Gray's Anatomy Chapter 57 - Heart Samplex PDF

Question Answer What are the two main parts of the C) Fibrous and serous pericardium? Explanation: The pericardium consists of two main parts: the fibrous pericardium and the A) Fibrous and muscular...

Question Answer What are the two main parts of the C) Fibrous and serous pericardium? Explanation: The pericardium consists of two main parts: the fibrous pericardium and the A) Fibrous and muscular serous pericardium, which are arranged in three layers with a normal combined thickness B) Serous and muscular of 1–2 mm. C) Fibrous and serous D) Muscular and elastic E) Elastic and serous What is the function of the pericardial fluid? C) To reduce friction and allow freedom of cardiac motion A) To nourish the heart Explanation: The pericardial cavity contains a thin film of fluid that provides complete B) To provide oxygen to the heart separation between the heart and its surroundings, allowing freedom of cardiac motion C) To reduce friction and allow freedom of and shape change. cardiac motion D) To increase blood pressure E) To store energy What is the primary composition of the fibrous C) Collagen layers pericardium? Explanation: The fibrous pericardium is composed mainly of three collagen layers, A) Muscle fibers cross-woven at 120° to each other, which limits stretch and ensures a physical barrier to B) Elastic fibers disease. C) Collagen layers D) Fat tissue E) Nerve fibers Which structure is NOT covered by the fibrous D) Inferior vena cava pericardium? Explanation: The inferior vena cava traverses the central tendon of the diaphragm and A) Ascending aorta does not receive extensions of the fibrous pericardium. B) Superior vena cava C) Pulmonary arteries D) Inferior vena cava E) Pulmonary veins What is the role of the serous pericardium's B) To cover the heart and great vessels visceral layer? Explanation: The visceral layer of the serous pericardium, also known as the epicardium, A) To line the internal surface of the fibrous covers the heart and great vessels and at specific points reflects to become continuous pericardium with the parietal layer. B) To cover the heart and great vessels C) To form the outermost layer of the heart D) To attach the heart to the diaphragm E) To produce blood cells What is the average amount of fluid contained C) 20-60 ml in the pericardial cavity of adult humans? Explanation: The pericardial cavity in adult humans normally contains 20–60 ml (average A) 5-10 ml 15–35 ml) of fluid, which is a serous plasma ultrafiltrate. B) 10-20 ml C) 20-60 ml D) 60-100 ml E) 100-150 ml Which arteries primarily supply blood to the C) Internal thoracic arteries pericardium? Explanation: Approximately 80% of the pericardial blood supply is derived from the right A) Coronary arteries and left internal thoracic arteries by way of the pericardiacophrenic arteries. B) Pulmonary arteries C) Internal thoracic arteries D) Renal arteries E) Hepatic arteries What is the function of the sternopericardial B) To facilitate intrathoracic cardiac stability ligaments? Explanation: The sternopericardial ligaments help facilitate intrathoracic cardiac stability A) To produce pericardial fluid by anchoring the pericardium to the sternum. B) To facilitate intrathoracic cardiac stability C) To pump blood D) To absorb nutrients E) To transmit nerve signals What is the oblique pericardial sinus? B) A recess located posterior to the left atrium A) A passage between the pericardial tubes Explanation: The oblique pericardial sinus is a recess of the inner curve of the perivenous B) A recess located posterior to the left atrium tube, located posterior to the left atrium and between the left and right superior C) A cavity within the fibrous pericardium pulmonary veins. D) A layer of the serous pericardium E) A type of pericardial fluid What is the significance of the epicardial B) It is a cardiometabolic risk factor adipose tissue? Explanation: The amount of epicardial adipose tissue may be a cardiometabolic risk factor, A) It produces blood cells with increasing thickness linked to metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. B) It is a cardiometabolic risk factor C) It forms the outermost layer of the heart D) It attaches the heart to the diaphragm E) It lines the internal surface of the fibrous Question Answer pericardium Where does the postcaval recess project from B) Towards the left behind the atrial termination of the superior vena cava the main pericardial cavity? Explanation: The postcaval recess projects from the main pericardial cavity towards the A) Towards the right behind the atrial left behind the atrial termination of the superior vena cava. termination of the superior vena cava B) Towards the left behind the atrial termination of the superior vena cava C) Towards the left behind the atrial termination of the inferior vena cava D) Towards the right behind the atrial termination of the inferior vena cava E) Towards the left behind the atrial termination of the pulmonary artery What limits the postcaval recess superiorly? C) Right pulmonary artery A) Right superior pulmonary vein Explanation: The postcaval recess is limited superiorly by the right pulmonary artery. B) Left pulmonary artery C) Right pulmonary artery D) Left superior pulmonary vein E) Superior vena cava Where does the left pulmonary recess have its A) Under the fold of the oblique vein of the left atrium entrance? Explanation: The left pulmonary recess has an entrance under the fold of the oblique vein A) Under the fold of the oblique vein of the left of the left atrium. atrium B) Between the superior and inferior pulmonary veins C) Between the inferior aspect of the left pulmonary artery and the superior border of the left superior pulmonary vein D) Between the inferior surface of the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery and the superior border of the left atrium E) Posterior to the ascending aorta What is the significance of the fibrous ligament A) It marks the site of the left common cardinal vein during development in the left pulmonary recess? Explanation: The fibrous ligament in the left pulmonary recess marks the site of the left A) It marks the site of the left common cardinal common cardinal vein during development. vein during development B) It connects the left pulmonary artery to the left atrium C) It is a remnant of the right common cardinal vein D) It is a remnant of the superior vena cava E) It connects the left superior pulmonary vein to the right atrium What is the clinical importance of A) To avoid misdiagnosis of lymphadenopathy or aortic dissection understanding pericardial recesses and Explanation: Knowledge of pericardial recesses and sinuses is important to avoid sinuses? misdiagnosis of lymphadenopathy or aortic dissection and in surgical control of the great A) To avoid misdiagnosis of lymphadenopathy vessels. or aortic dissection B) To diagnose heart murmurs C) To measure blood pressure accurately D) To assess lung function E) To determine the presence of pulmonary embolism What is the function of the point of pericardial B) It is where the parietal pericardium folds back on itself to join the visceral pericardium reflection? Explanation: The point of pericardial reflection is where the parietal pericardium folds back A) It marks the position of the oesophagus on itself to join the visceral pericardium, which is a key feature in the structure of the B) It is where the parietal pericardium folds pericardium. back on itself to join the visceral pericardium C) It is the location of the mitral valve D) It is the blending point of the fibrous pericardium with the adventitia of the ascending aorta E) It is the site of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk Which structure blends with the adventitia of B) Fibrous pericardium the ascending aorta? Explanation: The fibrous pericardium blends with the adventitia of the ascending aorta, A) Serous pericardium providing structural support and anchoring the heart within the thoracic cavity. B) Fibrous pericardium C) Left pulmonary artery D) Right atrium Question Answer E) Mitral valve What is the oblique pericardial sinus? B) A space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium A) A recess near the left pulmonary artery Explanation: The oblique pericardial sinus is a space between the parietal and visceral B) A space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, which is important for the movement and function of the layers of the serous pericardium heart. C) A point where the fibrous pericardium blends with the adventitia of the aorta D) A valve in the right atrium E) A branch of the right pulmonary artery Which vein is associated with the left B) Left superior pulmonary vein pulmonary venous recess? Explanation: The left superior pulmonary vein is associated with the left pulmonary venous A) Right superior pulmonary vein recess, which is a specific anatomical feature within the pericardial cavity. B) Left superior pulmonary vein C) Inferior vena cava D) Azygos vein E) Hemi-azygos vein What is the transverse pericardial sinus? C) A passage between the aorta and pulmonary trunk A) A space between the left and right atria Explanation: The transverse pericardial sinus is a passage between the aorta and B) A recess near the right pulmonary artery pulmonary trunk, which is significant for surgical procedures involving the heart. C) A passage between the aorta and pulmonary trunk D) A valve in the left ventricle E) A branch of the left main bronchus What is the normal thickness of the pericardium B) 1-3 mm as observed on a contrast-enhanced CT scan? Explanation: The pericardium is described as a thin structure with a thickness of 1-3 mm on A) 5-7 mm a