Week 14 Notes - Vitamin & Minerals.pdf

Micronutrients Functions Prepared by Dr. Shelby Kloiber  Energy Metabolism What to Expect: Vitamins and minerals –Do not directly provide energy –Are needed for generating energy from macronutrients –Often function as coenzymes –Are organic essential nu...

Micronutrients Functions Prepared by Dr. Shelby Kloiber  Energy Metabolism What to Expect: Vitamins and minerals –Do not directly provide energy –Are needed for generating energy from macronutrients –Often function as coenzymes –Are organic essential nutrients needed in small amounts by the body B-vitamins are particularly important in assisting energy metabolism through their actions as coenzymes.  Review: Classification of Vitamins Water Soluble Fat Soluble B-complex, vitamin C, folate Vitamins A, D, E,K and B12 Absorbed into the lymphatic Absorbed directly into the system and then the blood blood Require a protein or lipid Travel freely carrier for transport Excess excreted in the urine Can accumulate in liver or Needed in frequent doses (1-3 adipose tissue days) Needed in periodic doses (weeks or months)  Vitamins and Metabolism Vitamins –Are required for proper metabolism –Do not directly provide energy –Can be destroyed by conditions including light and heat exposure –Are necessary for obtaining energy from the macronutrients –Often function as coenzymes  B-Complex Vitamins Riboflavin (vitamin Vitamin B6 Thiamin (vitamin B1) Niacin (vitamin B3) B2) (pyridoxine) Thiamin is a part of Component of two Two forms: Group of three related coenzyme thiamin coenzymes (FMN and Nicotinamide and compounds pyrophosphate (TPP) FAD) involved in nicotinic acid Part of a coenzyme which is required for oxidation-reduction Coenzyme (NADP and (PLP) for more than 100 metabolism of glucose reactions within the NAD) assisting with enzymes in amino acid and branched-chain electron transport chain energy metabolism of metabolism amino acids Part of coenzyme carbohydrates and fatty Helps to convert Assists in production of required by glutathione acids tryptophan to niacin DNA and RNA and peroxidase to fight NAD can be made from and to serotonin synthesis of oxidative damage tryptophan (amino acid) Helps to make red neurotransmitters (antioxidant) in very limited amounts blood cells Figure 8.1  B-Complex Vitamins Pantothenic acid Biotin Pantothenic Acid Choline is a vitamin-like substance. Component of Part of coenzymes Component of Typically grouped coenzymes for fatty involved in coenzymes for fatty with B-vitamins acid metabolism metabolism of acid metabolism because of its role Required for carbohydrates, fat, Required for in fat synthesizing and proteins synthesizing digestion/transport cholesterol, Important for cholesterol, and its role in steroids, gluconeogenesis steroids, homocysteine detoxification of detoxification of metabolism drugs drugs  Vitamins and Metabolism B-vitamins play an important role in energy metabolism.  Water Soluble Vitamins Vitamin C Folate B12 (Cobalamin) Synthesis of collagen, DNA, DNA synthesis, amino acid Coenzyme for DNA bile, neurotransmitters metabolism synthesis (serotonin), carnitine, Critical for cell division of Maintains myelin sheath of hormones (thyroxine, very early embryos nerve fibers epinephrine, steroids) Functions with B12 and B6 Metabolism of amino acid Prevents the disease scurvy metabolism homocysteine Strengthens resistance to Regeneration of folic acid infection Alterations in status mimic Helps in absorption of iron those seen with iron and folate  Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K As an antioxidant Regulates blood calcium Protects below lipids from Primary Function—acts as →scavenges free radicals levels free radicals: a coenzyme for the and protects LDL from Regulates calcium and Polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesis of proteins oxidation phosphorus absorption (PUFAs) involved in blood clotting. Essential for healthy vision from the small intestine Cell membranes These proteins include: Cell differentiation, process Stimulates osteoclasts LDL from oxidation Prothrombin by which stem cells mature when calcium is needed Protects red blood cell Clotting factors VII, IX, into specialized cells elsewhere in the body membranes and lung cells and X Differentiates immune cells Necessary for bone Anticoagulant properties, K2 essential for bone and (T cells) to assist in fighting calcification opposes excessive clot connective tissue infection formation May decrease cancer Important for normal nerve Sperm production and growth and muscle development fertilization Immune cells proliferation Enhances immune system Bone growth and differentiation Promotes vitamin A absorption, if low  The Minerals About 16 are known to be essential Are inorganic elements required in small amounts – Two types: major and trace Influence body fluids, assist in chemical reactions, and are part of the body structure. Are indestructible but may be bound or dissolved into water [*] for board purposes ONLY, textbooks still list F as beneficial for cavity prevention and stronger bones.  