Auditory Psychophysics Handout PDF

AUDITORY PSYCHOPHYSICS Basic Anatomical Model Group 3: Arrocena, Avida, Binamira, Esteban, Ferrer, Giague Auditory psychophysics is the study of how people respond to different sounds and how their ears and brain work together to process those sounds. (Themes, 2021) OUTER EAR IMAGE...

AUDITORY PSYCHOPHYSICS Basic Anatomical Model Group 3: Arrocena, Avida, Binamira, Esteban, Ferrer, Giague Auditory psychophysics is the study of how people respond to different sounds and how their ears and brain work together to process those sounds. (Themes, 2021) OUTER EAR IMAGE STRUCTURE Auricle/Pinna Made out of elastic cartilage (the same type of cartilage found in the epiglottis) Allows flexibility Helps maintain the shape and structure of the ear External Acoustic Meatus (Ear Canal) S-shaped curve canal Internal lining is composed of skin ⅓ lateral part of ear canal is cartilaginous ⅔ medial part of ear canal is bony Ceruminous Glands - secretes cerumen(earwax) and mixes with sebum and dead skin cells Hair Follicles - helps to trap any foreign debris  Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum) This is the organ that separates between the outer and inner ear. Responsible for sound transmission Protects the middle ear This is where the malleus (fist part of the ossicles) is connected. Cone of Light (Light Reflex) Connected by tensor tympani Pars Tensa Made out of hard irregular dense connective tissue Inferior part of the tympanic membrane Pars Flaccida Made out of the soft areolar connective tissue Superior part of the tympanic membrane INNERVATION Medial part (Malleus) of the lateral surface CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear N.) Posterior part of the lateral surface CN X (Vagus N.) Anterior part of the lateral surface CN V (Trigeminal N.), V3 Mandibular Branch MIDDLE EAR IMAGE STRUCTURE Malleus - Largest of the ossicles - Point of attachment with Tympanic Membrane - 9mm long, 25 mg Head - Where the bulk of the bone is Manubrium - Long process - Length is attached to the Tympanic membrane and ends at the lateral process Anterior and Lateral Processes - Points of attachments for ligaments Incus - Shaped like an anvil - approx. 30mg - 7mm long - moves as a unit with the malleus when the tympanic membrane vibrates Body of the incus - articulates with the malleus Long process - parallel with the manubrium - bends medially Lenticular process - articulates with the stapes Stapes - smallest of the ossicles - 4mg - 3.5 square millimeters in area Head - Connected by lenticular process of incus Anterior and posterior crura - Converges to footplate Footplate - Rests in oval window Incudostapedial joint - Ball-and-socket type of joint - Connects the incus and the stapes Tensor Tympani - approximately 25 mm long - pulls the mallus anteromedially which reduces range of movement of the TM - alongside the stapedius upon contraction, transmission of intensity of sound is dampened which protects the cochlea from damage from high-volume sound. - Innervated by CN V  Stapedius - 6mm long - inserts into the posterior neck of the stapes - When it contracts, the stapes are rotated posteriorly - Innervated by branch of CN VII Eustachian Tube - Pathway that connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear cavity - Opens up during swallowing and yawning - For adults it courses down at 45 degrees while in infants it is more horizontal - Balances pressure in the middle ear and releases any trapped fluid in the middle ear cavity. INNER EAR With Emphasis on the Auditory System. OSSEOUS/BONY LABYRINTH Cavity/tunnel like structures that house the membranous Labyrinth. IMAGE STRUCTURE Osseous Vestibule Central egg shaped cavity. Anterior to the semicircular canals and posterior to the cochlea. Semicircular Canals - House the sense organs for the movement of the body in space 1. Superior semicircular canal ○ sense movements of your head as it moves toward your shoulder 2. Posterior semicircular canal ○ sense the movement if you move your head to nod “yes.” 3. Lateral semicircular canal ○ Senses the movement if you shake your head “no”. *the names describing the orientation of each canal. Crus commune - Aperture shared by the anterior and posterior semicircular canals. Cochlea Resembles a coiled snail shell. 1/2 5/8 Coiled around itself between 2 and 2 times before reaching its apex. Modiolus Core of the osseous labyrinth. Finely perforated bone. *Fibers of the VIII vestibulocochlear nerve pass through these perforations on their way to ganglion cells. *Continuous with the internal auditory meatus of the temporal bone. Osseous spiral lamina An incomplete bony shelf protruding from the modiolus. *Becomes progressively smaller approaching the apex. Helicotrema Hook Like structure at the apex. Where the two bony channels surrounding the scala media meet. End of the Osseous spiral Lamina. *Allows perilymph to be continuous throughout the bony channel even though there is a division. Chambers Contain Perilymph Scala Vestibuli Scala Tympani The upper channel Lower channel - Where the oval - Where the round window forms its window forms its point of point of origin. origination. 