contrast-enhanced CT scan, highlighting its relatively dense and curvilinear appearance. B) 1-3 mm C) 8-10 mm D) 4-6 mm E) 2-4 mm On a T1-weighted four-chamber view of the B) Hypointense and curvilinear heart, how does the pericardium appear? Explanation: The pericardium appears as a thin hypointense curvilinear structure on a A) Hyperintense and thick T1-weighted four-chamber view of the heart, making it distinguishable from the B) Hypointense and curvilinear surrounding hyperintense layers of fat. C) Isointense and linear D) Hyperintense and linear E) Hypointense and thick Where is the pericardium best observed on a B) Anterior to the right atrium and right ventricle T1-weighted four-chamber view of the heart? Explanation: The pericardium is best observed anterior to the right atrium and right A) Posterior to the left atrium ventricle on a T1-weighted four-chamber view, where it is sandwiched between two B) Anterior to the right atrium and right hyperintense layers of fat. ventricle C) Lateral to the left ventricle D) Inferior to the left atrium E) Superior to the right atrium On a contrast-enhanced CT scan, where is the C) Anterior pericardium located relative to the right Explanation: The pericardium is located anterior to the right ventricle on a ventricle? contrast-enhanced CT scan, where it appears as a thin, relatively dense curvilinear A) Posterior structure. B) Lateral C) Anterior D) Inferior E) Superior What surrounds the pericardium on a C) Layers of fat contrast-enhanced CT scan? Explanation: On a contrast-enhanced CT scan, the pericardium is sandwiched between two A) Muscle layers less dense layers of fat, which helps in distinguishing its relatively dense curvilinear B) Blood vessels structure. C) Layers of fat D) Bone structures E) Air pockets Which artery supplies blood to the right conal B) Right conal artery (RCA) region of the heart? Explanation: The right conal artery (RCA) is responsible for supplying blood to the right A) Left conal artery (LCA) conal region of the heart. B) Right conal artery (RCA) C) Circumflex artery (LCA) D) Diagonal artery (LCA) E) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) Question Answer Which vein is associated with the inferior vena C) Middle cardiac vein cava? Explanation: The middle cardiac vein is associated with the inferior vena cava, draining the A) Great cardiac vein posterior part of the heart. B) Small cardiac vein C) Middle cardiac vein D) Oblique vein of left atrium E) Inferior veins of the left ventricle What is the function of the ligamentum C) Connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta arteriosum? Explanation: The ligamentum arteriosum is a small ligament that connects the pulmonary A) Connects the right atrium to the right trunk to the aorta, a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus. ventricle B) Connects the left atrium to the left ventricle C) Connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta D) Connects the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava E) Connects the right auricle to the left auricle Which artery runs along the anterior C) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) interventricular sulcus? Explanation: The anterior interventricular artery (LCA) runs along the anterior A) Right coronary artery (RCA) interventricular sulcus, supplying blood to the front of the heart. B) Left conal artery (LCA) C) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) D) Right marginal artery (RCA) E) Circumflex artery (LCA) Which vein is found in the atrioventricular A) Great cardiac vein (coronary) sulcus? Explanation: The great cardiac vein is located in the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus, A) Great cardiac vein running alongside the coronary arteries. B) Small cardiac vein C) Middle cardiac vein D) Oblique vein of left atrium E) Inferior veins of the left ventricle Which structure is located at the apex of the B) Left ventricle heart? Explanation: The apex of the heart is formed by the tip of the left ventricle, which points A) Right atrium downward, forward, and to the left. B) Left ventricle C) Right ventricle D) Left atrium E) Pulmonary trunk Which artery is a branch of the left coronary C) Anterior interventricular artery artery (LCA)? Explanation: The anterior interventricular artery is a branch of the left coronary artery A) Right conal artery (LCA), supplying blood to the front of the heart. B) Right marginal artery C) Anterior interventricular artery D) Right coronary artery E) Right anterior ventricular arteries Which vein drains into the coronary sinus? D) All of the above A) Great cardiac vein Explanation: The great cardiac vein, small cardiac vein, and middle cardiac vein all drain B) Small cardiac vein into the coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium. C) Middle cardiac vein D) All of the above E) None of the above Which artery supplies the right marginal region C) Right marginal artery (RCA) of the heart? Explanation: The right marginal artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right marginal region of A) Left conal artery (LCA) the heart. B) Right conal artery (RCA) C) Right marginal artery (RCA) D) Diagonal artery (LCA) E) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) Which structure is found in the interatrial E) Interatrial septum sulcus? Explanation: The interatrial septum is found in the interatrial sulcus, separating the right A) Right atrium and left atria of the heart. B) Left atrium C) Coronary sinus D) Oblique vein of left atrium E) Interatrial septum Which structure is responsible for draining D) Coronary sinus blood from the myocardium into the right Explanation: The coronary sinus is a large vein that collects blood from the myocardium atrium? and drains it into the right atrium. Question Answer A) Great cardiac vein B) Small cardiac vein C) Middle cardiac vein D) Coronary sinus E) Oblique vein of left atrium Which artery supplies blood to the left atrium B) Circumflex artery (LCA) and the posterior walls of the left ventricle? Explanation: The circumflex artery, a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA), supplies A) Right coronary artery blood to the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricle. B) Circumflex artery (LCA) C) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) D) Pulmonary trunk E) Ascending aorta Which vein runs along the anterior A) Great cardiac vein interventricular sulcus and drains into the Explanation: The great cardiac vein runs along the anterior interventricular sulcus and coronary sinus? drains into the coronary sinus. A) Great cardiac vein B) Small cardiac vein C) Middle cardiac vein D) Oblique vein of left atrium E) Right superior pulmonary vein Which structure is located at the junction of the B) Sulcus terminalis superior vena cava and the right atrium? Explanation: The sulcus terminalis is a groove that marks the junction between the A) Right auricle superior vena cava and the right atrium. B) Sulcus terminalis C) Interatrial sulcus D) Pulmonary trunk E) Left auricle Which artery is a branch of the right coronary E) Right coronary artery (RCA) artery (RCA)? Explanation: The right coronary artery (RCA) itself is a major artery that supplies blood to A) Circumflex artery the heart, and it has several branches. B) Anterior interventricular artery C) Right pulmonary artery D) Left pulmonary artery E) Right coronary artery (RCA) Which structure is lined by the visceral layer of C) Epicardium the serous pericardium? Explanation: The epicardium is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium that covers the A) Right atrium outer surface of the heart. B) Left ventricle C) Epicardium D) Pulmonary trunk E) Ascending aorta Which vein drains into the right atrium? C) Inferior vena cava A) Left superior pulmonary vein Explanation: The inferior vena cava is a large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from B) Right superior pulmonary vein the lower body and drains into the right atrium. C) Inferior vena cava D) Great cardiac vein E) Oblique vein of left atrium Which structure is part of the left coronary B) Circumflex artery artery (LCA) system? Explanation: The circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA) and supplies A) Right coronary artery blood to parts of the heart. B) Circumflex artery C) Right pulmonary artery D) Superior vena cava E) Inferior vena cava Which structure is NOT part of the heart's D) Pulmonary trunk conduction system? Explanation: The pulmonary trunk is a major blood vessel that carries blood from the right A) Right atrium ventricle to the lungs, but it is not part of the heart's conduction system. B) Left ventricle C) Right auricle D) Pulmonary trunk E) Left auricle Which structure is located at the base of the D) Left atrium heart? Explanation: The left atrium is located at the base of the heart and receives oxygenated A) Apex of heart blood from the pulmonary veins. B) Right ventricle C) Left ventricle D) Left atrium Question Answer E) Right atrium Which artery supplies blood to the right conal C) Right conal artery (RCA) region of the heart? Explanation: The right conal artery (RCA) specifically supplies blood to the right conal A) Left conal artery (LCA) region of the heart. B) Right marginal artery (RCA) C) Right conal artery (RCA) D) Circumflex artery (LCA) E) Diagonal artery (LCA) Which vein is associated with the inferior vena D) Inferior veins of the left ventricle cava? Explanation: The inferior veins of the left ventricle are associated with the inferior vena A) Great cardiac vein cava, which is a major vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the B) Small cardiac vein heart. C) Middle cardiac vein D) Inferior veins of the left ventricle