Vitamin B Complex (Group 3 & 4) PDF

**VITAMIN B COMPLEX** ------------------------------------------------------ **GROUP III: CELL GROWTH AND BLOOD-FORMING FACTORS** ------------------------------------------------------ - **FOLIC ACID** - **COBALAMIN (B12)** ---------------- **FOLIC ACID** ---------------- **Func...

**VITAMIN B COMPLEX** ------------------------------------------------------ **GROUP III: CELL GROWTH AND BLOOD-FORMING FACTORS** ------------------------------------------------------ - **FOLIC ACID** - **COBALAMIN (B12)** ---------------- **FOLIC ACID** ---------------- **Functions:** - Responsible in the transfer of one carbon units to appropriate metabolites in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, methionine and serine, - Required for one step conversion of histidine into glutamic acid, - Essential for the formation of both RBC and WBC in the bone marrow and for their maturation. **Stability:** - unstable to heat in acid media. - stable to sunlight when in solution. - there is folic acid loss in vegetables during storage at room temperature. - folic acid is destroyed when food is processed in high temperature. **Deficiency:** - poor growth - megaloblastic anemia (results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production) and other blood disorders - **Glossitis** - inflammation of the tongue. - GIT disturbances arising form inadequate dietary intake - impaired absorption - excessive demand by tissues of the body - **Metabolic Derangement** - primary disturbances in adipose tissue. **Food Source:** - **best source** - liver, kidney - beans, lima beans, spinach, asparagus, broccoli - **good source** - lean beef - potatoes - whole-wheat bread - dried beans - **poor source** - most meats - milk - most fruits - eggs - root vegetables --------------------- **COBALAMIN (B12)** --------------------- **Functions:** - it is essential for normal metabolism and growth of cells (GI tract, bone marrow and nervous tissue), - together with folic acid, choline and methionine they aids in the transfer of methyl groups in the synthesis of nucleic acid, purines and pyramidine intermediates, - involved in myelin formation. - it is essential for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism and is associated with folic acid absorption and metabolism. - **Choline** is an essential nutrient that is naturally present in some foods and available as a dietary supplement. - **Methionine** is an amino acid - **Purines** - a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation. - **Pyrimidine** is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine **Myelin** - a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted. **Stability:** - approximately 70% of the vitamin activity is retained during cooking. **Deficiency:** - demyelination of the large nerve fibers of the spinal cord. - **Demyelination** - a degenerative process that erodes away the myelin sheath that normally protects nerve fibers. - **Pernicious Anemia** - is a decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12. **Toxicity:** - no known toxic effect. **Food Sources:** - animal protein +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **GROUP IV: OTHER RELATED FACTORS** | | | | **(PSEUDO VITAMINS)** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ - **INOSITOL CHOLINE** - **CHOLINE** ---------------------- **INOSITOL CHOLINE** ---------------------- **Functions:** - It occurs in meat and meat extractives, muscle and glandular organs, brain legumes and nuts, fruits, vegetables and grains. - It is abundant in the diet; minimum requirements for inositol are not known - its chemistry is closely similar to glucose - called "muscle sugar" - it is **lipotropic agent** -- help in the transport and metabolism of fats. ------------- **CHOLINE** ------------- **Function:** - it is a lipotropic agent -- it mobilizes fat and prevents the build-up of fatty acids, - needed for fat transport as a constituent of phospholipids, namely lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin, **Deficiency**: - results in fatty livers as seen in chronic alcoholism and kwashiorkor - **Kwashiorkor** - also known as "edematous malnutrition" because of its association with edema (fluid retention), is a nutritional disorder most often seen in regions experiencing famine. It is a form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein