frame work to discuss relevant studies. 8. Remain focus on your topic as you review article ensuring that you use articles that are relevant and directly related to your topic. 9. Evaluate your reference for currency and coverage. Evaluate your reference list to ensure that it is up to date and has reported the most current work. A typical review should cover the last five years. However, land mark studies that have helped shape the field of study can be used. 3.4 Synthesizing the Literature When reading through the literature, the notes taken may be disjointed. Now with your focus on your purpose and putting into consideration your opinion on the topic, reorganize your notes. First, create a topic outline for your argument. Under each outline, let your 28 GST 104 Use of Library readers know your own line of argument, then your narratives (extracts from your notes) that follows should explain and justify your line of argument. You must recognize and take note of differences among studies as you build up your arguments. Indicate also areas that may need more research and describe relevant theories. Discuss the relationships between studies and its role in the advancement of the present study. You should do a quick summary, draw conclusion and write implications. You should also suggest specific directions for future research. Remember to use relevant statistics and quotes to flesh up your outline. 3.5 Writing the Review Start the writing of your review by indicating the broad problem area while avoiding global statements. Then justify the need for the review. In order words why is the topic being reviewed important? It is always good to use research findings of other studies, but other sources of information are important and must be distinguish from research findings. You can refer your readers to other reviews on issues that you may not be discussing in detail. You should cite separately results of previous studies that are inconsistent. Don’t forget to cite specific and relevant references used. Developing a coherent essay for coherency provides an overview at the beginning of a long literature review. At the beginning of a review, state what the review will or will not cover. You must state your point of view early in the review. Your essay must be clear and cohesive, integrating all key details of the literature at the same time communicating your point of review. Use your topic outline with subheadings for long reviews. There must be a smooth transition to help trace your argument. Where your topic cuts across disciplines, review studies from each discipline separately. Provide a conclusion for your review. Your review may also lead to a research question. Keep the flow of your argument coherent. Self-Assessment Exercises 1. How would you describe literature review? A. A summary of all available literature that are related to your research topic B. Critical analysis of related literature to research topic C. A critical analysis and a summary of all related literature to research topic D. Systematic search for knowledge and information contained in resources of the library on a particular topic or theme. 29 GST 104 Use of Library 2. Which of the following is the basic step in literature review? A. Literature identification, Research design and methodology; Analyzing the Literature, Synthesizing the literature B. Literature identification, Questionnaire design, Analyzing Literature, Synthesize, the literature. C. Literature identification analyzing the literature, synthesizing the literature writing the review. D. Literature identification, sampling writing the review, synthesizing the literature. Feedback 1. C 2. C 4.0 Conclusion There is a systematic way of reviewing literature. The review of literature is not as tedious as people perceive it, once the skill is learnt. Much of the researchers’ time is saved when he/she knows what to do and how to go about it. What you have learned in this unit will help you in your literature review. 5.0 Summary To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. Video https://youtu.be/bpzDiGLuATw 6.0 References/Further Reading Mongan-Rallis, Helen Guidelines for writing a literature review http://www.duluth.umn.edu/~hrallis/guides/researching/litreview.html https://www.lib.umn.edu/pim/citation 30 GST 104 Use of Library Unit 3 Databases Contents Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction In the previous unit you learnt the systematic ways of carrying out a review of literature. This unit is to further simplify the process by listing some suitable databases cutting across all disciplines that you as a researcher can consult. You shall learn more about Academic Search Premier, JSTOR, LexisNexis Academic, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SAGE, AGORA, EBSCO, ERIC, and HINARI. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Identify databases in various subject fields  Explain why a particular database may be suitable for a particular researcher and not for another. