Health Management in Commercial Poultry Flocks PDF

UNIT V Health Management in Commercial Poultry Flocks Presented by: Nove Ann Cabinalan Rizalde Calawigan Mike John Camince CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Kyla Camarino Slidesgo, including...

UNIT V Health Management in Commercial Poultry Flocks Presented by: Nove Ann Cabinalan Rizalde Calawigan Mike John Camince CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Kyla Camarino Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & Pauloby images Mallon Freepik Kristel Ann Terania Table of contents Common Vaccination Diseases in Commercial Poultry – Prevention and Control 01 02 programs for large- scale operations Biosecurity Antibiotic Protocols for Disease Prevention 03 04 Use and Alternatives in Commercial Poultry  0 Common 1 Diseases in Commercial Poultry (Prevention and Control) Commercial poultry operations face a variety of diseases that can significantly impact flock health, productivity, and profitability. Some of the most common diseases include: 1. Common Diseases in Commercial Poultry (Prevention and Control) Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) A highly contagious viral infection, avian influenza can spread rapidly through poultry flocks, causing high mortality. Prevention includes strict biosecurity measures, surveillance, and early detection. Vaccination and culling infected birds are common control methods. Newcastle Disease This viral infection affects the respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems of poultry. It is highly contagious and can be prevented through vaccination, proper sanitation, and isolation of infected birds. 1. Common Diseases in Commercial Poultry (Prevention and Control) Marek’s Disease Caused by a herpesvirus, Marek's disease leads to tumor formation and immune suppression. It can be prevented with vaccination of chicks, along with maintaining a clean environment. Coccidiosis A parasitic disease affecting the intestines, coccidiosis leads to poor growth and sometimes death. It is controlled through the use of anticoccidial drugs, proper sanitation, and rotation of litter. 1. Common Diseases in Commercial Poultry (Prevention and Control) Salmonellosis A bacterial infection that can cause gastrointestinal issues in poultry and pose a risk to humans. Preventive measures include vaccination, proper hygiene, and controlling feed and water sources to avoid contamination. Vaccination  2. Vaccination Programs for Large-scale Operations Vaccination is a cornerstone of disease prevention in large-scale poultry farming. It helps protect birds from viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections that can significantly impact productivity. Effective vaccination programs are tailored to the specific needs of broilers, layers, and breeders, considering factors such as local disease prevalence, bird type, and farm conditions. 2. Vaccination Programs for Large-scale Operations Common Vaccines Used in Poultry 1. Marek’s Disease Vaccine Purpose: Prevents Marek’s disease, a viral infection causing tumors and immune suppression. Administration: Subcutaneous injection. Dosage: 0.2 mL per chick at 1 day old. 2. Newcastle Disease (ND) Vaccine Purpose: Protects against Newcastle disease, which affects the respiratory, nervous, and digestive systems. Administration: Via eye drop, spray, or drinking water. Dosage: 1 dose per bird, following the manufacturer's instructions. 2. Vaccination Programs for Large-scale Operations 3. Bursal Disease (IBD/Gumboro) Vaccine Purpose: Prevents infectious bursal disease, which affects the immune system. Administration: Via drinking water or injection. Dosage: 1 dose per bird. 4. Fowl Pox Vaccine Purpose: Protects against fowl pox, a viral disease, causing lesions on the skin and mucous membranes. Administration: Wing-web stab. Dosage: 0.01 mL per bird at 6-8 weeks old. 2. Vaccination Programs for Large-scale Operations 5. Avian Influenza (AI) Vaccine Purpose: Protects against avian influenza (H5/H9 subtypes commonly used in the Philippines). Administration: Subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. Dosage: 0.5 mL per bird. ppression. 6. Salmonella Vaccine Purpose: Protects against Salmonella infections. Administration: Injection or drinking water. Dosage: 1 dose as per manufacturer instructions. 7. Coccidiosis Vaccine Purpose: Protects against coccidiosis, a parasitic disease. Administration: Spray on feed or drinking water. Dosage: 1 dose per chick at hatchery or early in life.  Sample Vaccination Schedule Broilers (Short-Lived Flock) Age (Days) Vaccine Route 1 Marek's Disease Subcutaneous 3-5 ND + IB (Live) Eye drop or spray 7-10 IBD (Intermediate strain) Drinking water 14-16 ND + IB (Booster) Eye drop or spray 18-21 Coccidiosis Drinking water  Bisecurity 0 Protocols 3 for Disease Biosecurity refers to a set of Prevention management practices and procedures designed to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases within and between poultry flocks. Strong biosecurity protocols are essential for maintaining healthy flocks, ensuring consistent production, and avoiding significant economic losses in commercial poultry operations.  Key Components of Biosecurity Protocols 1. Farm Perimeter and Access Control Physical Barriers – Secure fencing around the farm prevents unauthorized access and reduces the risk of disease transmission from wild animals, stray birds, or humans. Restricted Entry – Only essential personnel and vehicles should be allowed into the farm. Visitors must be limited, and anyone entering should follow strict biosecurity measures. Footbaths and Vehicle Disinfection – Disinfectant footbaths and wheel dips at entry and exit points help minimize the risk of introducing pathogens into the farm. 2. Personnel Hygiene Protective Clothing – Workers must wear dedicated farm clothing, including boots, gloves, and coveralls, that are regularly cleaned and disinfected. Hand Washing and Sanitization – Handwashing stations with disinfectants should be placed at entry points and used frequently by all personnel. Health Monitoring – Workers should be monitored for symptoms of illness, and those exhibiting signs of respiratory or zoonotic diseases should not be allowed to enter poultry areas.  