3 Prominent Openings Oval Window Round Cochlear - Where the Window Aqueduct Stapes are - Provides - Connects the connected to. communication upper duct and between the the - Border of the scala tympani subarachnoid middle and inner and the middle space. ear. ear. - Permits - border of the communication middle and between the inner ear. scala vestibuli and the middle ear space.  MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH A fluid-filled (endolymph) sac that rests within the cavity of the bony labyrinth. IMAGE STRUCTURE Ampulla Expanded region of the semicircular canals near one opening to the vestibule. Houses a crista ampullaris. - Receptor organ for movement. Within the Vestibular System 2 “end organs” ; “Otolith Macula Organs” - Receptor *Communicate by means of the end organ. endolymphatic duct - Sensory Utricle Saccule organ, which - Larger than - Continuous is endowed Saccule. with the with hair cells Cochlea. and cilia. - Continuous with the Semicircular canals. Cochlear Duct - Scala Media Houses the sensory apparatus for hearing. Basilar Membrane The “floor” of the Scala Media that houses the Organ of Corti. Extremely thin *because of its role in supporting the traveling wave. Organ of Corti Organ of Hearing. Location of the Inner Hair Cells and Outer Hair Cells. Hearing Developmental Milestones Group 3: Arrocena, Avida, Binamira, Esteban, Ferrer, Giague Age Milestone/s 0 to 1 year old Birth to 3 Months - Attentive to sound (loud sounds, close sounds, LF sounds and HF sounds) - Ex. Reacting to your talking voice, makes sounds back. - More responsive towards LF sounds (vowels) than HF sounds (consonants). - Look towards voices or people talking. - Ex. Recognizes mother’s voice; listen to their own sounds. - Creates sound depending on their emotion (ex. happy/upset, cooing). - Makes sounds like “ooooo,” “aahh,” and “mmmmm.” - Recognizes loved ones and some common objections. 4 to 6 Months - Searches for sound by turning eyes and head. - Ex. cries when they don’t see their mother’s face, when hearing their mother's voice. - Recognizes familiar sounds. - Ex. sounds when feeding, environmental sounds, and speech sounds. - Responds to facial expressions. - Reacts to sounds like laughter or toys  with bells/music. - Ex. Enjoys hearing own sounds like gurgling, laughing, babbling, and using musical toys. - Vocalizes during play, using different vowel sounds or combined consonant sounds (ex. Blowing raspberries) - Sounds like “uuuuuummm,” “aaaaaaagoo,” or “daaaaaaaaaa.” 7 to 9 Months - Responds by looking when called at, or stopping when saying “No.” - Ex. Responding to simple sounds, such as names or requests. - Babbles long strings of sound - Sounds like “mamamama,” “upup,” or “babababa.” - Ex. understanding onomatopeias (learning to listen to sounds). - Recognizes the name of some people and objects. - Gestures by raising arm to be picked up. - Looks for loved ones when upset, and pushes away unwanted objects. - Experiences difficulty with sound localization. - Attends music/singing. 10 to 12 Months - Easily reaches for objects, such as pointing, waving, showing or giving objects. - Ex. can look for a named object that is out of sight - Imitates the sounds a person makes. - Imitates and initiates gestures for social interaction and playing games. - Ex. blowing kisses, playing peek-a-boo, dancing. - Responding by imitating simple words and phrases like “Go bye-bye” and “Look at Mommy.” - Ex. responds with one or two words, like mama, dada, hi and bye. - Understand common phrases.  - Responds to questions by searching and reacting physically to music. 1 to 3 years old 12 to 18 months - Pays attention to an item (e.g. book, toy) for about two minutes - Follows simple directions with gestures - Answers simple questions non-verbally - Ex. Nodding to: “Are you hungry?” - Points to make requests, to comment, or to get information - Begins to produce non-repetitive syllables - Ex. ba-ma, ba-go - Looks around when asked “where” questions 18 to 24 months - Follows simple commands without gestures - Correctly pronounces most vowels and n, m, p, h, especially in the beginning of syllables and short words - Makes animal sounds - Ex. moo, meow, arf - Starts to combine words - Ex. “More milk.” - Begins to use pronouns - Ex. me, mine, you - Understands when called from another room - Follows a conversation when the topic is known - Uses and understands atleast 50 different words, although speech may not always be clear - Ex. dah for dog, cah for cat 2 to 2 ½ years - Responds to simple questions - Ex. “What’s that?” - Follows simple instructions - Ex. “Hold the ball.” - Says their name when asked - Uses some plural words - Ex. toys, dogs - Correctly pronounces most vowels and b, h, w, d in words  - Answers questions about a story - Ex. Responding to: “What is the name of the princess?” 