E) Oblique vein of left atrium Which artery runs along the anterior B) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) interventricular sulcus? Explanation: The anterior interventricular artery (LCA) runs along the anterior A) Right marginal artery (RCA) interventricular sulcus, supplying blood to the front of the heart. B) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) C) Circumflex artery (LCA) D) Right conal artery (RCA) E) Diagonal artery (LCA) Which structure is located at the apex of the B) Left ventricle heart? Explanation: The apex of the heart is primarily formed by the left ventricle, which is the A) Right atrium lower tip of the heart. B) Left ventricle C) Right ventricle D) Left auricle E) Pulmonary trunk What is the function of the ligamentum C) Connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta arteriosum? Explanation: The ligamentum arteriosum is a small ligament that connects the pulmonary A) Connects the right atrium to the right trunk to the aorta, a remnant of the fetal ductus arteriosus. ventricle B) Connects the left atrium to the left ventricle C) Connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta D) Connects the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava E) Connects the right auricle to the left auricle Which vein drains into the coronary sinus? A) Great cardiac vein A) Great cardiac vein Explanation: The great cardiac vein drains into the coronary sinus, which then empties into B) Right superior pulmonary vein the right atrium of the heart. C) Left inferior pulmonary vein D) Right marginal vein E) Diagonal vein Which artery is a branch of the left coronary C) Circumflex artery artery (LCA)? Explanation: The circumflex artery is a branch of the left coronary artery (LCA) and supplies A) Right conal artery blood to the left side of the heart. B) Right marginal artery C) Circumflex artery D) Right anterior ventricular arteries E) Right coronary artery Which structure is found in the atrioventricular C) Right coronary artery (coronary) sulcus? Explanation: The right coronary artery runs in the atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus, which A) Pulmonary trunk separates the atria from the ventricles. B) Right auricle C) Right coronary artery D) Left ventricle E) Apex of heart Which vein is located in the posterior C) Middle cardiac vein interventricular sulcus? Explanation: The middle cardiac vein is located in the posterior interventricular sulcus and A) Great cardiac vein drains the posterior part of the heart. B) Small cardiac vein C) Middle cardiac vein D) Oblique vein of left atrium E) Right superior pulmonary vein Which artery supplies the right marginal region B) Right marginal artery (RCA) Question Answer of the heart? Explanation: The right marginal artery (RCA) supplies blood to the right marginal region of A) Left conal artery (LCA) the heart. B) Right marginal artery (RCA) C) Circumflex artery (LCA) D) Diagonal artery (LCA) E) Anterior interventricular artery (LCA) What is cardiac tamponade usually caused by? B) Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity A) High blood pressure Explanation: Cardiac tamponade is external compression of the heart, usually caused by B) Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity (pericardial effusion). cavity C) Heart attack D) Stroke E) Pulmonary embolism Which of the following is NOT a typical sign of D) Increased stroke volume cardiac tamponade? Explanation: The typical signs of cardiac tamponade include a small quiet heart, falling A) Small quiet heart atrial pressure (decreased stroke volume), and rising jugular venous pressure. B) Falling atrial pressure C) Rising jugular venous pressure D) Increased stroke volume E) Hypotension What is the emergency treatment for cardiac B) Percutaneous pericardial aspiration (pericardiocentesis) tamponade? Explanation: Emergency treatment for cardiac tamponade involves relieving the A) Administration of diuretics tamponade by percutaneous pericardial aspiration (pericardiocentesis), possibly followed B) Percutaneous pericardial aspiration by surgery to address the underlying cause. (pericardiocentesis) C) Beta-blockers D) Anticoagulants E) Angioplasty Which imaging technique is important for C) Echocardiography diagnosing cardiac tamponade? Explanation: Echocardiography is an important tool for diagnosing cardiac tamponade and A) X-ray guiding subsequent percutaneous pericardial aspiration. B) MRI C) Echocardiography D) CT scan E) PET scan What is a pericardial cyst? B) A congenital anomaly where a portion of pericardium is pinched off during early A) A type of heart attack development B) A congenital anomaly where a portion of Explanation: Pericardial cysts are congenital and form when a portion of pericardium is pericardium is pinched off during early pinched off during early development. development C) An infection of the pericardium D) A type of cardiac tumor E) A blood clot in the pericardium What is the most common defect in congenital C) Complete absence of the left side of the pericardium absence of the pericardium? Explanation: The most common defect in congenital absence of the pericardium is the A) Absence of the right side of the pericardium complete absence of the left side of the pericardium. B) Absence of the entire fibrous sac C) Complete absence of the left side of the pericardium D) Absence of the lower part of the pericardium E) Absence of the upper part of the pericardium What is Beck's triad in the context of cardiac B) Small quiet heart, falling atrial pressure, and rising jugular venous pressure tamponade? Explanation: Beck's triad, which is typical in cardiac tamponade, includes a small quiet A) High blood pressure, chest pain, and heart, falling atrial pressure (decreased stroke volume), and rising jugular venous pressure. shortness of breath B) Small quiet heart, falling atrial pressure, and rising jugular venous pressure C) Rapid heart rate, sweating, and dizziness D) Chest pain, nausea, and vomiting E) High fever, chills, and fatigue Which approach is preferred for elective E) Ultrasound-guided parasternal approach pericardiocentesis? Explanation: The ultrasound-guided parasternal approach provides the most controlled A) Subxiphoid approach approach to pericardiocentesis and avoids injury to structures such as the respiratory B) Left anterior thoracotomy diaphragm and phrenic nerve. C) Apical approach D) Abdominal approach E) Ultrasound-guided parasternal approach Question Answer What is Pentalogy of Cantrell? B) A rare congenital abnormality consisting of multiple defects including absence of the A) A type of heart attack diaphragmatic portion of the pericardium B) A rare congenital abnormality consisting of Explanation: Pentalogy of Cantrell is a rare congenital abnormality consisting of absence of multiple defects including absence of the the diaphragmatic portion of the pericardium, midline closure defects, anterior diaphragmatic portion of the pericardium diaphragmatic defect, and congenital heart defects. C) A type of cardiac tumor D) A blood clot in the pericardium E) An infection of the pericardium What is the correct angle for needle insertion in B) 45° the subxiphoid approach for Explanation: The needle is inserted at about 45° to the anatomical transverse plane in the pericardiocentesis? subxiphoid approach for pericardiocentesis. A) 30° B) 45° C) 60° D) 90° E) 15° In the subxiphoid approach for B) Left shoulder pericardiocentesis, towards which anatomical Explanation: The needle is directed towards the left shoulder when performing the landmark is the needle directed? subxiphoid approach for pericardiocentesis. A) Right shoulder B) Left shoulder C) Right hip D) Left hip E) Sternum Which structure is NOT typically encountered D) Superior lobe of left lung during the subxiphoid approach for Explanation: The superior lobe of the left lung is not typically encountered during the pericardiocentesis? subxiphoid approach for pericardiocentesis. The structures encountered include the right A) Right ventricle ventricle, pericardial cavity, liver, and body of sternum. B) Pericardial cavity C) Liver D) Superior lobe of left lung E) Body of sternum What is the purpose of using an 18-gauge 9 cm C) To remove pericardial effusion (3.5 inch) needle in pericardiocentesis? Explanation: An 18-gauge 9 cm (3.5 inch) needle is used in pericardiocentesis to remove A) To administer medication pericardial effusion, which is consistent with the treatment of cardiac tamponade. B) To draw blood C) To remove pericardial effusion D) To measure blood pressure E) To perform a biopsy Which imaging technique is used to guide D) Bedside cardiac ultrasound pericardiocentesis in the described case? Explanation: Bedside cardiac ultrasound is used to guide pericardiocentesis, A) MRI demonstrating a large pericardial effusion consistent with cardiac tamponade. B) CT scan C) X-ray D) Bedside cardiac ultrasound E) PET scan Where do pericardial cysts most commonly B) On the right side occur? Explanation: Pericardial cysts most commonly occur on the right side and are typically A) On the left side asymptomatic. B) On the right side C) In the center of the heart D) On the posterior side E) On the anterior side What imaging technique shows a right-sided C) Posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray calcified pericardial cyst with a rim-like Explanation: A posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray can show a right-sided calcified pericardial calcification? cyst with a rim-like calcification, identifying the structure as cystic or saccular. A) Ultrasound B) CT scan C) Posteroanterior (PA) chest X-ray D) PET scan E) Echocardiogram What does a T2 weighted MRI image show in the