MAPEH 8 Reviewer 2nd Quarter PDF

**MAPEH 8 REVIEWER** **MUSIC** **Characteristics of East Asian Music** According to *Christopher Muscato*, there are three general characteristics of East Asian music. 1. LINEARITY 2. TRANSPARENCY 3. WORD ORIENTATION **MUSIC OF JAPAN** ***Sakura(Cherry Blossoms)*** - Is a traditional J...

**MAPEH 8 REVIEWER** **MUSIC** **Characteristics of East Asian Music** According to *Christopher Muscato*, there are three general characteristics of East Asian music. 1. LINEARITY 2. TRANSPARENCY 3. WORD ORIENTATION **MUSIC OF JAPAN** ***Sakura(Cherry Blossoms)*** - Is a traditional Japanese folk song depicting spring, the season of cherry blossoms and it is often sung in international setting as a song representatives of Japan. **JAPANESE INSTRUMENT** ***MEMBRANOPHONE*** ***Odaiko (big drum)*** The physical energy and sheer excitement of an Odaiko performance is an integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals). ***Tsuzumi (hourglass-shape)*** there are two varieties, the smaller *kotsuzumi* and the larger *otsuzumi*. They are used in both noh and kabuki performances and it is Like Changgo of Korea***Taiko*** It is a Japanese drum that comes in various sizes and is used to play a variety of musical genres. ***Tsuridaiko*** It is a large barrel drum hanging. **CHORDOPHONE** ***Koto*** It is a 13-string zither, about two meters long and made of Paulownia wood. Like Zheng and Kayagum. ***Shamisen*** Its construction follows a model similar to that of a guitar or a banjo, employing a neck, and strings stretched across a resonating body. ***Biwa*** It is a Japanese short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. ***AEROPHONE*** ***Shakuhachi*** It is the most famous flute made from bamboo. It has 4 or 5 finger holes on the front face and a thumbhole on the rear face. ***Nokan*** It is a Japanese bamboo transverse flute or fue with high pitch. It is frequently used in traditional Imperial Noh and Kabuki performances. ***Hichiriki*** It is a double reed Japanese fue (flute) used as one of two main melodic instruments in Japanese gagaku music, the other being the ryūteki. ***Sho***- It is a Japanese free reed musical instrument that was introduced from China during the Nara period. Like Sheng of China. ***Shinobue***- Also called *takebue* in the context of Japanese traditional arts) is a Japanese transverse flute or fue that has a high-pitched sound. ***Ryūteki***- Literally *\"dragon flute\"* is a Japanese transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in gagaku. **MUSIC OF CHINA** ***Mo Li Hua*** It is a traditional Chinese song with a beautifully gentle and lyrical melody. The lyrics about the jasmine flower also turn it into a love song. ***IDIOPHONE*** ***Yunlou*** Literally \"cloud gongs\" or \"cloud of gongs\", the yunluo is a set of ten small tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame. ***Pengling***- These are two small bells made of high-tin bronze, without internal clappers, and hemispheric or bottomless gourd-like in shape.. **CHORDOPHONE** ***Yueqin*-** Moon-shaped lute with shorter neck and four strings, played with a spectrum, used for accompanying local operas. ***Pipa***-Four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a pear-shaped body. ***Erhu***- a two stringed fiddle and one of the most popular Chinese instruments. ***Zheng***-An ancient Chinese instrument that has an arched surface and an elongated-trapezoid with 13 to 21 strings stretched over individual bridges. AEROPHONE ***Dizi***- is the traditional Chinese flute. It can have a membrane over an extra hole to give the characteristic rattle effect **Sheng**, or Chinese mouth organ, looks like a set of panpipes, with 12 to 36 bamboo pipes. Each pipe is of different length with a brass reed at the bottom and a hole that must be blocked in order for the note to sound. Similar to Sho of Japan **MUSIC OF KOREA** ***Chong-ak*** means literally ***\"right (or correct) music*** ***Sog-ak or minsogak*** is a category of Korean music traditionally associated with the lower classes or for the general public and are vibrant and energetic. ***Pansori -*** a kind of music presented to by skilled vocal singers and drummers. ***Arirang** it is a* famous Korean folk song which used as a symbol of Korea and Korean culture. Arirang is in essence a song of farewell. ***INSTRUMENT OF KOREA*** ***Kayagum(Gayageum)*** It is a traditional Korean zither-like string instrument, with 12 strings, although more recently variants have been constructed with 21 or more numbers of strings. It is probably the best-known traditional Korean musical instrument. Similar to zheng and koto. ***Geomungo*** It is a traditional Korean stringed musical instrument of the zither family of instruments with both bridges and frets. Scholars believe that the name refers to Goguryeo and translates to ***\"Goguryeo zither\"*** or that it refers to the colour and translates to ***\"black crane zither\".