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Different Types of Database Databases are vital resource tools for your research. A database is a searchable collection of published works. It is an electronic (online) catalog or index. The library pays for access, however some databases are free for you to use. The database helps the researcher to find reliable information from trusted sources. A database may be dedicated to a single subject or cover several subjects. Some known databases are: ABI/Inform, Academic search, JSTOR, LEXISNEXIS Academic, PSYC/NFO, PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SAGE, LAW Pavilion, Project Muse Journals, AGORA, EBSCO, ERIC, HINARI, National Virtual library, Ebrary, Questia, online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE), etc. 31 GST 104 Use of Library Academic Search Premier This is a multi-disciplinary database that provides full text for more than 4,600 journals, including approximately 3,900 peer reviewed titles. A total of 8,500 journals are indexed and abstracted. Available on this database are Pdf back files to 1975 for over 100 journals. It is updated on daily basis. JESTOR JESTOR is a digital library founded in 1995, originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals. It now includes books and primary sources, and current issues of journals. It provides full text searches of almost 2,000 journals. As at 2013 more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JESTOR. Most access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is freely available to anyone. LexisNexis Academic LexisNexis academic provides mostly full text searches to approximately 5000 legal, news, reference and business sources. Information in this database is comprehensive, authoritative new content, including current coverage and deep achieves. It contains extensive legal sources for federal and state cases and statutes, including US Supreme Court decisions since 1790. It also contains unparallel business information on over 80 million US and international companies and more than 63 million executives. Pub Med/Medline PubMed was developed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and provides free access to Medline. PubMed has been avoidable since 1996. It contains over 27 million references including the Medline database. Medline contains citation from more than 5,600 scholarly journals around the world. ScienceDirect. Over 250,000 articles on ScienceDirect are open access. However, ScienceDirect provides subscription-based access to a large database of scientific and medical research. It contains over 12 million references from 3,500 academic journals and 34,000 e- books. The journals are grouped into four categories, namely, physical sciences and Engineering; life science; Health science, and social sciences and Humanities Abstract are freely available but access to full text require subscription or pay- per-view purchase. 32 GST 104 Use of Library Scopus Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. It delivers a broad overview of global interdisciplinary scientific information in science, Mathematics, Engineering, Technology, Health and Medicine, Social Sciences, and Art and Humanities. This database was launching in 2004. It contains about 36,377 titles from approximately 11,678 publishers. SAGE SAGE journals are Open access. It supports both gold open access publication and green open access archiving. Gold access journals provide worldwide, barrier free access to the full – text of articles online. Most SAGE pure gold open access journals are supported by the payment of an article processing charge (APC) by the author, institution or research funder of the accepted manuscript. Articles in green access journals have a period of time when access to published content is temporarily restricted. SAGE has journals in Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Humanities, Materials sciences & Engineering; Life & biomedical sciences. AGORA This database provides access to collections in the fields of food, agriculture, environmental science and related social sciences. AGORA which contains about 918 journals is designed to enhance the scholarship of thousands of students and researches in agriculture and life sciences in the developing world EBSCO EBSCO is the largest, multidiscipline, full text database. It provides resources for all academics, medical, corporate, government public libraries & Law. EBSCO host about 375 full-text databases. ERIC ERIC is the world’s most widely used database in education. It contains over 1.5 million journals articles, research reports, curriculum and teaching guides, conference papers, dissertations and theses and books. 33 GST 104 Use of Library HINARI The Health Internetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI) was set up by WHO and major publishers to enable developing countries have free access to collections in biomedical and Health Sciences. It contains about 58,000 information resources. Self-Assessment Exercises What is the most suitable database for students in social sciences: A. AGORA B. EBSCO C. ScienceDirect D. LexisNexis Feedback B 4.0 Conclusion You have just seen a good number of databases, but you can only use those within your field of study or covering your research topic. It is important to note that you can seek help from the librarian in case of any difficulty in accessing these databases. Most access is by subscription however the university has already paid for you in some cases. The next unit will take you through several resources that are free, which is called Open Educational Resources (OER) 5.0 Summary To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. Video https://youtu.be/h8vVwbepwLA 34 GST 104 Use of Library 6.0 References/Further Reading Top 10 databases https://www.library.wisc.edu/find/top-10-databases/ http://libanswers.uvic.ca/a.php?gid=71202 http://web.calstatela.edu/library/whatisadatabase.htp http://www.nouedu.net/page/information-gateway 35 GST 104 Use of Library 36 GST 104 Use of Library Unit 4 Open Educational Resources Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) 3.2 List of Open Access Journals 3.3 Open Access Repository 3.4 List of Open Access Sources in STEM Subjects 3.5 List of Open Access Sources in Social Sciences and Humanities 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction Lack of fund has been a major challenge to students undergoing research in most institutions. As a researcher, you may not need to buy books or even subscribe to any database if you know what to do. There are some digitized materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research known as open educational resources (OER). This will be given full attention in this unit. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Identify some free educational resources in various disciplines  Distinguish between subject specific repository and institutional repository  Identify open access sources in STEM subjects  Identify open access sources in Social Sciences and Humanities  Review literature using OERs. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of Open Educational Resources (OER) Johnstone (2005) defined Open Educational Resources (OER) as the open provision of educational resources, enabled by information and communication technologies for consultation, use and adaptation by a 37 GST 104 Use of Library community of users for non-commercial purposes. Open educational resources is commonly referred to as digitized materials offered freely and openly for educators, students and self-learners to use and reuse for teaching, learning and research. OER include: 1. Learning Content Such as full courses, courseware, content modules, learning objects, collections and Journals. 2. Tools Software that supports the development, use, reuse and delivery of learning content, including searching and organization of content, content and learning management systems, content development tools, and online learning communities. 3. Implementation resources which are intellectual property licences that promote open publishing of materials, design principles of best practice and localized content. Most researchers will be interested in open access journals and reference works which fall under the first category “learning content” 3.2 List of Open Access Journals Below is a list of some Open Access Journals to help you in your research. The ones listed have full open access. However, some Journals have delayed open access while some are hybrid open access. Delayed open access journals are traditional subscription – based Journals that provide free online access upon the expiry of an embargo period following the initial publication date. A hybrid open access journal is a subscription-based Journal in which some of the articles offer open access. Agriculture 1. African Journal of food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 2. Open Access Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plants Biology 1. International Journal of Biological Sciences 2. Open Biology 3. Open Life Sciences 4. Royal Society Open Science 5. Molecular Systems Biology Chemistry 1. Journal of American Chemical Society 2. Open Chemistry 3. Royal Society Open Science 38 GST 104 Use of Library 4. Chemical Science 5. Organic Syntheses Computer Science 1. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 2. INFOCOMP Journal of Computer Science 3. Journal of Machine Learning Research 4. Logical Methods in Computer Science 5. Royal Society Open Science Economics 1. Journal of Agricultural & Applied Economics 2. Economics 3. Real – world Economics Review 4. Theoretical Economics Education 1. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 2. Educational Technology & Society 3. Journal of Higher Education Outreach and Engagement Engineering 1. Advances in production Engineering & management 2. Open Engineering 3. Royal Society Open Science Environmental studies 1. Conservation and Society 2. Ecology and Society 3. Environmental Health Perspectives 4. Journal of Political Ecology 5. Royal Society Open Science Humanities 1. Continent 2. Culture Machine 3. Digital Humanities Quarterly Law 1. Health and Human Rights 2. Melbourne University Law Review 3. SCRIPT-ed 39 GST 104 Use of Library 3.3 Open Access Repository There are basically two main categories of repositories: subject – specific repositories and institutional repositories. Subject – Specific Repositories: Subject – specific or subject – based repositories contain research outputs of specific disciplines in order to make it available to the public. Institutional Repository (IR): This contains research output of an institution such as a university and makes it available to the public. Examples are: 1. Eprints 2. D – Space 3. National Academic Research and Collaborations Information System (NARCIS) 4. Focus on Access to Institutional Resources (FAIR) 5. Open DOAR Open Access Journals Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) started in 2003 and has grown to contain over 10,000 open access journals Open Access Books The Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN) has built a quality-controlled collection of open access books. 3.4 List of Open Access Sources in STEM Subjects 1. ArXiv: This offers open access to approximately 850,000 e- prints in physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics. 2. The New England Journal of Medicine: This Journal makes each issue free to readers six months after publication. 