Key Components of Biosecurity Protocols 3. Isolation of New or Sick Birds Quarantine Areas: New birds brought to the farm should be quarantined for at least 2-3 weeks to monitor for any signs of disease before introducing them to the main flock. Isolation of Infected Birds: Birds showing signs of illness must be isolated immediately to prevent the spread of infection. Sick birds should only be handled by designated personnel. 4. Pest and Wildlife Control Rodent Control: Regular use of rodenticides, traps, and structural modifications to prevent entry can control rodents, which are carriers of diseases like salmonella. Wild Bird Exclusion: Netting, wire mesh, or other barriers can keep wild birds out of poultry houses, reducing the risk of avian influenza and other pathogens. Insect Management: Use of insecticides or physical barriers can help reduce the population of flies, mosquitoes, and other insects that may carry diseases.  Key Components of Biosecurity Protocols 5. Cleaning and Disinfection Regular Cleaning: Poultry houses, feeders, and drinkers should be cleaned daily to prevent the buildup of waste and pathogens. Disinfecting Facilities: Disinfect poultry houses between production cycles and ensure equipment is thoroughly sanitized. Proper Litter Management: Remove and replace litter regularly to reduce the risk of coccidiosis and other litter-borne diseases. 6. Water and Feed Hygiene Clean Water Supply: Water should be treated and regularly tested to ensure it is free of contaminants and pathogens. Safe Feed Storage: Store feed in secure, dry locations to prevent contamination by rodents, insects, or mold.  Key Components of Biosecurity Protocols 7. Surveillance and Monitoring Health Checks: Conduct regular inspections of the flock for signs of illness, such as changes in behavior, reduced feed intake, or physical symptoms like coughing or diarrhea. Disease Testing: Use diagnostic testing to detect early signs of infection, especially for diseases with no visible symptoms. Record Keeping: Maintain detailed records of health status, vaccinations, mortality rates, and production performance. 8. Controlled Movements Animal Transport: Use only clean and disinfected vehicles for transporting birds. Feed Deliveries: Ensure feed trucks follow biosecurity protocols, including disinfection upon arrival and departure. Product Shipping: Clean and disinfect crates or containers used to transport eggs or processed birds.  Key Components of Biosecurity Protocols 9. Vaccination Programs Regular vaccination schedules help protect the flock against common infectious diseases, reducing the likelihood of outbreaks that compromise biosecurity. 10. Response Plans Disease Outbreak Response: Prepare a contingency plan for managing disease outbreaks, including immediate isolation, culling (if necessary), and reporting to authorities. Waste Disposal: Properly dispose of dead birds, manure, and other waste materials to prevent contamination.  Benefits of Effective Biosecurity Reduces the risk of disease outbreaks, which can lead to high mortality rates and financial losses. Minimizes the need for antibiotics and other medical treatments by preventing diseases proactively. Protects public health by reducing the risk of zoonotic diseases, such as avian influenza, from spreading to humans. Enhances the sustainability and reputation of poultry farming operations.  Challenges in Implementing Biosecurity Cost of materials, labor, and infrastructure upgrades. Lack of awareness or training among workers about biosecurity practices. Difficulties in controlling external factors, such as wildlife or neighboring farms with poor biosecurity.  04 Antibiotic Use and Alternatives in Commercial In commercial poultry production, antibiotics are Poultry often used to prevent and treat bacterial infections, support growth, and improve overall health. In the Philippines, as in many other countries, the use of antibiotics in poultry is guided by veterinary prescriptions and regulations to prevent antibiotic resistance, which is a growing concern. Below is an overview of the types of antibiotics commonly used in commercial poultry, as well as their dosages for broiler chicks, layers, and breeders.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 1. Chlortetracycline Uses: Chlortetracycline is a broad- spectrum antibiotic used to treat infections like respiratory diseases, enteritis, and chronic respiratory disease in poultry. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days. Layers: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days during times of stress or disease outbreaks. Breeders: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days when necessary, typically used for treating respiratory infections or stress- related issues.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 2. Amoxicillin Uses: A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against various bacterial infections, particularly those affecting the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 10-20 mg per kg of body weight in drinking water for 5-7 days. Layers: 10-20 mg per kg of body weight in drinking water for 5-7 days, especially when symptoms of respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases are observed. Breeders: 10-20 mg per kg of body weight for 5-7 days, often used to treat enteric or respiratory infections.