Freud's Stages of Personality Development PDF

WEEK 7.2 FREUD’S LAST ATTEMPT; STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Freud argued that a personality develops in childhood, largely from parent– child interactions If parents, as representatives of society, manage to impose the demands of reality and morality, In fixation, a portion of...

WEEK 7.2 FREUD’S LAST ATTEMPT; STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Freud argued that a personality develops in childhood, largely from parent– child interactions If parents, as representatives of society, manage to impose the demands of reality and morality, In fixation, a portion of psychic energy remains in that stage, leaving less energy for the following stages. A WEEK 7.2  (1) ORAL STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: Time period: Birth to 18 months: Erogenous zone is mouth. Gratification through sucking and swallowing. The main task is to satisfy oral desires by stimulating the mouth. Id is already available with birth. The main object is mother’s breast- the source of satisfaction. Eventually this should come to an end. If not satisfied properly or finished properly the child become fixated at the oral stage. Oral fixation Freud suggested that children who become fixated at this early oral stage derive pleasure in adulthood from activities such as overeating, smoking and drinking. WEEK 7.2  (2) ANAL STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: Time period: 1 1/2 to 3 years of age. Erogenous zone is the anus. This is the stage at which children start to explore their environment but experience control and discipline from their parents. Kids want to poop whenever they want. But they need to learn to control themselves. As a result, ego starts developing Ages of toilet training, thus during this period children find pleasure both in withholding and in expelling feces. Anal fixation results in one of two patterns: Anal retentive: pleasure obtained from neatness and order Anal expulsive: pleasure obtained from messiness and disorganization WEEK 7.2  (3) PHALLIC STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: Time period: 3 to 6 years. Erogenous zone is the genitals Boy becomes attracted to his mother (Oedipus complex) Views his father as rival Fears father will castrate him (castration anxiety) Ends up identifying with father (superego develops) How does this relate to personality? If a boy successfully aligns himself with father he channels his conflicts into a deep striving for success on society. Successful business man, becoming the caption of the football team. WEEK 7.2  (3) PHALLIC STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT: What about girls? Girls develop Electra complex WEEK 7.2  (4) LATENCY PERIOD: During the latency period, little girls and little boys try to socialize only with members of their own gender. Freud posits that children do this so as to help minimize the awareness of “sexuality.” Thus, they continue the process of sexual repression that began in the previous stage (for those who successfully made it through the Oedipal Complex). WEEK 7.2  (5) GENITAL STAGE: When adolescence begin puberty, they enter the 5th stage of psychosexual development. They develop secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., pubic hair). The onset of the physical sexual characteristics “re-awakens” people sexual urges, and thus they are no longer able to successfully repress their sexual desires, impulses, and urges. They begin searching for a marital mate, with whom they can share sex and intimacy. WEEK 7.2 FREUD’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT Stage Physical Focus Structure Theme Adult Character Types Fixations Oral Mouth Id Dependence, Dependent or overly Smoking, addiction, passivity independent nail-biting, chewing, swearing Anal Anus Ego Obedience and self- Obedient and obsessed Obsessiveness, control with order or anti- tidiness, perfectionism, authority generosity , Phallic Genitals Superego Gender identity and Over- or Vanity, sexual tension, sexuality undersexualized inferiority, exhibitionism Latency n/a n/a Cognitive n/a development Genital Sexuality in mature Id, ego, and Creation and A mature adult relationship superego are enhancement of life (seldom fully achieved) balanced How We Access the Unconscious: Therapy Resolves problems by bringing unconscious conflicts to the surface so the ego can deal with them Dreams lead to the unconscious Unconscious wishes express themselves in disguised form Dreams cannot be understood from the surface, or manifest content Look beneath surface to find the real meaning, or latent content Many dream symbols are universal Use of free association and slips as part of talking cure to uncover hidden meaningsof dreams and unconscious desires How We Access the Unconscious: Therapy When a journalist said to Kaya Çilingiroğlu: "Congratulations on your Ferrari," he responded with, "How do you know about Feraye?"