3. Open Biology: This is fully open 4. BioMed Central: Fully open 5. Public Library of Science (PLoS) : fully open 6. PubMed 40 GST 104 Use of Library 7. Index Medicus 8. PubMed Central 9. OVID 3.5 List of Open Access Sources in Social Sciences and Humanities 1. The Social Science Research Network (SSRN) 2. Research Papers in Economics (RePEc) 3. Berkeley Electronic Press (BEPress) 4. JESTOR In Law, The Open Access Law Movement provides free access to nearly 1,200 databases. Self-Assessment Exercises 1. Open educational resources are: A. All electronic sources B. All databases C. Newly acquired resources in the library on display D. Open provision of digital educational resources for non- commercial purposes. 2. The two main categories of repositories are: A. Subject-specific repositories and institutional repositories B. Subject-specific repositories and national repositories C. Institutional repositories and universities repositories D. National repositories and universities repositories Feedback 1. D 2. A 4.0 Conclusion It is interesting to know that the fact that you have free access to OER does not mean that they were not paid for. Someone somewhere may have paid for it. Tertiary Institutions, Research Bodies and even authors pay for these quality materials that you as a student can access for free. 41 GST 104 Use of Library So there is a need for the federal government and Institutions to sponsor more researches so that authors will be willing to release their research outcomes to the public. 5.0 Summary To recap what you have learned in this unit, click on the video below or copy the link and paste on a web browser. The video is a summary of what you have read in this unit. Video https://youtu.be/f2K0U68H1so 6.0 References/Further Reading.http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12670/8/08_chapter% 2003.pdf https://wikipedia.org/wiki/delayed_open_access_journal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/category:open_access_journals Knowledge for free: The Emergence of open educational resources https://www.oecd.org/edu/ceri/38654317.pdf 42 GST 104 Use of Library Module 3 Organization of Library Materials It is quite frustrating for researchers when a library does not have a catalogue. This is worst if there is a catalogue, but the researcher cannot understand the coding system used to organize the materials. This is the reason why this module is not just presenting the catalogues but also the main classes of the various classification schemes. This is presented under: Unit 1 Library Catalogues Unit 2 Classification Schemes Unit 1 Library Catalogues Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of a Library Catalogues 3.2 Access Points 3.3 Physical Form of Library Catalogue 3.4 OPAC 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 References/Further Reading 1.0 Introduction Have you ever been to the library with a title in mind and you walked straight to the shelves without going through any catalogue? You are likely to feel you are wasting your precious time, confused and discouraged. This unit will teach you how to use the different types of library catalogues. 2.0 Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) By the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Identify the different access points  Distinguish between a book catalogue and a card catalogue  Distinguish between a card catalogue and OPAC  Locate a book on the library shelve using library catalogue. 43 GST 104 Use of Library 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Concept of a Library Catalogues Library catalogue is seen as a complete organized record of all libraries’ contents. In other words, it is a list of all bibliographic items found in a library or group of libraries. The library catalogue can be likened to a book index. Just as the purpose of a book index, is to point the reader to an information in the book without reading the whole book, similarly, the library catalogue points the reader to the exact location of the book on the shelf without having to search through all volumes of books on the shelves. The librarians, when processing a resource material provides the information with many access points as required by library users who may look for the information in the library. 3.2 Access Points For a user to gain access to library collections, it is better to go through the catalogue or an index to that collection. Access points are headings that users employ to locate needed materials. For example; Title, Author and Subject are three main access points. This means that the user can search and access the needed materials through the title, author or subject. The ideal thing for every library is to have three access points/catalogues/indexes (title, author and subject) for all materials in the library. However, every document must have its main entry which is its main access points. 3.3 Physical Form of Library Catalogue Types of physical form of library catalogues are: a. Book catalogue b. Card catalogue c. Microform catalogue d. Online catalogue. Book Catalogue A book catalogue lists bibliographic records in alphabetical order by various entries on pages of a book. This is the oldest type of catalogue. The book catalogue is expensive to produce and easily gets out of date due to its inflexibility. You cannot easily remove or insert bibliographic 44 GST 104 Use of Library records (of old & new resources respectively). For more people to have access at the same time, the library needs to print many copies which is expensive. This type of catalogue was gradually replaced by card catalogues. Advantages of Book Catalogue 1. Ease of use: The book catalogue is very easy to use by library cliental and it is portable 2. Size: it is compact and can be easily carried to anywhere within the library 3. Cost: Once the first copy has been produced duplication of it becomes cheaper. Multiple copies can be produced for other locations of the library Disadvantages of Book Catalogue 1. Ease of use: Only one person can use this catalogue at a time, unless multiple copies are produced. Library users may have to wait for each other to have access to the book catalogue. 