*** ***Haegum (two-string vertical fiddle)*** It has a rodlike neck, a hollow wooden soundbox, two silk strings, and is held vertically on the knee of the performer and played with a bow. Similar to erhu of China. ***Piri*** Used in both the folk and classical (court) music of Korea. It is made of bamboo. Its large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound mellower than that of many other types of oboe. ***Changgo***( hour glass shape)It is the most widely used drum in the traditional music of Korea. It is available in most kinds, and consists of an hourglass-shape body with two heads made from animal skin. **ELEMENTS OF MUSIC** The texture and timbre of traditional East Asian instruments, such as the **erhu, guzheng, shamisen, koto**, or **pipa**, often provide insight into the cultural and historical context of the music. These characteristics are unique to each instrument and are closely tied to regional traditions and musical practices. The **melody** is a defining feature of each piece\'s cultural identity. - **Arirang** (Korea): A lyrical and expressive melody that conveys themes of longing and nostalgia. - **Mo Li Hua** (China): A graceful and ornamented melody reflecting the elegance of Chinese traditional music. - **Sakura** (Japan): A simple, pentatonic melody that evokes the imagery of cherry blossoms. **Dynamics** (the variations in volume and intensity) allows performers to express the emotional essence of these songs: - **Arirang**: Dynamic swells can convey its deep longing and sentimentality. - **Mo Li Hua**: Subtle dynamic shifts can highlight the elegance and refinement of the piece. - **Sakura**: Gentle dynamics can evoke the serene and delicate imagery of cherry blossoms. - Using dynamics effectively adds emotional depth and enhances the listener\'s connection to the music. In traditional music from China, Japan, and Korea, dynamics are often expressed through **soft, gradual changes** rather than sudden shifts or loudness throughout. These subtle dynamic variations reflect the cultural emphasis on **nuance** and **emotional depth** in music. - For example, in **Arirang** (Korea), gradual crescendos and decrescendos can express deep emotion. - In **Mo Li Hua** (China), gentle dynamic shifts reflect the elegance and beauty of the song. - In **Sakura** (Japan), soft, flowing dynamics evoke the delicate beauty of cherry blossoms. Adjusting dynamics with such subtlety enhances the emotional tone and cultural style of the music. **ARTS** **JAPANESE ART** ***Ukiyo-e --*** Best known art and most popular style of Japanese Art. It is Japanese for \"pictures of the floating world". - Subjects are narratives from history, landscapes, townscapes and everyday living. ***SUBJECTS/THEMES*** - Scenes from everyday life. - Narrative scenes crowded with figures and details. **Kabuki makeup or Kesho** is already in itself an interpretation of the actor's own role through the medium of the facial features. **Two type of Kabuki Make-Up** ***Standard Make-up --*** applied to most actors. ***Kumadori Make-up*** - applied to villains and heroes - **dark red** - passion or anger - **dark blue** - depression or sadness - **pink** - youth - **light green** - calm - **black** -- fear - **purple** -- nobility **CHINESE PAINTING** ***SUBJECTS/THEMES*** - Flowers and birds - Human Figures - Landscapes - Animals - Palaces and Temples - Bamboos and Stones **LANDSCAPE PAINTING-**regarded as the highest form of Chinese painting. They also consider the three concepts of their arts: Nature, Heaven and Humankind (Yin-Yang). ***Cai Lun*** -- A court Eunuch who invented the paper in the 1st Century AD. It provided not only a cheap and widespread medium for writing but painting became more economical. **SIX PRINCIPLES OF CHINESE PAINTING** 1. Observe rhythm and movements 2. Leave spaces for the eyes to rest 3. Use brush in calligraphy 4. Use colors correctly 5. Live up to tradition by copying the master's artwork. 