—which revealed that he had cheated on Hülya Avşar. WEEK 7.2 Freud: A Critique The theory is a male-oriented theory. Much of a woman’s life, according to Freud, is based on her struggle to come to terms with the tragedy that she is not a man Child sexuality Academic research psychology largely neglects Freudian theory and psychoanalysis Refinements were made by clinical practitioners and theorists Less emphasis on sexual and aggressive instincts, more focus on interpersonal aspects of life, concern with early attachments WEEK 7.2 Freud: A Critique Theory is based on insights from specific cases (some mispresented) The therapist may influence what the client says (bias affect the interpretation) He forces you to accept his reality Therapy takes 3-4 years "But doctor, I'm not ill." "You are ill. Since psychoanalysis emerged, almost everyone is more or less ill.” (The Time Regulation Institute, Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar) WEEK 7.2  Psychoanalytic Biographies WEEK 7.2 Why Study Freud? (1) Freud was right that people have conflicting motives that can be a source of confusion and anxiety He was also right about: Sex and aggression being powerful and mysterious forces in psychological life Childhood experiences shaping adult personality A child’s relationships with his or her parents affect their relationships throughout life WEEK 7.2 Why Study Freud? (2) Psychoanalysis continues to profoundly influence psychology and modern conceptions of the mind Influence on the practice of psychotherapy: use of talking to help problems, free association, transference Many ideas in popular culture: helps people think and talk about each other Complete theory of personality: Covered all the important issues that we should continue to study WEEK 7.2 WEEK 7.2  Neo-Freudians Carl Jung- Analytical Psychology Alfred Adler Individual Psychology Melanie Klein- Object Relations Theory Eric Fromm- Humanistic Psychoanalysis Karen Horney-Psychoanalytic Social Theory Harry Sullivan- Interpersonal Theory Erik Erikson- Lifespan Theory Anna Freud- Child Psychoanalysis John Bowlby- Attachment Theory This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA The Neo-Freudian Movement Contemporary psychoanalysis can be defined based on the followings: The unconscious still plays a large role in life, although it may not as strong as Freud thought. Personality development involves not just regulating sexual and aggressive feelings but also moving from an immature, socially dependent way of relating to others to a mature, independent relationship style. Childhood plays an important part in personality development, so does the adult lifestyle. Mental representations of the self and relationships guide our interactions with others (Westen & Gabbard, 2002b). WEEK 7.2 WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology Freud wrote to Jung: “I formally adopted you as an eldest son,” “and anointed you as my successor and crown prince” (Freud, 1974). Jung wrote to Freud : “Let me enjoy your friendship as that of father and son” (Jung, 1974). But Jung went on to develop his own theory of personality that differed dramatically from orthodox psychoanalysis. He fashioned a new explanation of human he called analytical psychology. WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology Jung suffered a severe neurotic episode that lasted for 3 years. He believed he was in danger of losing contact with reality. During the crisis Jung experienced vivid dreams and visions involving large-scale disasters even the destruction of all civilization (Elms, 2010). Other dreams were more personal but equally terrifying. During those years he recorded those dreams elaborate drawings in some 200 pages of what became known as The Red Book, so called because it was bound in red leather. The journal was kept secret in a Swiss bank vault and was not published until 2009, nearly 50 years after his death. WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology The first point on which Jung came to disagree with Freud was the role of sexuality. Jung broadened Freud’s definition of libido by redefining it as a more generalized life energy that included sex but was not restricted to it. Sexuality could be only one potential manifestation The second major area of disagreement concerned the direction of the forces that influence personality. Whereas Freud viewed human beings as prisoners or victims of past events, Jung argued that we are shaped by our future as well as our past. “man is not necessarily doomed forever to be shoved about by traumas over which he could exercise little control” (1961). WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology The third point of difference revolved around the unconscious. He added a new dimension to this part of the personality: The personal unconscious is like Freud’s concept. It is a reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed because it was trivial