B) Fluid signal cystic lesion context of a pericardial cyst? Explanation: A T2 weighted MRI image shows a fluid signal cystic lesion directly abutting A) Bone density the pericardium along the right pulmonary surface of the heart. B) Fluid signal cystic lesion C) Air pockets D) Muscle tissue E) Blood flow Question Answer What characteristic identifies a structure B) Rim-like calcification containing calcification as cystic or saccular on Explanation: A rim-like calcification on a chest X-ray identifies the structure containing the a chest X-ray? calcification as cystic or saccular. A) Linear calcification B) Rim-like calcification C) Diffuse calcification D) Spotty calcification E) No calcification What is the typical symptom status of D) Asymptomatic pericardial cysts? Explanation: Pericardial cysts are most commonly asymptomatic, meaning they do not A) Highly symptomatic typically cause symptoms. B) Occasionally symptomatic C) Always symptomatic D) Asymptomatic E) Symptomatic only during exercise What imaging technique is used to show the C) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) congenital absence of the pericardium in the Explanation: The text specifies that coronal T1-weighted and axial T2-weighted cardiac provided text? magnetic resonance images are used to show the congenital absence of the pericardium. A) X-ray B) Ultrasound C) Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D) Computed tomography (CT) scan E) Positron emission tomography (PET) scan What is a key indicator of congenital absence of B) Abnormal location of the heart without other predisposing factors the pericardium on imaging? Explanation: The text indicates that the congenital absence of the pericardium can be A) Presence of fluid around the heart difficult to visualize and is often indicated by the abnormal location of the heart in the B) Abnormal location of the heart without other absence of other predisposing factors. predisposing factors C) Thickened pericardium D) Enlarged heart chambers E) Presence of calcifications What anatomical feature might be present B) Lung tissue between the aortic arch and left atrium in cases Explanation: The text mentions that sometimes the presence of lung tissue between the of congenital absence of the pericardium? aortic arch and left atrium can indicate congenital absence of the pericardium. A) Fluid accumulation B) Lung tissue C) Blood clot D) Fatty tissue E) Enlarged lymph nodes Which side of the thorax does the heart fill in B) Left hemithorax cases of congenital absence of the Explanation: The text specifies that in cases of congenital absence of the pericardium, the pericardium? heart fills the anterior portion of the left hemithorax. A) Right hemithorax B) Left hemithorax C) Both hemithoraxes equally D) Anterior thorax E) Posterior thorax What type of cardiac magnetic resonance A) T1-weighted and T2-weighted images are mentioned in the text for visualizing Explanation: The text mentions the use of coronal T1-weighted and axial T2-weighted congenital absence of the pericardium? cardiac magnetic resonance images to show the congenital absence of the pericardium. A) T1-weighted and T2-weighted B) T3-weighted and T4-weighted C) T5-weighted and T6-weighted D) T7-weighted and T8-weighted E) T9-weighted and T10-weighted Which lymph nodes are involved in the drainage C) Prepericardial lymph nodes of the anterior part of the pericardium? Explanation: The anterior part of the pericardium drains laterally towards the phrenic A) Subcarinal lymph nodes nerves or travels along the ventral border of the pericardium to enter the prepericardial B) Paratracheal lymph nodes lymph nodes located at the pericardio-diaphragmatic junction. C) Prepericardial lymph nodes D) Lateral pericardial nodes E) Caval foramen lymph nodes Where does the posterior pericardium drain? A) Superior and inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes A) Superior and inferior tracheobronchial Explanation: The posterior pericardium, including the posterior aspect of the associated lymph nodes dome of the respiratory diaphragm, drains superiorly to the superior and inferior B) Prepericardial lymph nodes tracheobronchial (upper and lower paratracheal, and subcarinal) lymph nodes. C) Lateral pericardial nodes D) Superior phrenic nodes Question Answer E) Caval foramen lymph nodes What is the role of lymphangiogenesis in C) Reduces fluid retention and aids clearance of inflammatory cells patients with myocardial infarction? Explanation: Lymphangiogenesis is therapeutic during the healing process in patients with A) Increases fluid retention myocardial infarction, reflecting its ability to reduce fluid retention and aid the clearance of B) Delays atherosclerotic plaque formation inflammatory cells within the cardiac tissues. C) Reduces fluid retention and aids clearance of inflammatory cells D) Causes inflammation in cardiac tissues E) Inhibits the healing process Which nerves transmit pain from the parietal C) Phrenic nerves layer of the serous pericardium? Explanation: Pain from the parietal layer of the serous pericardium is mainly transmitted A) Vagal fibres by the left and right phrenic nerves. B) Sympathetic nerves C) Phrenic nerves D) Cervical ganglia E) Stellate ganglia What is the typical characteristic of pericardial B) Sharp, severe, and substernal pain? Explanation: Pericardial pain (somatic) is typically sharp, severe, and substernal, often A) Dull and constant exacerbated when lying in the supine or left lateral position and relieved by leaning B) Sharp, severe, and substernal forwards. C) Mild and intermittent D) Radiates to the lower back E) Relieved by lying down How is the heart positioned in the thorax? C) Obliquely with the base facing posteriorly and to the right A) Vertically with the apex facing upwards Explanation: The heart is positioned obliquely in the thorax, with the base facing B) Horizontally with the base facing anteriorly posteriorly and to the right, and the apex anteriorly and to the left. C) Obliquely with the base facing posteriorly and to the right D) Inverted with the apex facing downwards E) Laterally with the base facing to the left Which surface of the heart is sometimes C) Right pulmonary surface referred to as a border? Explanation: The right pulmonary surface is sometimes referred to as a border, despite its A) Anterior surface extent. B) Inferior surface C) Right pulmonary surface D) Left pulmonary surface E) Diaphragmatic surface Which chamber of the heart forms most of the C) Left atrium posterior aspect? Explanation: The left atrium forms most of the posterior aspect of the heart, making it a key A) Right atrium structure in the heart's anatomy. B) Right ventricle C) Left atrium D) Left ventricle E) Right auricle What is the position of the left ventricle relative B) Inferior to the heart's apex? Explanation: The left ventricle is prominent inferiorly, running along the left border to A) Superior reach the cardiac apex. B) Inferior C) Anterior D) Posterior E) Lateral Which heart chamber forms the largest part of B) Right ventricle the anterior surface? Explanation: The right heart, particularly the right ventricle, forms the largest part of the A) Right atrium anterior surface of the heart. B) Right ventricle C) Left atrium D) Left ventricle E) Left auricle What is the relationship between the inlet and B) They are close to each other outlet of the left ventricle? Explanation: The inlet to the left ventricle, which contains the mitral valve, is very close to A) They are far apart its outlet, the aortic valve. B) They are close to each other C) They are on opposite sides D) They are at the same level E) They are not connected How should structures within the heart be B) Relative to the bodily coordinates Question Answer described? Explanation: Structures within the heart should be described relative to the bodily A) Relative to the heart itself coordinates rather than to the heart itself, similar to the rest of the body when viewed in B) Relative to the bodily coordinates the anatomical position. C) Relative to the lungs D) Relative to the diaphragm E) Relative to the spine What is the general organization of the heart? C) A fused pair of valve-containing muscular pumps A) A single muscular pump Explanation: The heart is a fused pair of valve-containing muscular pumps circulating B) Two separate pumps working independently blood in series through systemic (left heart) and pulmonary (right heart) circuits. C) A fused pair of valve-containing muscular pumps D) A network of veins and arteries E) A single chamber with multiple valves Where does the artery occupy in the inferior C) Inferior interventricular sulcus surface of the heart according to Explanation: Cross-sectional imaging of adults demonstrates that the artery occupies the cross-sectional imaging of adults? inferior interventricular sulcus on the inferior surface of the heart. A) Anterior interventricular sulcus B) Posterior interventricular sulcus C) Inferior interventricular sulcus D) Lateral interventricular sulcus E) Superior interventricular sulcus In which position can the artery be described as C) Valentine position posterior and descending? Explanation: The artery can be described as posterior and descending only when using the A) Supine position 'Valentine' position, with the heart removed from the body and positioned standing on its B) Prone position apex. C) Valentine position D) Fowler's position E) Trendelenburg position How is the posterior interventricular sulcus D) Inferior situated in life? Explanation: In life, the posterior interventricular sulcus is situated inferiorly rather than A) Anterolateral conventionally described as being anterolateral and posteroseptal. B) Posteroseptal