6. Copy the correct proportion of the objects and nature. ***Calligraphy*** is the art of beautiful handwriting. Traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. **Three main types of roofs in traditional Chinese architecture** ***STRAIGHT-INCLINED-m***ore economical for common Chinese architecture. ***MULTI-INCLINED*** roofs with two or more sections of incline. These roofs are used for residences of wealthy Chinese. ***SWEEPING*** has curves that rise at the corners of the roof. These are usually reserved for temples and palaces although it may also be found in the homes of the wealthy **Peking opera face-painting (Jingju Lianpu)** ***Guan Ju*** - Red indicates devotion, courage, bravery, uprightness and loyalty. ***Huang Pang*** - Yellow signifies fierceness, ambition and cool-headedness. ***Zhu Wen*** - A green face tells the audience that the character is not only impulsive and violent, he also lacks self-restraint ***Zhang Fei*** - Black symbolizes roughness and fierceness. The black face indicates either a rough and bold character or an impartial and selfless personality ***Lian Po*** - Purple stands for uprightness and cool-headedness. While a reddish purple face indicates a just and noble character. ***Cao Cao*** - white suggests treachery, suspiciousness and craftiness. It is common to see the white face of the powerful villain on stage. ***Jiang Gan*** - The clown or chou in Chinese Opera has special makeup patterns called ***xiaohualian*** (the petty painted face). Sometimes a small patch of chalk is painted around the nose to show a mean and secretive character. At times, the xiaohualian is also painted on a young page or jesting to enliven up the performance ***PAINTING OF KOREA*** ***SUBJECTS/THEMES*** - Landscape paintings - Minhwa (the traditional folk painting) - Four Gracious Plants (plum blossoms, orchids or wild orchids, chrysanthemums) - Bamboo - Portraits - ***shamanistic rites*** and were kept within temples where they were honored with offerings. - ***Black, Red and White*** -- Bright and vibrant colors that help establish the age and race of the figure - ***Half Red and Half White mask*** - symbolize the idea that the wearer has two fathers, Mr. Red and Mr. White. - ***Dark-faced mask*** - indicates that the character was born of an adulterous mother. ***ORIGAMI*** - The term Origami came from "ori" meaning \"folding\", and "kami" meaning \"paper\". - It is the traditional Japanese art of paper folding. ***Hanamusubi*** -It emphasizes on braids and focuses on individual knots ***Jianzhi*** is the first type of paper cutting design, since paper was invented by the Chinese. ***Zhongguo***- It is the Chinese decorative handicraft art that began as a form of Chinese folk art in the Tang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China. ***Kite*** is an assembled or joined aircraft that was traditionally made of silk or paper with a bowline and a resilient bamboo. In Korea, decorative knotwork is known as ***"Maedeup" or called "Dorae"*** or double connection knot, often called Korean knot work or Korean knots. **Physical Education** **BASKETBALL** It is a team sport wherein the objective is to shoot a ball through a basket horizontally positioned to score a point while following a set of rules. **HISTORY OF BASKETBALL\ ** Basketball was invented in **December** **1891** by **Dr. James Naismith** in **Springfield, Massachusetts**. It was initially designed as an indoor game to be played during winter season. The game involved elements of football, soccer and hockey and the first ball was a **soccer ball** and the basket was a **peach wooden basket** with **9** nine players. The game goals were wooden peach basket attached to the walls The first basketball rules were published in a YMCA ( Young Men Christian Association) guide in 1892 with **13 rules.** The first professional basketball league, the National Basketball League, began in 1898. Today Basketball is one of the most popular teams sports in the world. The Organization is NBA( National Basketball Association) **Basic Skills in Basketball** **Shooting** The basic skills to be learned is shooting.