Review: Classification Minerals Definitions Major Minerals Trace Minerals Major Minerals Calcium Iron Needed in amounts > 100 mg/day in diet Phosphorus Zinc Amount in the body is Sodium Copper greater than 5 grams Trace Minerals Potassium Manganese Needed in amounts Chloride Fluoride* < 100 mg/day in Magnesium Chromium diet Amount in the body is Sulfur Molybdenum less than 5 grams Selenium Iodine  Major Minerals Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Form and maintain Required for fluid A mineral found in bones and teeth balance bone structure Assists with acid-base Critical role in bone Cofactor for over 300 balance formation enzyme systems Transmission of nerve Regulates biochemical Supports vitamin D impulses pathways by metabolism, Assist in muscle activating or muscle contractions, contraction deactivating enzymes and blood clotting (phosphorylation) Found in ATP, DNA, RNA  Major Minerals Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfur Allows cells to Together with Coupled with sodium Component of maintain fluid sodium, maintains in the extracellular thiamin and biotin balance fluid balance and fluid to maintain fluid Component of Blood pressure regulates balance thiamin and biotin regulation transmission of nerve Part of HCl in Required for Transmission of nerve impulses, and muscle stomach aiding in detoxification of signals contraction digestion alcohol and drugs by Muscle contraction High potassium Assists the immune the liver and relaxation intake helps maintain system a lower blood Transmission of nerve Assists in glucose pressure impulses absorption from the small intestine  Trace Minerals Iodine Chromium Manganese Fluoride* Selenium Critical for the Assists insulin as A cofactor in Development Antioxidant: Part synthesis of it transports protein, fat, and and of the thyroid glucose from the carbohydrate maintenance of glutathione hormones blood into the metabolism, teeth and bones peroxidase Thyroid cells gluconeogenesis, Combines with enzyme system hormones Important for cholesterol calcium and Decreases free regulate body RNA and DNA synthesis, and phosphorus to radicals, sparing temperature and metabolism urea formation protect teeth vitamin E resting metabolic Supports normal Part of the from bacteria Needed for rate, growth and antioxidant Stimulates bone production of macronutrient immune function enzyme growth in stress thyroxine – a metabolism, and superoxide patterns, rigid thyroid hormone reproduction dismutase and brittle and growth.  Trace Minerals Iron Copper Zinc Molybdenum Critical to synthesis Cofactor for energy Coenzyme for Cofactor for 4 & structure of metabolism and for hemoglobin essential enzymes hemoglobin & collagen production production critical for myoglobin Part of superoxide Maintain protein metabolizing drugs Reduction process dismutase structures: and to sulfites and Fe2+, Fe3+ antioxidant enzyme important in the breaking down Cofactor for the system development and waste products and catalase antioxidant Regulates function of immune toxin the body system neurotransmitters system Involved in the ETC (serotonin) Part of superoxide Immune function Required for iron dismutase transport antioxidant enzyme Deficiency/toxicity system thought to slow mental Regulates gene development in expression humans  General Summary of Micronutrients Main Function Involved in Involved in Fluid Involved in Involved in Bone Involved in Blood Energy & Electrolyte Antioxidant Health Health Metabolism Balance Function Thiamin (B1) Sodium Vitamin E Calcium Iron Riboflavin (B2) Potassium Vitamin C Vitamin D Zinc Niacin (B3) Chloride Beta Carotene Vitamin K2 Copper B6 or Pyridoxine Phosphorus Vitamin A Phosphorus Vitamin K1 Pantothenic Acid Selenium Magnesium Folate Biotin Vitamin B12 Choline Iodine Chromium Manganese Sulfur