in the diet. - **symptoms:** - change in skin and hair color (to a rust color) and texture - fatigue - diarrhea - loss of muscle tone - failure to grow or gain weight - edema (swelling) of the ankles, feet, and belly - damaged immune system, which can lead to more frequent and severe infections - Irritability - flaky rash - shock - **treatment:** - eat more protein and more calories - long-term vitamin and mineral supplementation to your diet. **Food Sources:** - egg yolk - liver, kidney, brain, heart - meat - legumes - nuts - yeast - wheat germ **GROUP 4** **MICRONUTRIENTS** -------------- **MINERALS** -------------- - pertain to the elements in their simple inorganic form, - commonly referred as mineral elements, - known as trace elements or trace, minerals for those present or required in small amounts, - 21 mineral elements -- known to be essential, - the minerals of the body are: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, zinc, selenium, manganese, copper, iodine, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, fluorine, vanadium, nickel, tin, and silicon - traces of: barium, bromine, strontium, gold, silver, aluminum, bismuth, gallium, arsenic and others **Mineral Groups:** A. Group I: Major Minerals B. Group II: Trace Minerals C. Group III: Other Trace Minerals ---------------------------- A. Group I: Major Minerals ---------------------------- 1. **Calcium** 2. **Magnesium** 3. **Sodium** 4. **Potassium** 5. **Phosphorus** 6. Sulfur 7. Chlorine --------- Calcium --------- - approximately 1.5% to 2.2% is calcium of the total body weight. - 99% is mostly present in the bones and teeth - 1% is found in the soft tissues and body fluids and serves important unrelated functions to bone structure **Function:** - calcium combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate -- the hard material of the bones and teeth. - calcium participates in muscular contraction and relaxation. - promotes blood coagulation. - affects the transport function of the cell membrane, possibly acting as a membrane stabilizer. - required in nerve transmission and regulation of the heart beat. **Factors that influence Calcium absorption:** 1. Calcium absorption is better during periods of increase body needs, such as: - growth - pregnancy - lactation - There is decreased absorption in old age. 2. Vitamin enhances the optimum absorption of calcium. 3. Low gastric Ph favors the absorption of calcium. Hypochlorhydria causes the precipitation of the mineral. 4. Normal protein diet -- no effect on calcium absorption. - High meat intake diet (Westerners) increases the excretion of calcium in the urine even if lysine, arginine & serine increase the absorption by 50%. 5. High ratio of lactose to calcium that is necessary for the formation of a soluble complex. 6. Ca:P ratio of 1.5:1 -- infants ratio of calcium to phosphorus -- important in the absorption. - 1:1 -- ratio for adult -- necessary for better absorption 7. Oxalic and phytic acids interfere with the absorption of calcium. - **Phytic acid** is a plant\'s storage form of the essential mineral phosphorous - **Oxalic acid** is a naturally-occurring organic compound also found in plants. - depresses calcium absorption by forming insoluble salts. **Oxalic acid** is present in: fruits and vegetables: - alagaw, alugbati, kamias, kulitis, kutsarita, alasiman, unripe tamarind leaves & spinach) **Phytic Acid** is found in: wheat bread & oat meal. 8. Fats in excess may form insoluble soaps with calcium. 9. Decrease in calcium absorption when there is an increase in the GI motility like laxative and food high in bulk -- it reduces the rate of passage of food in the GI tract. 10. Lack of exercise 11. Decrease calcium absorption - if found out in mental stress or emotional instability. - alcohol intake 12. Caffeine increases urinary calcium excretion **Food Sources** 1. Kuhol 2. seaweed gamet 3. malunggay leaves 4. saluyot 5. carabao's milk 6. dilis 1. hipon, tagunton 2. susong pilipit 3. Talangka 4. Silinyasi 5. Cheese 6. bagoong 1. dried fish 2. Alakaak 3. Biya 4. Galunggong 5. Sardines 6. dried ayungin 1. dried dilis 2. dried hibi 3. milk, evaporated **Effects of deficiency:** - retarded growth - rickets - **osteomalacia** - reduction in the mineral content of the bone is observed - **tetany** - caused by reduction in circulating ionized calcium resulting