\ It is the most practiced skills so that you can have score. **REMEMBER** **BEEF** **Dribbling** It is the skills that should be master. It allows you to move around the court. **How to dribble properly** Dribble the ball w/hand and use the tips of you fingers in dribbling it. Don't involve the whole hand Keep your fingers in touch with each other driblling Spread your fingers to have a full control of the ball Use the other hand to drive your defender away from the ball **Passing** Basketball is a team game. Passing means allow the players to be involved in the game It is a skills maximizes the involvement of all players in setting up the play to earn successful shots and earn a points for the whole team **TWO TYPES OF PASSING** **AIR PASS** Passing without hitting the floor **BOUNCE PASS** **Rebounding** **Running** **FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS** **Ball** 75-78 cm in circumference and weighs 600-650 grams. In FIBA the ball should be made of leather **Court** Size 94ft by 50 ft for NBA and College games Smaller for high school and **Basket**- Goal it is made of a circular metal frame With a net hanging from it. **Backboard** The rigid rectangular board behind the rim **Important lines in the basketball** Foul lines- where free throw do, 15 ft in front of the backboard **3pt Line arc** 3point arc is 22 feet to the center of the rim. **Line markings-** all line markings on the floor are two inches and vary in colors **The proper attire** Jersey and High-topped Shoes **Whistle** to control practices and game **Position of player in the game** **Point Guard**-Acts as coach inside the court known to be the play maker as the play maker **Shooting Guard**- the one who shoot the ball on the basket ( shooter) **Center**- the middle man the anchor of the defense of the team and the tallest player **Small Forward**- the shot creator, primary option to score **Power forward**- the partner of the center for the defense of the team **HEALTH** **Infatuation or Crush-**is the state of being completely carried away by unreasoning passion or love; addictive love. Infatuation usually occurs at the beginning of relationships when sexual attraction is central. **Love** can be described as a feeling of intense affection for another person. It is most often talked about as an emotion between two persons. **Courtship** is the period in a couple\'s relationship which precedes their engagement and marriage or it is an establishment of an agreed relationship of a more enduring kind. **Why is it important for couples to undergo a courtship?** 1.It gives one a chance and time to get to know better the character and background of one‟s future lifetime partner. 2\. Courting gives time to understand one another. 3\. It reveals one‟s interests, likes and dislikes limitations, and other aspirations in life. 4\. It allows couples to decide whether they want to be committed. 5\. It allows couples to know if they are ready to be committed. 6\. It develops security. 7\. It develops understanding and acceptance **Showing Affection-**whether or not you are dating, there are many healthy ways for persons to show affection which may lead to courtship between persons, especially of the opposite sex who are physically and emotionally attracted with one another. It is an important part of being close friends to build trust and confidence with one another. - Giving a smile or a kind laugh to someone - Telling someone how much he / she means to you - Remembering important events in one‟s life especially a birthday - Writing a card, a note, or a letter - Giving a small gift, such as flowers and chocolate - Texting, chatting in social networking sites, communicating via internet - Spending quality time together - Cheering for someone at a game or performance v - Holding hands/ Patting shoulders **DATING**- is a social activity which involves two or more people generally assessing each other‟s suitability for a potential relationship. Dating can also be enjoyed as part of an already active relationship. The word dating actually comes from the arranging of a time and date of meeting **TYPES OF DATING** a\. Standard date -- involves two people b\. Double date -- two couples go on a date at the same time and place c.Group date -- where any number of couples can enjoy a date Importance of Dating - It forms affection and respect. · - It strengthens the relationship. · - It gives quality time to each other. · - It leads one to observe the other person‟s character. · - Provides an opportunity for one to know his/her strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the opposite sex. · - Dating in a relationship is important because it allows you to get to know the person you are in a relationship with, while having a good time. - Dating helps to reveal any potential problems you