or disturbing. The collective unconscious: the inherited experiences of all human and even prehuman species. The deepest and least accessible level of the psyche. Jung believed that just as each of us accumulates and files all our personal experiences in the personal unconscious, so does humankind collectively store the experiences. WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology The Collective Unconscious: He believed that whatever experiences are universal—that is, are repeated by each generation—become part of our personality. We do not inherit these collective experiences directly. For example, we do not inherit a fear of snakes. Rather, we inherit the potential to fear snakes. We are predisposed to behave and feel the same ways people have always behaved and felt. Whether the predisposition becomes reality depends on the specific experiences we encounter in life. Jung proposed evidence to support it. In his studies of ancient cultures, both mythical and real, Jung discovered what he believed to be common themes and symbols that appeared in diverse parts of the world. WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology He later expanded the idea of unconscious by adding the idea of archetypes. Jung believed that the collective unconscious is expressed through universal archetypes OR the ancient experiences contained in the collective unconscious are manifested by recurring themes or patterns. By being repeated generations, archetypes have become imprinted in our psyches and are expressed in our dreams and fantasies. Among the archetypes Jung proposed are the hero, the mother, the child, God, death, power, and the wise old man. A few of these are developed more fully than others and influence the psyche more consistently. WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology The Persona: The social mask or identity we present to the world. We all keep some aspects of our real selves private. This could be dangerous. As a result, other aspects of our personality will not be allowed to develop. When this happens, the ego may come to identify with the persona rather than with the person’s true nature. The persona archetype allows people to adapt to the world around them and fit in with the society in which they live (does ego’s job) WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology Anima: the feminine unconscious of a man Animus: the masculine unconscious of a woman These opposite characteristics aid in the survival of the species because they enable a person of one sex to understand the nature of the other sex. Jung insisted that both the anima and the animus must be expressed. Otherwise, these vital aspects will remain dormant and undeveloped, leading to a one-sidedness of the personality WEEK 7.2 Carl Jung: Analytical Psychology The Shadow (like an id in Freud): The hidden or suppressed aspects of ourselves, desires. The most powerful archetype which contains the basic instincts and therefore has the deepest roots of all archetypes. Behaviors that society considers immoral reside in the shadow, and this dark side of human nature must be tamed. We must always overcome and defend against these impulses. If not, society will punish us. It is also the source of spontaneity, creativity, and emotion. Therefore, if the shadow is totally suppressed, the psyche will be lifeless. It’s the job of the ego to repress the instincts enough so that we are considered civilized while allowing sufficient expression of the instincts to provide creativity WEEK 7.2 Aspects of Personality Jung believed that the total personality, or psyche, is composed of several distinct systems or aspects that can influence one another. The Ego The Attitudes Psychological Functions WEEK 7.2 Aspects of Personality The Ego: The ego is the center of consciousness, the part of the psyche concerned with perceiving, thinking, feeling, and remembering. It is our awareness of ourselves and is responsible for carrying out all the normal everyday activities of waking life. The ego acts in a selective way, admitting into conscious awareness only a portion of the stimuli to which we are exposed. WEEK 7.2 Aspects of Personality The Attitudes: Extraversion and Introversion: Much of our conscious perception of our environment, and how we react to it, is determined by the opposing mental attitudes of extraversion and introversion. Jung believed that psychic energy could be channeled externally, toward the outside world, or internally, toward the self. According to Jung, all of us have the capacity for both attitudes, but only one becomes dominant in our personality. The dominant attitude then tends to direct our behavior and consciousness. The nondominant attitude still remains influential, however, and becomes part of the personal unconscious, where it can affect behavior. WEEK 7.2 Aspects of Personality Psychological Functions: As Jung came to recognize that there were different kinds of extraverts and