in the increases excitability of the nerve and uncontrolled reaction of muscle tissue. **Effects of excess:** - **hypercalcemia** - is a condition in which the calcium level in the blood is above normal. **NOTE:** recommended calcium intake (table 22) (page 99) ----------- Magnesium ----------- - 50% is present in the bones together with phosphate and calcium. **Function:** - essential part of many enzyme systems responsible for the transfer of energy. - important in photosynthetic reaction in plants - essential in cellular metabolism - regulates blood phosphorus level - promote the conduction of nerve impulses and to allow normal muscle contraction. - increase the stability of calcium in the tooth enamel. **Food sources:** 1. nuts 2. soybeans 3. meat 4. cocoa 5. sea foods 6. whole grains 7. dried beans 8. green plants 9. peas **Effects of deficiency in magnesium:** - magnesium deficiency (hypomagnesemic tetany) - observed among infants and children suffering from kwashiorkor and diseases. - characterized by: intestinal malabsorption, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, alcoholism - those persons maintained for long periods of time on magnesium-free fluids following surgery or diuretics. - hypercalcemia, diabetes and acute renal failure with polyuria **Effects of excess in magnesium** - hypermagnesemia or toxicity stage -- resulting to: - hypertension, - arrhythmia or even cardiac arrest, - ECG changes, - decrease tendon reflexes and coma -------- Sodium -------- **Function:** - responsible for maintaining fluid balance - responsible for maintaining acid-base balance - allows the passage of materials and maintain normal muscle irritability or excitability **Food Sources:** - Carrots - Celery - Beets - soy sauce (toyo) - Catsup - Spinach - peas - Vetsin - NaCl (40% Na)- 1gm NaCl-- 400mg Na) - fish sauce (patis) - processed foods (tapa, tocino, bacon, ham, hotdog) - preservatives and additive - canned foods (luncheon meat, sardines) **Effects of deficiency in sodium:** - hyponatremia-- can occur in dehydration as in heat exhaustion during: - intake of large amt of H2O w/o providing additional salt - after surgery with severe loss of blood - diarrhea and vomiting - long term treatment of sodium free diet **Effects of excess sodium in the diet** - edema (often occurs in conditions like HPN, and kidney disorders **Prevention** - Sodium restriction in the diet is recommended - **RDA** - no specific amt required, it will depend on the body's specific needs. ----------- Potassium ----------- **Function** - maintains fluid and electrolyte balance - participates in the acid-base balance and has a significant role in the activity of the skeletal and cardiac muscles. - acts as muscle relaxant (opposite of calcium --stimulate muscle contraction) - important in protein and carbohydrates metabolism **Food Sources** 1. Meat 2. Legumes 3. Milk 4. raw and dried fruits 5. fruit juice 6. dark green vegetables 7. unrefined cereals - **RDA** = 2-6 gm potassium **Effects of potassium deficiency** - hypokalemia d/t vomiting, diarrhea, or gastric suction of diabetic acidosis - apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern - muscular weakness - mental confusion - abdominal distension **Effects of excess potassium** - hyperkalemia- the kidney fails to excrete potassium properly resulting in toxic levels causes: - weakening of heart action - mental confusion - poor respiration, and - numbness of extremities ------------ Phosphorus ------------ **Function** - a component of bones and teeth and of every cell - important in pH regulation (pH-potential of Hydrogen)- (A measure of acidity or alkalinity of water soluble substances) - involved in **phosphorylation**-- facilitates in the passage of substance through cell membranes. **Food sources** 1. Cheese 2. milk 3. dairy products 4. meat 5. poultry 6. fish 7. eggs 8. dried beans **Effects of excess phosphorus** - **natural phosphates --** no harm (excretes thru stool) - **elemental phosphorus** -- highly poisonous -- can cause bone erosion and it is common in match industry workers. -------- Sulfur -------- **Function** - maintains protein structure - activates enzyme - participates in the detoxification reactions **Food sources** - protein contains 1% sulfur -- adequate protein means enough sulfur **Effects of deficiency or excess** - **cystinuria**-- an excessive