may have if pursuing a more serious relationship with a person, and it sets the foundation for marriage. **Going steady** is a period wherein the relationship between two people remains strong and well. **Engagement** -- a period of agreement entered between two people in love for them to be able to know each other and their families well enough to be sure that they are ready and are suited for life-long companionship. It provides opportunity to develop interpersonal skills useful before and even within marriage. Time of understanding and devoting much time to explore each other‟s strengths and weaknesses so they could adjust to one another. **Marriage**-is the most enjoyable human relationship. It is the most significant event that may happen to your life. It takes only two people, a man and a woman to unite and make a successful relationship as married couple. **Marriage** is a lifelong partnership of a man and a woman. It is two unique individuals, who understand, respect, care, and love each other. It is a bond between two people who continue to grow and develop their best qualities as human beings. **Factors Necessary to Consider in Choosing a Lifetime Partner to Work Out for Successful Married Life:** 1\. Maturity a\) Can make good decisions b\) Responsible in handling relationships 2\. Fidelity a\) Can make the relationship lasting b\) Sincere and true to his / her promises c\) Considers relationships sacred 3\. Commitment a\) Can make peaceful and lasting relationship b\) Dedicated in fulfilling his / her responsibilities 4\. Love a\) Strengthens relationship b\) Understands one is partner c\) Enduring 5\. Economic Readiness a\) Aims for better future of the family b\) Financially stable c\) Good provider for the needs of the family 6\. Physical Maturity a\) Proud of having good partner b\) Have healthy body 7\. Character a\) Responsible and honest b\) Hard-working and industrious c\) Respectful and compassionate d\) God-fearing **RECIPE / INGREDIENTS OF A SUCCESSFUL MARRIAGE** 1\. Love 2\. Understanding / Respect 3\. Care 4\. Loyalty 5\. A Shared Philosophy 6\. Cooperation 7\. Growth 8\. Involvement 9\. Sharing and Giving 10\. Communication **Pregnancy-related Concerns and Pre-natal Care** **Fertilization** is a reproductive process wherein half of the genes of the father and mother combine to form a single cell; the new cell then divides and forms more cells. This ball of cells enters the uterus and attaches itself to the uterine wall. **Implantation** is the attachment of the developing cells to the uterus. **Pregnancy** is the time when a new cell is formed during fertilization, grows and develops into a baby in the woman's uterus. From the time that the ovum and the sperm cell unite until the end of the eight week, the developing human is called embryo. From the eight week until birth, the developing human is called the fetus. A normal pregnancy generally lasts until 9 months or 38-40 weeks. **STAGES OF PREGNANCY** **First trimester- 1month- 3months** - Fatigue - Breast tenderness - Increased urination - Fullness or mild aching in the lower abdomen - Nausea with or without vomiting is also known as morning sickness **Second trimester 4months- 6months** - Breast changes - Leg cramps - Back pain - Pelvic ache and hip pain - Stretch marks and other skin changes - Hemorrhoids and constipation - Heartburn (also a symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or · Nosebleeds and bleeding gums · - Hand pain, numbness, or weakness (carpal tunnel syndrome) **Third trimester-7months to 9months** - **Braxton Hicks contractions, which are \"warm-up\" contractions that do not thin and open the cervix (do not lead to labor)** - Fatigue - Back pain - Pelvic ache and hip pain - Hemorrhoids and constipation · - Heartburn - Breathing difficulty, the expanding uterus is just below the rib cage, leaving lungs less room to expand. - Mild swelling of the feet and ankles (edema). - Pregnancy causes more fluid to build up in the body. This, plus the extra pressure that uterus places on the legs, can lead to the swelling of the feet and ankles. · - Difficulty sleeping and finding a comfortable position. Lying on the back interferes with blood circulation, and lying on the stomach isn\'t possible. Sleep on the side, using pillows to support your belly and between your knees. Later in your pregnancy, it is best to lie on your left side. When you lie on your right side or on your back, the increasing weight of your uterus