C) Superior D) Inferior E) Lateral What is the orientation of the posteroseptal B) Anterior and inferior muscle when examined in left anterior oblique Explanation: When examined in left anterior oblique orientation, the posteroseptal muscle orientation? is anterior and inferior to its partner. A) Posterior and superior B) Anterior and inferior C) Lateral and superior D) Medial and inferior E) Posterior and inferior Why is the heart described as having C) Because it was placed on its apex (Valentine position) to describe its components anterolateral and posteroseptal components in Explanation: The heart was placed on its apex (Valentine position) in order to describe its conventional descriptions? component parts, leading to the conventional descriptions of anterolateral and A) Because of its position in the body posteroseptal components. B) Due to its anatomical structure C) Because it was placed on its apex (Valentine position) to describe its components D) Due to the orientation of the arteries E) Because of the imaging techniques used Which cardiac chamber receives venous blood E) Both atria and serves as a weakly contractile reservoir for Explanation: Both the right and left atria receive venous blood and serve as weakly final filling of the ventricles? contractile reservoirs for the final filling of the right and left ventricles, respectively. A) Right ventricle B) Left ventricle C) Right atrium D) Left atrium E) Both atria What is the function of the tricuspid valve? B) To prevent backflow into the right atrium A) To prevent backflow into the left atrium Explanation: The tricuspid valve, also known as the right atrioventricular valve, prevents B) To prevent backflow into the right atrium backflow of blood into the right atrium when the right ventricle contracts. C) To prevent backflow into the left ventricle D) To prevent backflow into the pulmonary trunk E) To prevent backflow into the aorta Question Answer Which structure receives oxygenated blood C) Left atrium from the pulmonary veins? Explanation: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins and A) Right atrium contracts to fill the left ventricle. B) Right ventricle C) Left atrium D) Left ventricle E) Coronary sinus What is the primary function of the left C) To pump blood into the aorta ventricle? Explanation: The left ventricle contracts to increase pressure, closing the mitral valve and A) To receive blood from the systemic opening the aortic valve, thereby ejecting blood into the aorta and the systemic arterial circulation tree. B) To pump blood into the pulmonary trunk C) To pump blood into the aorta D) To receive blood from the coronary sinus E) To pump blood into the superior vena cava What is the anatomical location of the heart's B) Behind the fifth left rib apex? Explanation: The apex of the heart is most commonly located behind the fifth left rib, fifth A) Behind the third left rib left intercostal space, or the sixth left rib, near or a little medial to the mid-clavicular line. B) Behind the fifth left rib C) Behind the seventh left rib D) Behind the second left rib E) Behind the fourth left rib Which sulcus separates the atria from the D) Atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus ventricles? Explanation: The atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus separates the atria from the ventricles A) Interatrial sulcus and contains the main parts of the right and circumflex coronary arteries. B) Anterior interventricular sulcus C) Posterior interventricular sulcus D) Atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus E) Oblique pericardial sinus What is the average weight of an adult male C) 280-340 g heart? Explanation: The average weight of an adult male heart ranges from 280 to 340 grams, with A) 200-250 g an average of 300 grams. B) 230-280 g C) 280-340 g D) 300-350 g E) 250-300 g Which structure is primarily responsible for the E) Both ventricles powerful expulsive contraction that forces Explanation: Both the right and left ventricles provide the powerful expulsive contraction blood into the main arterial trunks? that forces blood into the main arterial trunks, the pulmonary trunk, and the aorta, A) Right atrium respectively. B) Left atrium C) Right ventricle D) Left ventricle E) Both ventricles Which sulcus is located on the anterior cardiac B) Anterior interventricular sulcus surface and is near and almost parallel to the Explanation: The anterior interventricular sulcus is located on the anterior cardiac surface left border? and is near and almost parallel to the left border (obtuse margin). A) Interatrial sulcus B) Anterior interventricular sulcus C) Posterior interventricular sulcus D) Atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus E) Oblique pericardial sinus What is the primary function of the right B) To pump blood into the pulmonary trunk ventricle? Explanation: The right ventricle contracts to increase pressure, closing the tricuspid valve A) To receive blood from the systemic and ejecting blood through the right ventricular outflow tract into the pulmonary trunk. circulation B) To pump blood into the pulmonary trunk C) To pump blood into the aorta D) To receive blood from the coronary sinus E) To pump blood into the superior vena cava Which artery and vein are associated with the A) Internal thoracic artery and vein internal thoracic region? Explanation: The internal thoracic artery and vein are specifically mentioned as being part A) Internal thoracic artery and vein of the internal thoracic region, distinguishing them from other arteries and veins listed. B) Left axillary artery and vein C) Right pulmonary artery and vein D) Pericardiacophrenic artery and vein E) Left pulmonary artery and vein Question Answer Which nerve is located near the right main A) Right phrenic nerve bronchus? Explanation: The right phrenic nerve is mentioned in proximity to the right main bronchus, A) Right phrenic nerve indicating its anatomical location. B) Left phrenic nerve C) Right vagus nerve D) Recurrent laryngeal nerve E) Brachial plexus Which lymph nodes are found near the A) Subaortic lymph nodes ligamentum arteriosum? Explanation: The subaortic lymph nodes are specifically mentioned as being located near A) Subaortic lymph nodes the ligamentum arteriosum. B) Lower paratracheal lymph nodes C) Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes D) Prevascular lymph nodes E) Interlobar lymph nodes Which artery and vein are associated with the A) Pericardiacophrenic artery and vein pericardiacophrenic region? Explanation: The pericardiacophrenic artery and vein are specifically mentioned as being A) Pericardiacophrenic artery and vein part of the pericardiacophrenic region. B) Internal thoracic artery and vein C) Left axillary artery and vein D) Right pulmonary artery and vein E) Left pulmonary artery and vein Which nerve is associated with the brachial E) Brachial plexus plexus? Explanation: The brachial plexus is specifically mentioned as a nerve complex associated A) Left phrenic nerve with the upper limb and shoulder region. B) Right phrenic nerve C) Right vagus nerve D) Recurrent laryngeal nerve E) Brachial plexus Which lymph nodes are found near the superior A) Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes diaphragmatic region? Explanation: The superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes are specifically mentioned as being A) Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes located near the superior diaphragmatic region. B) Lower paratracheal lymph nodes C) Subaortic lymph nodes D) Prevascular lymph nodes E) Interlobar lymph nodes Which vein is associated with the left superior A) Left superior pulmonary vein pulmonary region? Explanation: The left superior pulmonary vein is specifically mentioned as being part of the A) Left superior pulmonary vein left superior pulmonary region. B) Right pulmonary vein C) Left inferior pulmonary vein D) Right superior pulmonary vein E) Left axillary vein Which lymph nodes are found near the A) Interlobar lymph nodes interlobar region? Explanation: The interlobar lymph nodes are specifically mentioned as being located near A) Interlobar lymph nodes the interlobar region. B) Lower paratracheal lymph nodes C) Superior diaphragmatic lymph nodes D) Subaortic lymph nodes E) Prevascular lymph nodes Question Answer What anatomical feature separates the A) Atrioventricular sulcus anatomical base of the heart from the left Explanation: The atrioventricular sulcus separates the anatomical base of the heart from the pulmonary surface? left pulmonary surface, as mentioned in the text. A) Atrioventricular sulcus B) Interventricular sulcus C) Sulcus terminalis D) Pericardium E) Cardiac notch Which part of the heart forms the majority of C) Left ventricle the left pulmonary surface? Explanation: The left pulmonary surface consists almost entirely of the left ventricle, with a A) Right atrium small part of the left atrium and its auricle contributing superiorly. B) Left atrium C) Left ventricle D) Right ventricle E) Superior vena cava What structure separates the right pulmonary B) Pericardium surface of the heart from the pleura covering Explanation: The right pulmonary surface is separated by the pericardium from the pleura the mediastinal surface of the right lung? covering the mediastinal surface of the right lung. A) Atrioventricular sulcus B) Pericardium C) Interventricular sulcus D) Sulcus terminalis E) Cardiac notch What is the main component of the upper B) Left atrium border of the heart? Explanation: The upper border of the heart is mainly formed by the left atrium. A) Right atrium B) Left atrium C) Right ventricle D) Left ventricle E) Pulmonary trunk Which border of the heart is also known as