GS10 Test 3 Study Guide PDF

Test #3 Study Guide China, Japan, and the West Geography Timeline https://time.graphics/line/956922 Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic of China Periods Qing Dynasty – especially the 19th Century ​ Run by the Manchus ○​ Th...

Test #3 Study Guide China, Japan, and the West Geography Timeline https://time.graphics/line/956922 Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic of China Periods Qing Dynasty – especially the 19th Century ​ Run by the Manchus ○​ They kept many ming government officials ○​ Half Manchu’s, half Ming in government ​ YongZheng ○​ Consolidated the empire ​ Qianlong ○​ One of China’s golden emperors, expanded empire significantly ○​ Made Burma, Vietnam, and Nepal tributary nations ​ Nation’s downfall comes because of many rebellions and wars China’s Transition to a Republic ​ China transitioned to a republic after widespread dissatisfaction with the Qing Dynasty culminated in the 1911 Revolution, starting with the Wuchang Uprising. ​ Revolutionary leaders, including Sun Yat-sen, mobilized support for ending imperial rule and establishing a modern republic.  ​ In 1912, the last Qing emperor, Puyi, abdicated, and Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, marking the official transition. Mao’s China ​ Meiji Restoration ​ The Meiji Restoration, beginning in 1868, marked the end of Japan's Tokugawa shogunate and the restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji via a new constitution. ​ It initiated a period of rapid modernization, industrialization, and centralization, adopting Western technology, governance, and military practices to strengthen Japan. ​ This transformation enabled Japan to emerge as a major world power. ​ Internal pressures ○​ Rice yields were unpredictable ○​ Behind in technology and strategy due to isolationist ideas ○​ Could not participate in new global economy ​ External Pressures ○​ Foreign requests for new trade markets ​ Government followed with policies of Western-influenced reform and modernization ​ Waged military campaigns against its neighbors Imperial Japan ​ Japan wanted to expand its sphere of influence ​ Fought China in the Sino-Japanese war, won control of Korea ​ Fought Russia in Russo-Japanese war, again maintained control of Korea Japan in WWII ​ Bombed pearl harbor ​ Lost supplies because of US island-hopping strategy ​ Got bombed twice ​ Surrendered and came under the occupation of the US Post-WWII Japan ​ Demilitarization, US forced anti-Japanese patriotism ​ Abolishing Japan’s armed forces ​ New constitution, gives sovereignty to people ​ US makes women more equal, but still not completely equal ​ Eliminated the expression of patriotism from school and public life ​ Heavily westernized People Qinglong ​ His rule marked one of the most prosperous and culturally significant periods in Chinese history, as well as a time when the Qing Empire reached its territorial peak ​ Empire extended from Manchuria and Korea to Tibet and Turkestan ​ Instituted trade with the west Commodore Matthew Perry  ​ U.S. naval officer best known for leading the expedition that opened Japan to the West ​ Demanded Japan to end its isolationist policy and establish diplomatic and trade relations with the United States ​ Marked the beginning of Japan's transformation into a modern global power and was pivotal for Meiji Restoration. Empress Dowager Cixi ​ known for her behind-the-scenes role in preserving Qing rule during a time of internal and external crises, including the Taiping and Boxer Rebellions, and increasing Western imperialist pressure. Sun Yat-Sen ​ played a key role in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China in 1912 ​ advocated for modernization and reform ​ Leader of Chinese Nationalist Party ​ Served as first provisional president of China 1911-1912 Mao Zedong ​ Had China’s best interests in mind ​ People trusted him as a dictator because they faced desperate times ​ Marxist theorist and statesman who led China’s communist party ​ Mainly tried to determine where the labor is being extracted for profit ​ Maoist thought ○​ The proletariat were the colonized people and not just the daily workers (farmer) ○​ Anyone can be a communist ○​ Anything is possible through sheer will and devotion to the cause ​ Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) ○​ Mao’s policies and views on Communism were criticized ○​ Criticism was slow but increased in momentum ○​ 1957 - party says the criticism had gone too far ○​ Critics lost jobs, forced to do manual labor, and