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 3. Neomycin Uses: Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic primarily used to treat gastrointestinal infections, including colibacillosis and other intestinal bacterial infections. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days, typically used to treat colibacillosis and other enteric infections. Layers: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days. Breeders: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days during periods of intestinal stress or infections.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 4. Tylosin Uses: Tylosin is an antibiotic commonly used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic respiratory disease (CRD) and infections caused by Mycoplasma. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 200–400 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days. Layers: 200–400 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days when respiratory or Mycoplasma infections are suspected. Breeders: 200–400 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days during respiratory disease outbreaks.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 5. Oxytetracycline Uses: A tetracycline antibiotic used for the treatment of a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory infections, enteritis, and some types of bacterial infections that affect eggs. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days. Layers: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days during stress or disease. Breeders: 100–200 mg per liter of drinking water for 3-5 days, especially during periods of stress or infection.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 6. Sulfadimethoxine (Sulfonamides) Uses: Sulfadimethoxine is a sulfonamide antibiotic used to treat a range of bacterial infections, including coccidiosis (though coccidiostats are typically used for long-term prevention). Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days. Layers: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days for treating bacterial infections or as part of a treatment regimen for coccidiosis. Breeders: 0.1-0.2 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days, depending on the type of infection.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 7. Enrofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) Uses: A fluoroquinolone antibiotic used for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly respiratory and urinary tract infections. However, its use is often restricted or monitored due to concerns over resistance. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 5-10 mg per kg of body weight in drinking water for 3-5 days. Layers: 5-10 mg per kg of body weight for 3-5 days, especially in case of respiratory infections. Breeders: 5-10 mg per kg of body weight for 3-5 days during bacterial infection treatment.  Common Antibiotics used in Commercial Poultry 8. Colistin (Polymyxin E) Uses: Colistin is effective against Gram- negative bacterial infections, including E. coli and Salmonella, and is often used as a last-resort antibiotic. Dosage: Broiler Chicks: 0.05-0.1 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days for gastrointestinal infections. Layers: 0.05-0.1 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days. Breeders: 0.05-0.1 g per liter of drinking water for 5-7 days during periods of stress or infection.  Key Considerations Antibiotic Resistance – Overuse and misuse of antibiotics in poultry can lead to antibiotic resistance, which poses a significant threat to both animal and human health. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used under veterinary guidance, and their use should be minimized when possible. Withdrawal Period – Before poultry products (meat, eggs) are marketed, there must be a withdrawal period after antibiotic treatment to ensure that antibiotic residues do not remain in the food products. The withdrawal period varies depending on the antibiotic used and should always be adhered to as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. Combination Products – Some antibiotics are used in combination to enhance their effectiveness, such as sulfonamides with trimethoprim, or tylosin with other antibiotics. These combinations are often used for treating mixed infections. Veterinary Supervision – Dosages and treatments should always be administered under the guidance of a veterinarian, who can tailor the dosage and duration based on the specific health condition, age, and breed of the poultry.  Thank you! References Alders, R., & Pym, R. A. E. (2009). Poultry production in the Philippines: An overview of the industry's trends and issues. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Antibiotics and Alternatives in Poultry Health Management", by J. R. Gadde et al. (2017), in the Poultry Science journal. The article discusses the implications of antibiotic use in poultry and explores alternative approaches to maintaining flock health. Biosecurity for the Poultry Industry", by R. L. Graham (2006). This text provides a comprehensive guide on biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of poultry diseases. Gupta, R., & Sood, A. (2019). Antibiotic usage and resistance in poultry in the Philippines: A review. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 126(6), 1689-1701. Poultry Health and Disease Management", by R. S. Singh (2020). This book offers an in-depth look at various diseases in poultry, their prevention, and health management practices. Villar, C. P. (2017). Antibiotic use in poultry production in the Philippines: Current practices and challenges. Veterinary World, 10(5), 523-530.