2 ½ to 3 years - Uses question inflection to ask for something - Ex. “My toy?” - Begins making cognitive judgments about what was heard - Ex. Responding to: “Tell me about your trip to the toy store awhile ago.” (auditory processing) - Speech becomes more accurate, but may still lack ending sounds - Follows two-part instructions - Ex. Acting upon: “Get the fork and put it on the plate.” 3 years old to 5 years old 3 years - Listens to and enjoys hearing stories for longer periods - Follow instructions with 2-3 steps - Understands the concept of “same” and “different” - Recognizes and identifies common environmental sound - Ex. doorbell, telephone - Answers simple “who”, “what,” and “where” questions - Ex. Responding to “What’s your name?” or “Where is the ball?” 3 ½ years old - Begins to identify and differentiate between voice volumes (loud vs. soft sounds) - Discriminates sounds in noisy environments - Understand sentences with relative clauses - Ex. “The ball that is on the table” - Can segment simple sentences into individual words (auditory segmentation) - Ex. Understands when an adult says “The ball is big” and can separate “ball” and “big  4 ½ years - Improves in recognizing and responding to differences between similar-sounding words - Starts to understand humor, jokes, and simple wordplay - Shows improved ability to focus on tasks for longer periods even with distractions - Ex. The Child can continue to listen to a story even with background noise such as TV 5 years - Can follow more complex multi-step instructions - Understands spatial relationships - Ex. Understands “behind”, “in front of” - Recognizes differences in pitch and melody of sounds - Demonstrates knowledge of categories by grouping items that sound alike - Ex. Identifying all instruments - Can identify beginning sounds in words (phonemic awareness) - Ex. When the child is asked, “What sound does ‘dog’ start with?" and the child says /d/ (the "d" sound). References American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2023, November). Communication Milestones: Age Ranges. ASHA. https://www.asha.org/public/developmental-milestones/communication-milestones/ Fuller, D. R., Pimentel, J. T., & Peregoy, B. M. (2012). Applied Anatomy & Physiology for Speech-language Pathology & Audiology. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. Hearing First. (2022). Hearing First. Development Milestones Birth to Eight Years. https://www.hearingfirst.org/m/resources/149 MILESTONES IN CHILDREN. (2023). World Health Organization (WHO). https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/ncds/hearing-and-language-milestones-in- children_compressed.pdf?sfvrsn=cf08c54e_3 Nationwide Children's. (2024). Hearing Developmental Milestones Checklist. Nationwide Children's. https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/hearing-program/speech-services-for-he aring-loss/hearing-developmental-milestones-checklist?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEA AR3lRFSeQTFdDhDbH_kUFmKFEh_A9TcX4-o1CwxEJ4yNh6GvQF5fDwBD6WA_aem_ fymzkVfoeCBkFay9iGb_Tw Nationwide Children's Hospital. (n.d.). Hearing Developmental Milestones Checklist. Nationwide Children's Hospital. https://www.nationwidechildrens.org/specialties/hearing-program/speech-services-for-he aring-loss/hearing-developmental-milestones-checklist?fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEA AR08tKgGkOy67XVHyOVpN9UJbwciDnh04plBJdfIo3TVsUpAky-nm15TZ04_aem_gQw TnQc1V5bm9U4Hd7kxLg Seikel, J. A., Drumright, D. G., & Hudock, D. J. (2019). Anatomy & Physiology for Speech, Language, and Hearing, Sixth Edition. Plural Publishing, Incorporated. Themes, U. (2021, August 28). Auditory Psychophysics. Ento Key. https://entokey.com/auditory-psychophysics/ World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Hearing and Language Milestones in Children. World Health Organization. https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/ncds/hearing-and-language-milestones-in- children_compressed.pdf?sfvrsn=cf08c54e_3&fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAR35lnih  Fi0dYJkz9fWGLWEqvt0J9u1rbqHpbS-7z10YfJDADDhE_tqyKPg_aem_qRTsKhdu2tg1d MFOwi4yEg World Health Organization (WHO). (2023, April 20). Primary ear and hearing care: trainer's handbook - flyer. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/community-resource-3-hearing-and-language-mi lestones-in-children ‌