sent to prison ​ The Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1960) ○​ Private land ownership was eliminated ○​ Reorganization of workforce for large projects ○​ Ex: People who didn’t specialize in making food were assigned to making food ○​ Millions of people died from famine ​ The Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976) ○​ Mao’s attempt to eliminate old ideas, customs, cultures, and habits to bring together new education and art revolving around communist thought ○​ Mao wanted a brand new cultural surrounding him ○​ Caused economic growth ○​ Prosecution of ruling class who disagreed with Mao ​ Cult of Personality ○​ Everybody has to be loyal to Chairman Mao ​ Led the People’s Liberation Party, which was the Red Army ○​ Police created by Mao ○​ Primarily young people  ○​ Responsible for patrolling China to ensure there’s no propaganda ○​ Important to ensure that Mao’s goals are fulfilled ○​ Anything that countered Mao or the CCP was objected General Yuan Shikai (1859-1916) ​ First President of Republic of China (1912-1916) for a brief period ​ Played a pivotal role in the fall of the Qing dynasty ​ Needed to take out loans from other foreign countries, especially the West, to rebuild China. ○​ Nationalists opposed him for this. Chen Duxiu (1879-1942) ​ An influential leader of the anti-traditionalists ​ College student who was the leader of the New Culture Movement, also known as the May Fourth Movement in 1919 ○​ Science and democracy move China forward ○​ Advocated for modernization, anti-imperialism, and a rejection of traditional Confucian practices ​ Argued that without a new culture, there will be no new political system ​ Played a key role in founding the CCP in 1921 Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) ​ Visited the Soviet Union and returned with new military practices ​ Leader of the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and worked to unify China under a central central government and modernize the country; led china during the Sino-Japanese war and was apart of the Chinese Civil War ​ Led the nationalist party against the communist party in the Chinese civil war ​ Led the New Life Movement which aimed at promoting nationalism, moral, and social reform. Wanted to unify the people against the CCP ​ Fled to Taiwan following the Civil War Emperor Showa (hirohito) (1901-1989) ​ Japan’s emperor during WWII ​ His reign marked the Showa era, which was a period of political, military, and societal growth. ​ Seen as a symbol of Japanese imperialism due to his involvement in WW2 ​ After the war Showa lost political power under Japan’s new constitution. ​ During his reign Japan industrialized and became significant in the global economy. China Forbidden City (1406) ​ Created during the Ming Dynasty by Emperor Yongle and was China’s new capital ​ Lasted for nearly 500 years ​ Gated city for emperor, officials, his family, and concubines ​ “A city within a city” - contained over 200 buildings ​ Emperor was able to oversee members of court ​ Complete control of who went in and out of the city, which is why it was considered “forbidden.” ​ Symbol of imperial power and centralized governance Canton System (1757-1842) ​ A trade and diplomatic policy implemented by the Qing Dynasty to regulate foreign trade and limit the influence of foreign powers. ​ Foreigners could not freely travel and were forbidden from learning Chinese or interacting with citizens ​ Foreigners imported silver in exchange for tea, porcelain, and silk ​ British dominated trade, but introduced opium which led to conflicts like the First Opium War Treaty of Nanjing (1842) ​ Marked the end of the First Opium War between China and Britain ​ Ended the Canton System ​ “Unequal treaty” ○​ Foreign legal jurisdiction - British authority over Chinese subjects ○​ Foreign control of tariffs ○​ Stronger Christian missionary presence ​ British forced China to pay trade indemnities - over 21 million dollars ​ Opened new trading ports in China ​ Ceded Hong Kong to Britain until 1997 ​ Weakened Qing Dynasty White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1805) ​ Marked end of Qianlong period ​ Occurred in mountainous regions of central China ​ White Lotus Society - Secret society uprising by peasants and a religious cult ○​ wanted to overthrow the Manchus ○​ dissatisfaction because of excessive taxes and corruption ​ Qing military resources diminished and reflected their weaknesses in their ability maintain control 1st Opium War (1839-1842) ​ This war with the British began because China