the C) Inferior border acute margin? Explanation: The inferior border of the heart is also known as the acute margin and is sharp, A) Upper border thin, and nearly horizontal. B) Right border C) Inferior border D) Left border E) Posterior border What structure marks the junction between A) Sulcus terminalis the venous part and the atrium proper in the Explanation: The junction between the venous part (sinus venosus) and the atrium proper is right atrium? marked externally by the shallow sulcus terminalis. A) Sulcus terminalis B) Interventricular sulcus C) Atrioventricular sulcus D) Crista terminalis E) Fossa ovalis What is the function of the Eustachian valve in C) To direct blood flow from the inferior vena cava the right atrium? Explanation: The Eustachian valve is a triangular fold of endocardium that directs blood flow A) To regulate blood flow between the atria from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. B) To prevent backflow into the superior vena cava C) To direct blood flow from the inferior vena cava D) To separate the right atrium from the right ventricle E) To support the tricuspid valve Which structure in the right atrium is the site B) Crista terminalis of origin for the extensive pectinate muscles? Explanation: The crista terminalis is the site of origin for the extensive pectinate muscles that A) Sulcus terminalis extend anterolaterally along the internal surface of the right atrial auricle. B) Crista terminalis C) Fossa ovalis D) Eustachian valve E) Thebesian valve What is the function of the Valve of the C) To direct blood flow from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium Inferior Vena Cava (Eustachian valve)? Explanation: The Valve of the Inferior Vena Cava, also known as the Eustachian valve, directs A) To regulate blood flow between the right blood flow from the inferior vena cava into the right atrium. atrium and right ventricle B) To prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium C) To direct blood flow from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium D) To open and close the tricuspid valve E) To pump blood into the pulmonary artery Question Answer Which structure is known as the 'Triangle of B) A triangular area in the right atrium Koch'? Explanation: The Triangle of Koch is a triangular area located in the right atrium, important A) A region in the left atrium for its anatomical and clinical significance. B) A triangular area in the right atrium C) A part of the interventricular septum D) A section of the right ventricle E) A region in the left ventricle What is the role of the Chordae Tendineae? B) To anchor the tricuspid valve leaflets to the papillary muscles A) To open the aortic valve Explanation: The Chordae Tendineae are fibrous cords that anchor the leaflets of the B) To anchor the tricuspid valve leaflets to the tricuspid valve to the papillary muscles, preventing valve prolapse during ventricular papillary muscles contraction. C) To pump blood into the left atrium D) To regulate blood flow in the pulmonary veins E) To close the mitral valve Which structure is responsible for initiating D) Sinuatrial node the heartbeat? Explanation: The Sinuatrial node, also known as the SA node, is responsible for initiating the A) Atrioventricular node heartbeat by generating electrical impulses that spread throughout the heart. B) Bundle of His C) Purkinje fibers D) Sinuatrial node E) Tricuspid valve What is the function of the Pectinate Muscles? B) To assist in the contraction of the right atrium A) To pump blood into the left ventricle Explanation: The Pectinate Muscles are ridged muscles located in the right atrium that assist B) To assist in the contraction of the right in its contraction, helping to push blood into the right ventricle. atrium C) To open the pulmonary valve D) To regulate blood flow in the aorta E) To anchor the mitral valve leaflets What is the primary function of the inferior B) To direct richly oxygenated blood from the placenta to the left atrium vena cava during fetal life? Explanation: During fetal life, the inferior vena cava directs richly oxygenated blood from the A) To direct deoxygenated blood to the lungs placenta toward and through the foramen ovale of the interatrial septum and into the left B) To direct richly oxygenated blood from the atrium. placenta to the left atrium C) To filter blood before it reaches the heart D) To store blood temporarily E) To regulate blood pressure in the fetus What is Chiari’s network and its clinical B) A reticulated network originating from the valve of the inferior vena cava significance? Explanation: Chiari’s network is a reticulated network that originates from the valve of the A) A network of nerves controlling heart rate inferior vena cava and connects to different parts of the right atrium. It is often clinically B) A reticulated network originating from the insignificant but has been associated with various cardiac conditions. valve of the inferior vena cava C) A group of muscles supporting the tricuspid valve D) A collection of veins draining into the right atrium E) A cluster of cells regulating blood pressure What is the target of catheter-directed C) The cavotricuspid isthmus ablation procedures for atrial flutter? Explanation: The cavotricuspid isthmus, which extends from the valve of the inferior vena A) The coronary sinus cava to the vestibule of the tricuspid valve, is the target of catheter-directed ablation B) The crista terminalis procedures for treating atrial flutter. C) The cavotricuspid isthmus D) The fossa ovalis E) The moderator band What is the function of the Thebesian valve? B) To guard the opening of the coronary sinus A) To regulate blood flow between the right Explanation: The Thebesian valve is a thin, semicircular valve that guards the lower part of and left atria the orifice of the coronary sinus, which opens into the systemic venous part of the right B) To guard the opening of the coronary sinus atrium. C) To support the tricuspid valve D) To direct blood flow into the pulmonary artery E) To prevent backflow into the inferior vena cava What anatomical structure marks the site of B) The crista terminalis the right venous valve of the embryonic Explanation: The crista terminalis is a smooth, C-shaped muscular ridge that marks the site heart? of the right venous valve of the embryonic heart, corresponding externally to the sulcus A) The fossa ovalis terminalis. B) The crista terminalis Question Answer C) The coronary sinus D) The moderator band E) The tendon of Todaro What is the significance of the triangle of Koch C) It contains the atrioventricular node and its atrial connections in cardiac surgery? Explanation: The triangle of Koch is a landmark of surgical importance because it contains A) It contains the sinoatrial node the atrioventricular node and its atrial connections, making it crucial for procedures B) It is the site of the coronary sinus involving the heart's electrical conduction system. C) It contains the atrioventricular node and its atrial connections D) It supports the pulmonary valve E) It marks the location of the fossa ovalis What is the role of the septomarginal D) To support the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve trabecula (moderator band) in the right Explanation: The septomarginal trabecula, also known as the moderator band, supports the ventricle? anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve and crosses to the parietal wall of the right A) To support the pulmonary valve ventricle. B) To prevent overdistension of the right ventricle C) To connect the right atrium to the left atrium D) To support the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve E) To regulate blood flow into the aorta What is Chiari’s network? C) A network of fibers in the right atrium A) A network of blood vessels in the left Explanation: Chiari’s network is a network of fibers located in the right atrium, with atrium multiple attachment sites around the opening of the inferior vena cava and extending B) A network of nerves in the right ventricle towards the coronary sinus. C) A network of fibers in the right atrium D) A network of muscles in the left ventricle E) A network of veins in the coronary sinus Where are the attachment sites of Chiari’s B) Around the opening of the inferior vena cava network primarily located? Explanation: Chiari’s network has multiple attachment sites primarily around the opening A) Around the opening of the superior vena of the inferior vena cava and extends inferiorly towards the coronary sinus. cava B) Around the opening of the inferior vena cava C) Around the opening of the pulmonary veins D) Around the opening of the aorta E) Around the opening of the left atrium What anatomical structures are abbreviated B) FO: Fossa ovalis, Pm: Pectinate muscles as FO and Pm in the context of Chiari’s Explanation: In the context of Chiari’s network, FO stands for fossa ovalis and Pm stands for network? pectinate muscles. A) FO: Foramen ovale, Pm: Papillary muscles B) FO: Fossa ovalis, Pm: Pectinate muscles C) FO: Fossa ovalis, Pm: Pulmonary muscles D) FO: Foramen ovale, Pm: Pectinate muscles E) FO: Fossa ovalis, Pm: Papillary muscles Towards which structure does Chiari’s C) The coronary sinus network extend inferiorly? Explanation: Chiari’s network extends inferiorly towards the coronary sinus, with the A) The superior vena cava reflected part of the right atrium covering the distal attachment to the coronary sinus. B) The pulmonary veins C) The coronary sinus D) The aorta E) The left atrium Which part of the right atrium covers the C) The reflected part distal attachment of Chiari’s network to the Explanation: The reflected part of the right atrium covers the distal