can partly block the large blood vessel in front of your backbone. · - Frequent urination, caused by an enlarged uterus and the pressure of the fetus on the bladder **\"Postpartum**\" refers to the period of time following the birth of a baby. It is often used to describe physical and emotional changes that a person experiences after childbirth. The postpartum period typically lasts for several weeks, but it can extend up to a year or longer, depending on the individual. Common issues during the postpartum period include: 1. **Physical recovery**: The body heals after childbirth, which may involve recovery from a C-section or vaginal delivery, including changes to the uterus, perineum, and other parts of the body. 2. **Emotional changes**: Many new parents experience mood swings, irritability, and emotional fluctuations due to hormonal changes, fatigue, and the stress of caring for a newborn. 3. **Postpartum depression (PPD)**: Some individuals experience more severe emotional challenges, such as depression, anxiety, or feelings of inadequacy, which may require medical treatment and support. Labor is the process through which the body prepares for and delivers a baby. It occurs in three main stages, each with distinct phases: **1. First Stage: Early Labor (Latent Phase) and Active Labor** - **Early Labor (Latent Phase)**: - The cervix begins to dilate (open) and efface (thin out). - Contractions are typically mild, irregular, and may last for 6-12 hours (or longer for first-time mothers). - This stage can last a long time and may be more comfortable for some people. - Cervical dilation progresses from 0 to about 4 cm. - **Active Labor**: - Contractions become more frequent, stronger, and regular (every 3-5 minutes). - Cervical dilation progresses from 4 cm to about 7 cm. - This stage usually lasts 3-5 hours and is more intense. It is when most people head to the hospital or birthing center. - The pain of contractions becomes more pronounced. - **Transition**: - This is the final part of the first stage, when the cervix dilates from 7 to 10 cm. - Contractions are very strong, often occurring every 2-3 minutes, and may last 60-90 seconds. - This phase is often the most intense, with a feeling of pressure in the lower back and pelvic area. - Transition can last anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour or more. **2. Second Stage: Delivery of the Baby** - The second stage begins when the cervix is fully dilated (10 cm) and ends with the birth of the baby. - This stage involves pushing, where the mother uses abdominal muscles to help move the baby down the birth canal. - Contractions are spaced out and less intense than in the transition phase, but they still help push the baby down. - The baby's head becomes visible (crowning), and the rest of the baby's body is delivered shortly after. - The second stage can last anywhere from a few minutes to several hours, depending on various factors, including whether it\'s a first or subsequent delivery. **3. Third Stage: Delivery of the Placenta** - After the baby is born, contractions continue to help deliver the placenta. - The placenta detaches from the uterine wall and is expelled from the body. - This stage typically lasts about 5-30 minutes. - After the placenta is delivered, the healthcare provider checks to make sure the entire placenta is intact and that the uterus is contracting well to prevent excessive bleeding. Each stage of labor involves significant changes and can vary greatly from person to person. Many factors, such as whether it\'s the person\'s first labor, pain management options, and the position of the baby, influence the experience of labor. 4o minutes **Newborn screening** identifies conditions that can affect a child\'s long-term health or survival. Early detection, diagnosis, and intervention can prevent death or disability and e nable children to reach their full potential **Breastfeeding **helps defend against infections, prevent allergies, and protect against a number of chronic conditions. The AAP recommends that babies be breastfed exclusively for the first 6 months. Beyond that, breastfeeding is encouraged until at least 12 months, and longer if both the mother and baby are willing. **Immunization,** vaccines help develop a child\'s natural defenses to fight vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). Immunization is best done prior to the exposure of a child to viruses and bacteria for which vaccines are available.