wanted to end the trafficking of Opium in China by the British. Many people in China got addicted to opium because of British influence, which not only weakened the population but caused money to flow out of the country to pay for the drugs. China lost, and the war ended with the Treaty of Nanking, which increased British influence in China. Taiping Rebellion (1850 - 1864) ​ Most devastating event in 19th-century China - took a toll on the Qing dynasty ​ Led by Hong Xiuquan, who believed he was chosen to conquer China by god. ​ 20 million people died 2nd Opium War (1856-1860) ​ The Second Opium War was fought between China Vs. Britain and France. This war was fought over trade, diplomatic rights, and territorial issues in region, as European countries continued to build their presence in China. China lost the second opium war as well, leading to the legalization of opium in China and the opening of more trading ports in China to foreign nations. Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)  ​ A war fought between the Japanese and the Chinese, more specifically the Qing dynasty in China Vs. Meiji Japan. The war was mainly fought over control of Korea, and China losing the war signified Japan overtaking China as the largest east Asian power in the world. Boxer Rebellion (1900-1901) ​ An officially supported uprising starting in 1900 which wanted to drive all foreigners (including Manchus) from China. The rebellion failed, ending with the Boxer Protocol in 1901, and China had to pay reparations. This failed rebellion would be the beginning of the fall of the Qing dynasty and the start of the Chinese revolution in 1911. Chinese Revolution (1911) ​ marked the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty ​ the establishment of the Republic of China which ended over 2,000 years of imperial rule ​ caused internal dissatisfaction and external pressures. ​ Revolutionary groups, influenced by diasporic communities abroad, advocated for a modern republican government to replace the failing monarchy. ​ signaled the beginning of China’s transition toward modernization and a new political structure. ​ caused the puyi emperor to abdicate in 1912 New Culture/May 4th Movement (1919) ​ Led by Duxiu ​ Anti-traditionalist, look towards science and reasoning ​ Modernize, the old way is bad Nanjing Massacre (1937) ​ The Japanese murdered and assaulted thousands of men, women, and children in Nanjing during the 2nd Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) Hundred Flowers Campaign (1956 - 1957) ​ Mao’s policies and views on Communism were criticized ​ Criticism was slow but increased in momentum ​ 1957 - party says the criticism had gone too far ​ Critics lost jobs, forced to do manual labor, and sent to prison The Great Leap Forward (1958 - 1960) ​ Private land ownership was eliminated ​ Reorganization of workforce for large projects ​ Ex: People who didn’t specialize in making food were assigned to making food ​ Millions of people died from famine The Cultural Revolution (1966 - 1976) ​ Mao didn’t wanna be known for the death of millions ​ Mao’s attempt to eliminate old ideas, customs, cultures, and habits to bring together new education and art revolving around communist thought ​ Used red guard to enforce this revolution and ensure communism was the only ideology ​ Mao wanted a brand new cultural surrounding him ​ Caused economic growth ​ Prosecution of ruling class who disagreed with Mao The Commune System (1958-1959)  ​ Like the redistribution of land in Feudalism ​ Creation of 53,000 communes across China used for water conservation projects, small factories, hospitals and schools, and elder and disabled care. 4 “Olds” 1.​ Old culture 2.​ Old customs 3.​ Old thinking 4.​ Old habits Ping-Pong Diplomacy ​ China invites the US team for 10 days for a friendly ping pong match ​ First interactions in 20 years ​ Made sure anti-western things weren’t visible to establish a positive diplomatic relationship One Child Policy (1979) ​ Population getting too high, and higher life expectancy ​ Lot of people began killing themselves because they had expectations and pressures to take care of their family as they got older ​ If only the child dies and the parents are old, then there would be no one to take care of the parents. Tiananmen Square Incident (1989) ​ Student protests in 1989 in Tiananmen Square in Beijing calling for reforms of democracy, inflation, and corruption within the government. ​ Violent lashback from the Chinese government, shows they are not afraid to hurt civilians. Umbrella