attachment of Chiari’s coronary sinus? network to the coronary sinus. A) The anterior wall B) The posterior wall C) The reflected part D) The septal wall E) The lateral wall What is the role of the septomarginal B) It carries the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle trabecula in the heart's conduction system? Explanation: The septomarginal trabecula is involved in the conduction system of the heart A) It carries the left branch of the by carrying the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle towards the apex of the ventricle atrioventricular bundle before entering the anterior papillary muscle. B) It carries the right branch of the atrioventricular bundle C) It carries the atrial conduction fibers Question Answer D) It carries the Purkinje fibers E) It carries the sinoatrial node impulses What is the average circumference of the C) 11.4 cm tricuspid valvular orifice in males? Explanation: The tricuspid valvular orifice measures, on average, 11.4 cm in circumference in A) 9.4 cm males. B) 10.8 cm C) 11.4 cm D) 12.0 cm E) 13.2 cm Which leaflet of the tricuspid valve is the C) Anterosuperior leaflet largest? Explanation: The anterosuperior leaflet is the largest part of the tricuspid valve and has a A) Septal leaflet semicircular shape. B) Inferior leaflet C) Anterosuperior leaflet D) Posterior leaflet E) Lateral leaflet What is the function of the septal leaflet in the A) It defines one of the borders of the triangle of Koch tricuspid valve? Explanation: The septal leaflet defines one of the borders of the triangle of Koch, aiding in A) It defines one of the borders of the triangle the location of the atrioventricular node at the apex of this triangle. of Koch B) It supports the anterior papillary muscle C) It attaches to the left atrium D) It is the smallest leaflet E) It is not involved in the conduction system What is the smooth-walled outflow tract of B) Conus arteriosus the right ventricle called? Explanation: The smooth-walled outflow tract of the right ventricle is called the conus A) Septomarginal trabecula arteriosus or infundibulum, which ascends to the left, superior to the septoparietal B) Conus arteriosus trabeculations and inferior to the arch of the supraventricular crest to the pulmonary orifice. C) Atrioventricular bundle D) Papillary muscle E) Chordae tendineae Which structure is associated with the right B) Right auricle coronary artery? Explanation: The right coronary artery is associated with the right auricle, which is part of the A) Left auricle right atrium of the heart. B) Right auricle C) Left ventricle D) Left atrium E) Right pulmonary artery Which leaflet is part of the tricuspid valve? C) Septal leaflet A) Aortic leaflet Explanation: The tricuspid valve consists of three leaflets, one of which is the septal leaflet. B) Mural leaflet C) Septal leaflet D) Non-adjacent leaflet E) Mitral leaflet What is the function of the anterior papillary C) It attaches to the tricuspid valve muscle? Explanation: The anterior papillary muscle is one of the muscles that attach to the tricuspid A) It supports the aortic valve valve via chordae tendineae, helping to prevent valve prolapse during ventricular B) It anchors the mitral valve contraction. C) It attaches to the tricuspid valve D) It is part of the interventricular septum E) It is located in the left atrium Which structure is part of the left atrium? C) Left superior pulmonary vein A) Right auricle Explanation: The left superior pulmonary vein is one of the veins that drain oxygenated B) Right ventricle blood from the lungs into the left atrium. C) Left superior pulmonary vein D) Right coronary artery E) Inferior papillary muscle What is the role of the interventricular C) It separates the left and right ventricles septum? Explanation: The interventricular septum is a thick wall that separates the left and right A) It separates the left atrium and left ventricles of the heart, ensuring that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix. ventricle B) It separates the right atrium and right ventricle C) It separates the left and right ventricles D) It separates the left and right atria E) It separates the aorta and pulmonary artery Question Answer Which valve is associated with the aortic C) Mitral valve leaflet? Explanation: The mitral valve has two leaflets, one of which is the aortic leaflet, named for its A) Tricuspid valve proximity to the aortic valve. B) Pulmonary valve C) Mitral valve D) Aortic valve E) Right coronary valve Which layer of the heart is also known as the C) Serous pericardium, visceral layer epicardium? Explanation: The serous pericardium, visceral layer, is also known as the epicardium, which A) Endocardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall. B) Myocardium C) Serous pericardium, visceral layer D) Fibrous pericardium E) Parietal pericardium What is a unique characteristic of the A) It acts like a bicuspid valve tricuspid valve despite its name? Explanation: Despite its name, the tricuspid valve acts more like a bicuspid valve because its A) It acts like a bicuspid valve smallest septal leaflet is fixed between the atrial and ventricular septa. B) It has four leaflets C) It is completely fibrous D) It is located in the left atrium E) It does not open during diastole What accounts for the low occurrence of D) The less fibrous nature of its anulus compared to the mitral valve degenerative calcifications on the tricuspid Explanation: The anulus of the tricuspid valve is less fibrous than the anulus of the mitral valve? valve, which presumably accounts for the low occurrence of degenerative calcifications seen A) Its location in the left atrium on the tricuspid valve. B) Its high fibrous content C) The muscular nature of its anulus D) The less fibrous nature of its anulus compared to the mitral valve E) Its continuous movement during systole What happens to the tricuspid valve during C) The anulus dilates diastole? Explanation: During diastole, the anulus dilates with right ventricular relaxation and the A) The anulus constricts large anterosuperior and inferior leaflets move away from the plane of the anulus into the B) The leaflets move towards the plane of the right ventricle. anulus C) The anulus dilates D) The septal leaflet becomes mobile E) The valve remains closed Which leaflet of the tricuspid valve is C) Septal leaflet relatively immobile during systole? Explanation: During systole, the anulus constricts as the right ventricle contracts and the two A) Anterosuperior leaflet major leaflets move like sails about a relatively immobile septal leaflet and the septum itself. B) Inferior leaflet C) Septal leaflet D) Posterior leaflet E) Lateral leaflet What structure separates the inferior vena C) Valve of the inferior vena cava (Eustachian) cava from the sub-Thebesian recess? Explanation: The valve of the inferior vena cava (Eustachian) separates the inferior vena cava A) Valve of the coronary sinus (Thebesian) from the sub-Thebesian recess. B) Supraventricular crest C) Valve of the inferior vena cava (Eustachian) D) Septomarginal trabecula E) Anterior papillary muscle What are the chordae tendineae primarily B) Fibrous collagenous structures composed of? Explanation: The chordae tendineae are fibrous collagenous structures that support the A) Muscle fibers leaflets of the atrioventricular valves. B) Fibrous collagenous structures C) Elastic fibers D) Adipose tissue E) Cartilage What percentage of false chordae in the right D) 40% ventricle contain conduction Explanation: Approximately 40% of the false chordae in the right ventricle contain cardiomyocytes? conduction cardiomyocytes. A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40% E) 50% Question Answer From where do true chordae tendineae C) The tips or margins of the apical third of papillary muscles usually arise? Explanation: True chordae tendineae usually arise from small projections on the tips or A) The base of the papillary muscles margins of the apical third of papillary muscles. B) The ventricular walls C) The tips or margins of the apical third of papillary muscles D) The atrial walls E) The septum Which type of chordae tendineae is described C) Free-edge chordae as single, thread-like, and often long? Explanation: Free-edge chordae are single, thread-like, and often long, passing from either A) Fan-shaped chordae the apex or the base of a papillary muscle into a marginal attachment. B) Rough-zone chordae C) Free-edge chordae D) Deep chordae E) Basal chordae Which papillary muscle in the right ventricle is A) Anterior papillary muscle the largest? Explanation: The anterior papillary muscle is the largest in the right ventricle, arising from A) Anterior papillary muscle the right anterolateral ventricular wall. B) Inferior papillary muscle C) Septal papillary muscle D) Posterior papillary muscle E) Lateral papillary muscle What is a unique feature of the septal leaflet B) It is tethered by individual chordae tendineae directly to the interventricular septum in the right ventricle? Explanation: A unique feature of the right ventricle is that the septal leaflet is tethered by A) It is not tethered by chordae tendineae individual chordae tendineae directly to the interventricular septum. B) It is tethered by individual chordae tendineae directly to the interventricular septum C) It is the largest leaflet D) It has no chordae tendineae E) It is located in the left ventricle Where is the pulmonary valve located? B) At the top of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) A) At the base of the left ventricle Explanation: The pulmonary valve is located at the top of the conus arteriosus B) At the top of the conus arteriosus (infundibulum), guarding the outflow from the right