Gross Neural Structures (4) - Tagged.pdf

Gross Neural Structures and Occupational Performance OT 8000 Learning Objectives Identify the basic neuroanatomical structures Describe the basic functions of the cerebral lobes and specialized functional areas ACOTE Standards B.1.1.: Demonstrate knowledge of the structure and function of t...

Gross Neural Structures and Occupational Performance OT 8000 Learning Objectives Identify the basic neuroanatomical structures Describe the basic functions of the cerebral lobes and specialized functional areas ACOTE Standards B.1.1.: Demonstrate knowledge of the structure and function of the human body to include the biological and physical sciences, neurosciences, kinesiology, and biomechanics. Cerebral Lobes Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital FRONTAL LOBE Frontal Lobe- Borders Central sulcus (posterior border) Lateral fissure (lateral inferior border) Corpus callosum (medial border) Frontal Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the central sulcus, moving anteriorly: Pre-central gyrus Pre-central sulcus Starting from the median longitudinal fissure, moving laterally: Superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri Superior and inferior frontal sulci  Central sulcus Pre-central gyrus Pre-central sulcus Median longitudinal fissure Superior frontal gyrus Superior frontal sulcus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal gyrus Frontal Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the inferior frontal gyrus, moving inferiorly and medially: Orbital gyrus Olfactory sulcus Gyrus rectus Frontal Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the superior frontal gyrus, moving inferiorly and medially: Medial superior frontal gyrus Cingulate sulcus Cingulate gyrus Callosal sulcus Frontal Lobe- Functional Areas Primary motor Cortex AKA pre-central Gyrus Contralateral motor outputs for muscle activity Injury- motor hemiparesis (-plegia) Broca’s Area Left inferior frontal gyrus Responsible for expressive speech production Frontal Lobe- Functional Areas Pre-motor Area Superior frontal gyrus Supplementary motor area Medial superior frontal gyrus and cingulate area Both of these areas are responsible for sending motor information to the primary motor cortex Injury- apraxia Lateral view – superior frontal gyrus Sagittal view – medial superior frontal gyrus Frontal Lobe- Functional Areas Pre-frontal cortex Superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri Executive functions Injury- cognitive, behavioral, and affective dysfunctions 18 PARIETAL LOBE Parietal Lobe- Borders Central sulcus (anterior border) Parieto-occipital fissure (posterior medial border) Lateral fissure (lateral inferior border) Corpus callosum (medial border) Parietal Lobe- Gyri and Sulci Starting from the central sulcus, moving posteriorly: Post-central gyrus Post-central sulcus Parietal Lobe- Gyri and Sulci Starting at the superior edge of the post-central sulcus, going posteriorly: Superior parietal lobule Inferior parietal lobule Parietal Lobe- Gyri and Sulci Starting from the median longitudinal fissure, moving inferiorly, but staying medial: Paracentral lobule (posterior to central sulcus) Precuneus Cingulate gyrus Parieto-occipital sulcus (posterior border) Parietal Lobe- Functional Areas Primary somatosensory cortex AKA Post-central gyrus Contralateral somatosensory receptive inputs from the body Injury: sensory loss and discrimination Parietal Lobe- Functional Areas Somatosensory association cortex Superior parietal lobule Paracentral lobule + precuneus Spatial and perceptual functions Injury: agnosias Wernicke’s area (parietal portion) Left inferior parietal lobule The homunculus is the general organization of primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Lower body: superior and medial Upper body: lateral Face: lateral and inferior TEMPORAL LOBE Temporal Lobe- Borders Lateral fissure (superior lateral border) Imaginary line from parieto-occipital sulcus to pre-occipital notch (posterior lateral border) Temporal Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the lateral fissure, moving inferiorly and laterally: Superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri Superior and inferior temporal sulci 18 Temporal Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the inferior temporal gyrus, moving inferiorly and medially: Occipitotemporal gyrus (medial + inferior to inferior temporal gyrus) Parahippocampal gyrus (PHG; most medial) Uncus (anterior medial PHG) Temporal Lobe- Functional Areas Primary auditory cortex Superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus Unilateral auditory inputs from the ear Auditory association areas Sections of the superior temporal gyrus Middle and inferior temporal gyri Temporal Lobe- Functional Areas Wernicke’s area (temporal portion) Left posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus Receptive language Injury- receptive aphasia Global aphasia (motor + receptive) Temporal Lobe- Functional Areas Limbic functions (temporal lobe) Parahippocampal gyrus (most medial) Memory and learning Amygdala (anterior medial PHG) Sits deep to uncus Emotional regulation OCCIPITAL LOBE Occipital Lobe- Borders Parieto-occipital sulcus (anterior medial border) Imaginary line from parieto-occipital sulcus to pre-occipital notch (anterior lateral border) 18 Occipital Lobe- Gyri + Sulci Starting from the anterior-lateral border, moving posteriorly: Lateral occipital gyri Starting from the superior aspect of the parieto-occipital sulcus: Cuneus gyrus Calcarine sulcus Lingual gyrus 18 28 Occipital Lobe- Functional Areas Primary visual Cortex Lingual gyrus + cuneus surrounding the calcarine sulcus Receives visual inputs from the eyes and optic tract Cortical visual impairment (CVI): used to be called cortical blindness) Occipital Lobe- Functional Areas Visual association cortex All other gyri in occipital lobe (lateral occipital gyri, parts of the cuneus + lingual gyri are not associated with the primary visual cortex) Includes adjacent parts of parietal and temporal lobes Injury: Visual perceptual dysfunction, agnosias (hallucinations) References Lundy-Ekman, L. (2023). Neuroscience: Fundamentals for Rehabilitation, 6th edition. St. Louis: Elsevier.