Movement (2014) ​ In Hong Kong ​ Students protests again in modern China for democracy ​ Government responded with tear gas, so protestors used umbrellas ​ No reforms were actually implemented Japan Meiji Constitution (1889) ​ Emperor had complete control over military, ends shogunate period ​ Created diet which was a legislative body responsible for the budget and laws, basically congress Treaty of Versailles (1919) ​ Japan was very upset at the low recognition they received from the allied powers. ​ Japan did not receive the land they were promised (territories were split), basically got bullied by western powers in the treaty/Paris peace conference. ​ Tensions with Japan Japanese Conquests ​ When it’s trying to conquer korea or manchuria ​ Territorial expansion makes it a regional power Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) ​ Russia and japan fought for manchuria ​ First time an asian power beat an european power ​ Showed how strong japan was becoming ​ Japan stopped Russian expansionism in the Far East ​ Increased Hostilities ○​ Hostilities came from within ○​ Russo-Japanese War caused 4x casualties of Sino-Japanese War, from battle and disease Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) ​ Rape of Nanking (1937) ○​ Mass murders and rapes of Chinese civilians in Nanking ​ Japan invades French Indochina in 1940 ○​ In an effort to prevent China importing arms and fuel from the region ​ US advised Japan to get out or face cut off of imports from the US Defeat of Japan in WWII – Island hopping, atomic bombs ​ Bad for japan ​ Island hopping was a strategy used by the United States to cut Japanese supply lines and kill their troops throughout many different islands. ​ This led to a lack of resources for Japanese troops. ​ US asked Japan for an unconditional surrender, they refused ​ Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and 3 days later Nagasaki. End of WWII ​ Emperor Hirohito (Showa) agrees to the Potsdam declaration as long as they allow him to keep power. ​ Douglass MacArthur sent to lead the occupation of Japan. Period of US Occupation of Japan (1945) ​ Demilitarization, anti-Japanese patriotism ​ Abolishing Japan’s armed forces ​ New constitution, gives sovereignty to people ​ Makes women more equal, but still not completely equal ​ Eliminating the expression of patriotism from school and public life ​ Heavily westernized Zaibatsu ​ large Japanese business conglomerates ​ Owned banks to mobilize capital ​ Trying to industrialize ​ Crucial for restructuring of the economy US – Japan Security Treaty ​ Strengthened ties between the two countries West Unequal Treaties  ​ Treaties imposed on china by the west ​ Examples: Treaty of Nanjing which opened ports and forced China to pay trade indemnities Domino Theory ​ US belief that if one country was communist then a neighboring country would fall to communism too. This is why they intervened in other countries so that they could oppose communism. Containment ​ US strategy to stop communism especially in Soviet Union and China ​ Used military, economic (embargos), and diplomatic efforts to slow down communism Imperialism ​ Policy or ideology of a nation to spread dominance through military, colonization, and control ​ Western powers trying to imperialize other nations, like China Western countries that colonized the east: Britain, France, USA ​ Britain: imperialized China and introduced opium ○​ First opium war led to the opening of more ports in China ○​ More British influence in China ○​ Britain also got Hong Kong ​ France ○​ French indochina ○​ Anglo-French War (1856) aka the Second Opium War, fought by Britain and France against China ​ US ○​ Occupation of Japan after WWll French Indochina (1887) ​ When France was occupying Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos Possible Short answers (and main idea of response): ​ What led China to be a republic? ○​ ​ Causes and effects of ___ rebellion? ○​ ____ rebellion was caused by ____ group/person and led to the weakening of China because of the resources that were necessary in order to combat the rebellion. ​ Domino theory and containment ○​ Because of the domino theory, which was the idea that Communism would slowly spread, the US adopted a containment policy to prevent the spread of communism. ​ Explain the significance of the great leap forward ○​ Mao Zedong’s strategy to change China by collectivizing land through the commune system and assigning jobs to every citizen. Huge failure because of agricultural failure and led to famine and millions of deaths.