urine excretion of amino acid cystine due to hereditary defect in tubular reabsorption. - **kidney stones** -- are formed due to repeated production of cystine in the kidney ---------- Chlorine ---------- **Function** - maintains fluid and electrolyte balance and acid base balance - contributes to the acidity necessary in the stomach (HCL) **Food source** - table salt **Effects of deficiency** - **alkalosis** -- when there is an excessive loss of chloride ions from the gastric secretions due to vomiting, diarrhea, or tube drainage. ----------------------------- B. Group II: Trace Minerals ----------------------------- 1. Iron 2. Copper 3. Iodine 4. Manganese 5. Cobalt 6. Zinc 7. Molybdenum ------ Iron ------ **Function** - serves as a carrier of oxygen needed for cellular respiration - necessary for hemoglobin formation - involved in the conversion of betacarotine into: - vitamin A - synthesis of purines - antibody production - collagen synthesis and - other functions associated with respiratory chain **Types of Iron** 1. Heme iron - found only in meat (fish and poultry) - efficiently absorb by the body is typically absorbed at a higher rate than non-heme iron, which means that the body more easily absorbs iron from animal products than iron derived from plant foods 2. **Non-heme iron** - found in cereals, vegetables and eggs - filipino diet -- found in vegetables or non-animal source - eat meat with non-heme iron and vit.C helps with the absorption of non-heme iron in the body. **Food sources** 1. Organ meats- liver (pork)14mg/100gm 2. enriched rice 3. rice bran 4. spaghetti 5. dried beans 6. ampalaya leaves 7. kulitis 8. sweet potato or kamote leaves 9. Iron 1. gabi leaves 2. seaweeds 3. malunggay leaves 4. peanuts 5. green and red monggo 6. mustard leaves 7. petsay 1. saluyot 2. sitaw leaves 3. soybeans 4. pork kidney, pork spleen, pork lungs 5. beef liver 1. egg 2. alimango 3. aligue 4. clams 5. hipon tagunton 6. tulingan 7. sesame seeds **Effects of deficiency** - **anemia**, charactererized by: - a reduction in size or - decrease in the number of RBC or - decrease in the quantity of Hemoglobin or - both resulting in decrease capacity of the blood to carry oxygen - **causes:** nutritional anemia (inadequate intake of iron caused by poor quality sources or poor cookery) - hemorrhagic anemia ( excessive excretion of iron caused by blood loss in pregnancy, parasitism and blood donation - **pernicious anemia** (vitamin B12 deficiency) (inadequate formation of RBC) **Symptoms:** - pallor - easy fatigue - dizziness - insomnia - lack of appetite **Effects of excess iron** 1. **Hemosiderosis** or excessive amount of Fe in the body - **Causes:** excessive iron intake thru the use of supplements - the body fails to regulate iron absorption **common among:** - foods cooked in iron pots - Fe supplements given to infants more than of what is desired - multiple blood transfusion 2. **Hemocromatosis**-- a genetically transmitted disease in which patients absorb unusually large amounts of iron and store them in tissues that normally do not store iron. **Important facts of iron** - Iron in green leafy vegetable is poorly absorbed d/t an increase fiber in the diet interferes with the iron absorption. - Coffee intake can reduce iron absorption much more with strong coffee. - Iron absorption increases from 3.7% to 10.4% if 40mg to 50mg ascorbic acid is added to bread, egg, and tea or coffee. -------- Copper -------- - though all tissues in the body contains traces of copper, large amounts are found in the liver, brain, heart and kidney. **Function** - essential in the formation of hemoglobin - promotes absorption of iron from the GIT and transportation from the tissues to the plasma. - A valuable catalyst in oxidation-reduction mechanism of living cells as well as constituent of several of the oxidative enzymes for amino acids. - helps maintain the integrity of the myelin sheath surrounding the nerve fibers. - part of **tyrosinase**-- a copper containing enzyme that is involved in the formation of melanin pigment of hair and skin. - helps in the bone formation **Food sources:** ppm (parts per million / out of a million) 1. organ meats 2. shellfish (oyster) 3. nut 4. cocoa 5. cherries 6. mushroom 7. whole grain 8. cereals 9. Copper **Food sources: Moderate** 1. leafy vegetables 2. Eggs 3. beans 4. peas 5. muscle meat 6. fish 