introverts, he proposed additional distinctions among people based on what he called the psychological functions. Theory suggests that people experience the world using four principal psychological functions (both the external world and our inner world) Jung posited four functions of the psyche: sensing, intuiting, thinking, and feeling (Jung, 1927) WEEK 7.2 Aspects of Personality Sensing and intuiting are grouped together as nonrational functions because they do not use the processes of reason. These functions accept experiences and do not evaluate them. Sensing produces an experience through the senses. Intuiting produces an experience through the beliefs. Thinking and feeling, are rational functions that involve making judgments and evaluations about our experiences. Both are concerned with organizing and categorizing experiences. The thinking involves a conscious judgment of whether an experience is true or false. The feeling involves an evaluation made in terms of like or dislike WEEK 7.2 Jung’s psychological types Jung proposed eight types, based on the interactions of the two attitudes and four functions. The extraverted thinking live strictly in accordance with society’s rules. The extraverted feeling tend to repress the thinking mode and to be highly emotional. The extraverted sensing focus on pleasure and happiness and on seeking new experiences. The extraverted intuiting find success in business because of a keen ability to exploit opportunities. The introverted thinking do not get along well with others and have difficulty communicating ideas. The introverted feeling repress rationality. They are capable of deep emotion but avoid expression. The introverted sensing appear passive, calm, and detached from the everyday world. The introverted intuiting focus so intently on intuition that they have little contact with reality. WEEK 7.2 IDEAL PERSONALITY (MANDALA) Consciousness (the ego) is only a small part of total personality. Levels of consciousness symbolizes the self Each archetype is partly conscious, partly personal unconscious, and partly collective unconscious Only four archetypes have been drawn in this mandala, and each has been depicted as being the same size. WEEK 7.2 Jung Jung made several important and lasting contributions to psychology The word-association test became a standard projective technique and inspired the development of the Rorschach inkblot test. The concepts of introverted versus extraverted personalities are widely accepted in psychology today. The personality scales that measure introversion and extraversion are standard diagnostic and selection devices. Jung was the first to emphasize the role of the future in determining behavior, an idea adopted by Alfred Adler. Maslow, Erik Erikson, and Raymond Cattell embraced Jung’s suggestion  Psychomythology: The Power of Myths and Human WEEK 7.2 Psychology  When Maslow casually asked the older man about being Freud’s follower, the older man became quite angry, and according to Maslow: he said that he had never been a student of Freud or Alfred Adler: a disciple or a follower. He made it clear from the beginning that he didn’t agree with Freud and that Individual he had his own opinions. (Maslow, 1962, p. 125) Psychology During the breakup between the two, Freud accused Adler of having paranoid delusions. He told one of his friends that Adler was that of “an abnormal individual driven mad by ambition” (Gay, 1988, p. 223). WEEK 7.2  He did not portray people as victims of instincts, biological forces, or childhood experiences. He focused Alfred Adler: on the uniqueness of each person and denied the universality of biological motives ascribed by Freud. Individual There are at least 3 differences between them: First, he believed that each of us is a social being. Our Psychology personalities are shaped by our unique social motivations (their striving for superiority or success) not by attempts to satisfy biological needs. WEEK 7.2  Second, Freud assumed that people have little or no choice in shaping their personality. To Adler, the Alfred Adler: conscious, not the unconscious, was at the core of personality. Rather than being driven by forces we cannot see and control, we are actively involved in Individual directing our own futures. Psychology Third, Freud’s assumption that present behavior is caused by past experiences was directly opposed to Adler’s notion that present behavior is shaped by people’s view of the future WEEK 7.2  Although his writings revealed great insight into the depth of human personality, Adler evolved a basically simple theory. Inferiority To Adler, people are born with weak, inferior bodies—a condition that leads to feelings of inferiority and a Feelings consequent dependence on other people. Therefore, a feeling of unity with others (social interest) is inherent in people and the ultimate standard for psychological health. WEEK 7.2  Adler proposed that inferiority feelings are the source