2. Flexibility and currency: Bibliographic records for new materials cannot be inserted. For this to happen, you may have to reproduce a new book catalogue or create a supplementary copy Card Catalogue A card catalogue is a file of cards usually in catalogue cabinet showing the users the library’s collections. The cards give very relevant information about the books in the library as well as indicating their location on the shelves. These cards are filed alphabetically in catalogue trays that are placed in the cabinets. These cabinets are arranged in a convenient location in the library for easy retrieval. Kindly visit this link for an illustration on card catalogue, http://www.yourdictionary.com/card-catalog Advantages of Card Catalogue 1. Flexibility and Currency: Updating of the cabinet is easy and staff time is saved. Cards for new materials can be added quickly and cards easily removed for those items no longer in the collection. 2. Ease of use: The card catalogue is easy to use. Both staff and students find it easy to use because of the alphabetical arrangement and the fact that they are loose in the tray. 45 GST 104 Use of Library 3. Availability: The card catalogue is easily available to library users. Several users can have access to the card catalogue at the same time. 4. Cost: The cost of maintaining a card catalogue is not expensive. The cards are easily available. Disadvantages of Card Catalogue 1. Size: After some time, the library may need more cabinets for new cards. Gradually, more and more cabinets will be acquired as the collection grows. This might take up much space. 2. Human Error: Cards can be misfiled in error. Its implication is that, the document on the shelf may never be used. Miss-filing and miss-shelving are serious issues as they course serious problems in the library. 3. Ease of use: A library user can only see a card at a time. Its implication is that he has to remember the title or know the subject heading of the information he needs. 4. Cost: Filing of cards takes time. Imagine if you have catalogue in different locations, you may have to do more work. 5. Flexibility and currency: The library cannot easily effect any correction on the card except the card is reprinted. Microform Catalogues Microform Catalogues are photographed card catalogue or screen images that are transferred onto microform. Basically, they are used as backup as online catalogues have overtaken them. Advantages of Microform Catalogue 1. Ease of use: Many records can be viewed at the same time. There are indexes and headings to guide users. 2. Size: Microfiche or microfilm takes up very little storage space and can store many records on one fiche or film 3. Cost: It is cheap to produce multiple copies Disadvantages of Microform Catalogue 1. Ease of use: Microform catalogue is not common. Students find it difficult to use. Expensive equipment is required for users to have access and use it. 2. Flexibility and currency: New bibliographic records cannot be inserted and records of lost items cannot be deleted. It is just like the book catalogue that you must reproduce to incorporate changes. 46 GST 104 Use of Library 3. Cost: The first copy of the microform catalogue is expensive to produce. There is also the problem of maintaining the equipment. 3.4 OPAC On-line Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is the most modern form of catalogue. One needs a microcomputer with a large memory for it. Bibliographic records of all documents in a collection are stored in the computer memory disk. OPAC is the most efficient of all the catalogues. It is very flexible and can be easily updated. The records can be accessed through several points. As soon as bibliographic records are inputted into the computer, they can be accessed instantly at different points. Many on-line library catalogues such as library of congress online can be accessed through the internet Advantages of Online Catalogue The main advantages of online catalogue are: 1. The database can be searched in almost any item of information of interest to the users 2. The users can retrieve information in a variety of ways 3. It provides rapid search 4. It can be used from far away location, so that the users can access a local, national and international cataloguing database. 5. The problem of having to file cards is eliminated 6. Online catalogues can be easily updated 7. It provides links to other catalogues, reference help and circulation 8. Online catalogue can also be made physical if need be. Disadvantages Some of the disadvantages are: 1. It is very sensitive in spelling and may retrieve different information due to error. 2. Most times, the information retrieved may be too much which may confuse the user 3. Training is needed for the users to optimally use online catalogue 4. Epileptic power supply and computer break down are all disadvantages. 47 GST 104 U

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