7. poultry 8. fresh fruits 9. refined cereals **Effects of copper deficiency** - depigmentation of skin and hair - CNS abnormalities - **hypotonia** - an abnormally low level of muscle tone. - **hypothermia** - body loses heat faster than it can produce heat - **chronic microcytic anemi**a -- caused by Iron deficiency - skeletal mineralization in infants and children - **Wilson's disease --** excessive accumulation of copper in the body - is a rare genetic disorder that causes copper poisoning in the body. - Also known as hepatolenticular degeneration and progressive lenticular degeneration, **Symptoms** - Fatigue, lack of appetite or abdominal pain. - A yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eye (jaundice) - Golden-brown eye discoloration (Kayser-Fleisches rings) - Fluid buildup in the legs or abdomen. - Problems with speech, swallowing or physical coordination. - Uncontrolled movements or muscle stiffness. **Treatment** - chelating agents such as: - D-penicillamine and - trientine **life expectancy** - Without treatment it is estimated to be 40 years, but with prompt and efficient treatment, patients may have a normal lifespan. **Diet** **high copper foods must be restricted in the diet:** - organ meats, - shellfish, - dried beans, - peas, - whole wheat, and - chocolate that is high in cocoa such as dark chocolate. **Low Copper Foods:** - beef - eggs - white meat turkey and chicken - most vegetables including fresh tomato - rice, bread and pasta from refined flour - regular oatmeal - butter, cream, margarine, mayonnaise - coffee, tea, fruit juices, lemonade -------- Iodine -------- - adult body contains 20 to 30 mg - 8 mg (70%-80%) concentrated in the thyroid gland. - remaining mg are distributed to all tissues, especially in the ovaries, muscles and blood. **Function** - needed for the production of thyroid hormone - an element required for thyroxine synthesis **Food sources** 1. seafoods 2. seaweeds 3. iodized salt **Effects on iodine deficiency** - **Goiter**-- an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland. **Symptoms of a goiter may include:** - Swelling at the base of the neck. - A tight feeling in the throat. - Hoarseness. - Coughing. - Difficulty breathing. - Difficulty swallowing. - Dizziness when the arms are raised above the head. - Neck vein swelling. ----------- Manganese ----------- - 10 to 20 mg manganese (adult body) - concentrated in the liver and kidneys - small amounts in tissues: retina, bones and salivary glands. **Functions** - an activator of a number of metabolic reactions - acts as catalyst of a number of enzymes necessary in glucose and fat metabolism - increases the storage of thiamine **Food sources** 1. nuts 2. whole grain 3. dried legumes 4. tea 5. green leafy vegetables 6. dried fruits 7. fresh fruits 8. non-leafy vegetables -------- Cobalt -------- - only trace amounts are found in the body **Function** - a constituent of Vitamin B12 - necessary for RBC Formation (folic Acid) - essential for normal functioning of the cells **Food Sources** 1. liver 2. oyster 3. clams 4. lean beef 5. veal - meat of calves 6. saltwater fish 7. milk **Effects of deficiency or excess** - deficiency -- pernicious anemia excess - polycythemia or increase number of RBC - hyperplasia of bone marrow the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer. - **RDA** - cobalt is restricted to the body's needs for vitamin B12 -- the body cannot utilize cobalt to synthesize the vitamin ------ Zinc ------ - occurs in all human cells: eyes, male sex glands secretions, hair, skin and its appendages, liver, pancreas, kidney, bones and teeth (contains higher level) and fluids - 2 to 5 mgs in the body - 700 to 800 mg zinc concentration in the body - 80% in the RBC, 4%-WBC and platelets and the rest are distributed in the serum together with protein - 90mg/100ml of serum zinc - 3 to 4mg zinc/liter in human milk and it will increase depending on the maternal intake. - part of several metalloenzymes, are enzyme proteins containing metal ions - acts as regulator of enzyme activities in the body, - enhances wound healing and helps maintain a normal sense of taste, - **present in RNA** - a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, - related to hormone insulin, glucagons, ACTH, growth hormone, gonadotropin and testosterone. - **Insulin** - helps keeps your blood sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia) - **Glucagons**- a hormone formed in the pancreas which promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver. ACTH(Adrenocorticotropic hormone)- is a hormone produced in the anterior, or front, pituitary gland in the brain. Its function is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland. - **Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin** - also known as humangrowth hormone (hGH or HGH) in its human form - is a peptidehormone that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals. It is thus important in human development. - **Gonadotropin**- Hormones that are secreted by the pituitary gland, and that affect the function of the male or female gonads. - **Testosterone**- a steroid hormone that stimulates development of male secondary sexual characteristics, produced mainly in the testes, but also in the ovaries and adrenal cortex. **Food sources** 1. milk 2. meat 3. wheat 4. bran 5. liver 6. oyster 7. eggs 8. nuts 9. legumes 10. whole grain cereals **Effects of zinc deficiency** - slow growth - alopecia - disturbances in the keratinization process in the skin and esophagus - delayed sexual maturation - white cell defects - hypospermia - is a condition in which a man has an unusually low ejaculate (or semen) volume, less than 1.5 ml. (normal is 2 to 5ml) - night blindness **Effects of excess in zinc** - nausea - vomiting - abdominal cramps - diarrhea - fever ------------ Molybdenum ------------ - 9mg present in the body - important as B vitamins and magnesium - it is concentrated in the liver, kidneys, adrenal glands and blood cells. **Function** - integral part of various enzyme molecules - **xanthine oxidase aldehyde oxidase Flavoprotein:** - oxidation catalyst of aldehyde oxidase aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic acid and sulfite oxidase which function in the degradation of sulfur derived from amino acid **Food sources** 1. dried peas 2. beans 3. lean meats 4. poultry - **RDI -** 50 to 500mg of molybdenum daily intake for adults -- safe and adequate **Effects of molybdenum deficiency** - headache - irritability - night blindness - lethargy - coma - abnormal metabolism of sulfur containing acids - abnormal degradation of nucleic acids ------------------------------------ C. Group III: Other Trace Minerals ------------------------------------ 1. Fluorine 2. Selenium 3. Chromium 4. Vanadium ---------- Fluorine ---------- - found primarily in bones and teeth, - only trace amounts are found in the thyroid gland and skin. **Function** - forms a more stable compound in the dentine and enamel of the teeth thus reducing dental caries and minimizing bone loss. - effective treatment for osteoporosis **Food Sources** - **water** -- major source of flourine ( obtained thru natural source or thru flouridation. - **small amount:** fruits, vegetables and cereals - **rich amounts:** sea foods and tea leaves - **chief source:** water and topical agents (toothpaste) - according to WHO: flouridated salt/milk **Effects of flourine deficiency:** - dental caries **Effects of excess flourine** - **dental flourosis**-- melting of the enamel (2-8ppm) - **osteoporosis** (8-20ppm) - growth depression (50 ppm or more) - fatal poisoning (extremely high levels) ---------- Selenium ---------- - dependent on the soil content where the food source is grown. **Function** - reduces or prevents the effects vitamin E deficiency. - a component of glutathione peroxidase (GP) -- responsible for activating the peroxides that causes the oxidation and rancidity of fats **Food sources** 1. organ meats 2. cereals 3. muscle meats 4. dairy products **Effects of deficiency or excess** - muscle pain and tenderness - pancreatic degeneration - hemolytic anemia ---------- Chromium ---------- - 6 to 10 mg -- fatal content of Cr in the body **Function** - raises abnormally low fasting blood sugar levels and improves faulty uptake of sugar by body tissues. - stimulates the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol in the liver. **Food sources** 1. corn oil 2. vegetables 3. clams 4. meats 5. whole grain cereals - **RDI** - 50 to 200 mcg/day -- normal adult ---------- Vanadium ---------- - constituent of human tissue **Function** - involved in the appetite crystal formation of teeth enamel -- may contribute to resistance to dental decay - **RDI** - 0.1 to 0.3 mg/day