of all human behavior. The process begins in infancy. Infants are small and helpless and are totally dependent on adults. An inability to overcome inferiority feelings intensifies them, leading to the development of an Inferiority inferiority complex. Feelings Whatever the source of the complex, a person may attempt to overcompensate and so develop what Adler called a superiority complex. Adler stated that the ultimate goal for each of us is superiority, but we try to attain that goal in different ways: WEEK 7.2  He proposed four basic styles of life for dealing with these problems. The style of life is learned from social interactions and is so firmly crystallized by the age of 4 or 5 that it is difficult to change thereafter. Basic Styles the dominant type the getting type the avoiding type the socially useful type WEEK 7.2  The dominant type displays a ruling attitude with little social awareness. Such a person behaves without empathy. The more extreme of this type attack others and become sociopaths. The getting type (to Adler, the most common human type) expects to receive satisfaction from other people and so becomes dependent on them. Basic Styles The avoiding type makes no attempt to face life’s problems. By avoiding difficulties, the person avoids any possibility of failure. These three are not able to cope with everyday life. They are unable to cooperate with other people and the clash between their style of life and the real-world results in abnormal behavior. They lack what Adler came to call social interest. WEEK 7.2  The socially useful type, in contrast, cooperates with Basic Styles others and acts in accordance with their needs. Such persons cope with problems within a well-developed framework of social interest. WEEK 7.2  First-borns receive their parents’ undivided attention. As a result, first-borns have a very happy existence, until the second-born child appears (dethroned). First- borns also take an interest in maintaining authority and become good organizers. The Second Born: Competition with the first-born motivates the second-born to surpass the older. Not having experienced power, second borns are not as concerned with it. They are more optimistic about the Birth Order future and are likely to be competitive and ambitious. Youngest or last-born children: never face the dethronement by another child and often become the pet of the family. Driven by the need to surpass older siblings, youngest children often develop at rapidly. Last-borns are often high achievers. Only children never lose the attention. As they spend more time caregivers, they often mature early and manifest adult behaviors and attitudes. WEEK 7.2  Adler’s emphasis on social forces in personality was influential: The theory of Karen Horney His focus on the uniqueness of personality is reflected in the work of Gordon Allport. The creative power of people to shape their own styles of life, and the insistence that future goals are more important than past events, influenced the work of Abraham Maslow. Alfred Adler A social-learning theorist, Julian Rotter, wrote that he “continues to be impressed by Adler’s insights into human nature” (Rotter, 1982, pp. 1–2). Freud remarked that it could take 2 years or more to learn about his psychoanalysis, but “Adler’s ideas and technique can be easily learned in two weeks, because with Adler there is so little to know” (quoted in Sterba, 1982, p. 156). WEEK 7.2  Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory (Feminist Psychoanalysis) An early feminist, she argued that psychoanalysis focused more on men’s development than on women’s. Horney was a psychoanalyst when all psychoanalysts were men. She questioned Freudian psychoanalysis and reformulated some of the ideas to generate a more feminist perspective on personality. Any psychological differences between men and women are due to cultural and social expectations and not to biology. Horney taught that the male genital was a symbol of social power rather than an organ women actually desired. Horney wrote that girls realize, at an early age, that they are being denied social power because of their gender. She argued that girls did not really have a secret desire to become WEEK 7.2 boys. Rather, she taught, girls desired the social power and preferences given to boys in the culture at that time.  Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory (Feminist Psychoanalysis) Horney agreed with Freud on one major point—the importance of the early years of childhood in shaping the adult personality. However, she differed from him on the specifics of how personality is formed. There are neither universal developmental stages nor inevitable childhood conflicts. She also argued that instincts are not the governing factor, as Freud claimed. Horney, placed a much greater emphasis than Freud on social relationships as significant factors in the formation of personality. To Horney, people are motivated not by sexual or aggressive forces but rather by the needs for security and love. The social relationship between children and their parents is the key factor. WEEK 7.2  Karen Horney: Psychoanalytic Social Theory (Feminist Psychoanalysis) Modern culture, she contended, is based on competition among individuals. “Everyone is a real or potential competitor of everyone else” (Horney, 1937, p. 284). Competitiveness result in feelings of isolation. These feelings of being alone in a potentially hostile world lead to intensified needs for affection, which, in turn, cause people to overvalue love. As a result, many people see love and affection as the solution for all their problems. Basic Anxiety: Am I loved? WEEK 7.2  Basic Anxiety: Am I loved? In childhood we protect ourselves against basic anxiety in different ways: Securing Affection: By securing affection and love from other people, the person is saying, in effect, “If you love me, you will not hurt me.” Being Submissive: These people avoid doing anything that might upset others. They dare not criticize or give offense in any way. Such persons seem to be saying, “If I give in, I will not be hurt.” Attaining Power: A person can achieve security through success or through a sense of superiority. Such people seem to believe that ‘’If I have power, no one will harm me.’’ Withdrawing: The fourth way of protecting oneself against basic anxiety WEEK 7.2 involves withdrawing from other people, ‘’If I don’t rely on them, they cant hurt me.’’  Adult Personality WEEK 7.2  As we develop our personality we continue to use Neurotic Needs (like defence mechanisms) 1. The neurotic need for affection and approval: They try to live up to the expectations of others 2. The neurotic need for a powerful partner: to attach themselves to a powerful partner 3. The neurotic need to restrict one’s life within narrow borders: to be content with very little 4. The neurotic need for power: to control others and to avoid feelings of weakness 5. The neurotic need to exploit others: how others can be used 6. The neurotic need for social recognition or prestige: to attract attention 7. The neurotic need for personal admiration: have a need to be admired 8. The neurotic need for ambition and personal achievement: drive to be the best 9. The neurotic need for self-sufficiency and independence: they can get along without others. 10. The neurotic need for perfection: They dread making mistakes  Therapy Healthy people solve their basic conflict by using all three neurotic trends, whereas neurotics compulsively adopt only one of these trends. We all experience two major intrapsychic conflicts: The idealized self-image results in neurotics’ attempts to build a godlike picture of themselves. Self-hatred is the tendency for neurotics to hate and despise their real self. The goal of Horneyian psychotherapy is to bring about growth toward actualization of the real self. WEEK 7.2 WEEK 7.2 TO SUM UP Sigmund Freud placed the ego between the struggles that pitted the id against the superego, he was more fascinated with the drives and the struggle and less concerned with the ego. Carl Jung was interested in the universal aspects of personality and expanded ideas of the unconscious to include images that seem characteristic of all generations Alfred Adler focused on the uniqueness of individuals and paid attention on the social world and its impact on ego or identity formation Karen Horney changed the way that psychoanalytic theory viewed women. She emphasized the social influences on women—their relative lack of opportunities—as determinants of these inferiority feelings WEEK 7.2 The Theorist’s Life or the Theorist’s Theory? The characteristics and experiences of the theorist had an acknowledged role to play in the development of the theory. Jung’s father, was a minister in the Swiss Reformed Church, and his mother was the daughter of a theologian. Jung’s uncles were pastors, Jung’s family had a tradition of spiritualism and mysticism As a young boy, Adler was weak and sickly. “My brother is always ahead of me’’ When she was 13, Horney decided to become a physician, but at that time no university in Germany admitted women  Advantages and Limits of the Neo-Analytics Emphasizes the Acknowledges the importance of the Attempts to explain the Assumes development impact of other positive and goal- structure of the healthy continues throughout individuals, society, and oriented nature of and unhealthy psyche. the life cycle. culture on personality. humanity. Relatively unconcerned Sometimes a mix of Sometimes relies on Very difficult to test with biology and fixed different ideas from abstract or vague empirically. personality structures. different traditions. concepts. WEEK 7.2  NEXT WEEK Monday: In-class case example from psychoanaltyic perspective Tuesday: Humanistic Perspectives of Personality: Humanistic Psychoanalysis: Fromm Optimistic Humanism: Rogers and Maslow Thursday: Moodle Quiz on chapters 10, 11, 12