ventricle. (infundibulum) C) Between the left atrium and left ventricle D) Between the right atrium and right ventricle E) At the base of the right atrium What is the function of the fibrous semilunar C) To ensure snug closure of the nodules and lunules during ventricular diastole attachment in the pulmonary valve? Explanation: The fibrous semilunar attachment is essential for the snug closure of the A) To support the leaflets during atrial systole nodules and lunules of the semilunar leaflets during ventricular diastole. B) To prevent blood flow during ventricular systole C) To ensure snug closure of the nodules and lunules during ventricular diastole D) To facilitate the opening of the valve during diastole E) To connect the valve to the pulmonary trunk How are the leaflets of the pulmonary valve C) Anterior, right, and left conventionally named in adults? Explanation: In adults, the leaflets of the pulmonary valve are conventionally named as A) Anterior, posterior, and septal anterior, right, and left. B) Superior, inferior, and lateral C) Anterior, right, and left D) Medial, lateral, and posterior E) Superior, inferior, and medial What is the nodule of Arantius? B) A central localized collagenous thickening in the free margin of each leaflet A) A perforation within the leaflet Explanation: The nodule of Arantius is a central localized collagenous thickening in the free B) A central localized collagenous thickening margin of each semilunar leaflet. in the free margin of each leaflet C) A fibrous ring supporting the valve D) A muscle bundle in the auricle E) A part of the interatrial septum What happens to the pulmonary valve during B) It opens passively ventricular systole? Explanation: The pulmonary valve opens passively during ventricular systole. A) It closes rapidly B) It opens passively Question Answer C) It remains tightly apposed D) It moves anteriorly E) It thickens at the nadir Which part of the left atrium is a remnant of B) The auricle the initial atrial component of the primary Explanation: The auricle of the left atrium is a remnant of the initial atrial component of the heart tube? primary heart tube. A) The vestibule B) The auricle C) The interatrial septum D) The venous part E) The posterior wall What is a common variation in the pulmonary B) Presence of a short or long left common venous trunk veins opening into the left atrium? Explanation: A common variation includes the presence of a short or long left common A) Presence of a single pulmonary vein venous trunk and multiple pulmonary veins. B) Presence of a short or long left common venous trunk C) Absence of superior pulmonary veins D) Presence of a crista terminalis E) Presence of a single right pulmonary vein Which leaflet is part of the aortic valve? D) All of the above A) Right coronary leaflet Explanation: The aortic valve consists of three leaflets: the right coronary leaflet, the left B) Left coronary leaflet coronary leaflet, and the non-adjacent leaflet. C) Non-adjacent leaflet D) All of the above E) None of the above What structure is exposed after the removal of A) Coronary arteries and cardiac veins the atria and pericardium? Explanation: After the removal of the atria and pericardium, the coronary arteries and A) Coronary arteries and cardiac veins cardiac veins are exposed, allowing for a clear view of these structures. B) Pulmonary trunk C) Left main bronchus D) Descending thoracic aorta E) Right superior pulmonary vein Which valve has a commissural leaflet? C) Mitral valve A) Tricuspid valve Explanation: The mitral valve has a commissural leaflet, which is one of its distinctive B) Pulmonary valve features. C) Mitral valve D) Aortic valve E) None of the above Which structure is part of the right atrium? A) Coronary sinus A) Coronary sinus Explanation: The coronary sinus is a structure located within the right atrium, playing a B) Left auricle crucial role in the heart's venous drainage system. C) Left atrium D) Right main bronchus E) Left coronary artery What is the function of the atrioventricular A) Conduct electrical impulses bundle? Explanation: The atrioventricular bundle is responsible for conducting electrical impulses A) Conduct electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles, ensuring coordinated heart contractions. B) Pump blood C) Store oxygen D) Filter blood E) Produce hormones Which leaflet is part of the tricuspid valve? D) All of the above A) Septal leaflet Explanation: The tricuspid valve consists of three leaflets: the septal leaflet, the inferior B) Inferior leaflet leaflet, and the anterosuperior leaflet. C) Anterosuperior leaflet D) All of the above E) None of the above Which structure is part of the left atrium? A) Left auricle A) Left auricle Explanation: The left auricle is a structure that is part of the left atrium, contributing to its B) Right atrium overall anatomy and function. C) Right superior pulmonary vein D) Right coronary artery E) Inferior interventricular vein Which structure is associated with the A) Left adjacent leaflet pulmonary valve? Explanation: The pulmonary valve has a left adjacent leaflet, which is one of its anatomical A) Left adjacent leaflet components. Question Answer B) Right coronary leaflet C) Non-adjacent leaflet D) Inferoseptal commissure E) Anteroseptal commissure Question Answer What is the primary function of the B) To initiate atrial fibrillation myocardial sleeves in the pulmonary veins? Explanation: The myocardial sleeves, especially those of the superior veins, are often the site of A) To regulate blood pressure focal electrical activity that initiates atrial fibrillation. B) To initiate atrial fibrillation C) To support the mitral valve D) To connect the left and right atria E) To house the coronary arteries What structures are found within the D) Adipose tissue, atrial arteries, and nerve bundles interpulmonary ridges? Explanation: The interpulmonary ridges are infoldings of the left atrial wall and contain A) Only adipose tissue adipose tissue, atrial arteries, and nerve bundles. B) Only atrial arteries C) Only nerve bundles D) Adipose tissue, atrial arteries, and nerve bundles E) Only myocardial sleeves Which part of the left atrium houses the C) The epicardial fat pads ganglionated cardiac intrinsic nerve Explanation: Several epicardial fat pads on the pulmonary venous part of the left atrium house plexuses? the superior left, posterolateral, left inferior, and posteromedial ganglionated cardiac intrinsic A) The vestibule nerve plexuses. B) The left atrial isthmus C) The epicardial fat pads D) The interatrial septum E) The coronary sinus What is the characteristic feature of the left B) It has a rough appearance atrial aspect of the interatrial septum? Explanation: The left atrial aspect of the interatrial septum has a characteristically rough A) It is smooth and flat appearance, bounded by a crescentic, superiorly concave ridge that marks the site of the fetal B) It has a rough appearance foramen ovale. C) It is covered with myocardial sleeves D) It contains the coronary sinus E) It is the site of the mitral valve What is the shape of the left ventricle in C) Oval or nearly circular transverse section? Explanation: In transverse section, at right-angles to the long axis, the cavity of the left ventricle A) Triangular is oval or nearly circular. B) Rectangular C) Oval or nearly circular D) Hexagonal E) Irregular What is the thickness of the walls of the left C) Three times thicker ventricle compared to the right ventricle? Explanation: The walls of the left ventricle are three times thicker (8–12 mm) than those of the A) The same thickness right ventricle. B) Twice as thick C) Three times thicker D) Half as thick E) Four times thicker What anatomical feature separates the left B) The atrioventricular sulcus atrium from the left ventricle? Explanation: The base of the ventricular cone is superficially separated from the left atrium by A) The interventricular septum part of the atrioventricular sulcus. B) The atrioventricular sulcus C) The pulmonary trunk D) The aortic valve E) The coronary sinus What is a notable feature of the left C) It has an inlet part guarded by the mitral valve ventricle's internal structure? Explanation: The left ventricle has an inlet part guarded by the mitral (left atrioventricular) A) It has an inlet part guarded by the valve, an outlet part guarded by the aortic valve, and an apical trabecular part. tricuspid valve B) It has an outlet part guarded by the pulmonary valve C) It has an inlet part guarded by the mitral valve D) It has an outlet part guarded by the mitral valve E) It has an inlet part guarded by the aortic valve What happens during the ejection phase of B) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex through the aortic orifice systole in the left ventricle? Explanation: During the ejection phase of systole, blood is expelled from the cardiac apex A) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex through the aortic orifice after the closure of the mitral valvular leaflets. through the mitral orifice B) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex through the aortic orifice C) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex through the tricuspid orifice D) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex Question Answer through the pulmonary orifice E) Blood is expelled from the cardiac apex through the atrial orifice What forms the subaortic curtain in the left C) The fibrous continuity between leaflets of the aortic and mitral valves ventricle? Explanation: The subaortic curtain is formed by the fibrous continuity between the leaflets of A) The fibrous continuity between leaflets the aortic and mitral valves. of the aortic and pulmonary valves B) The fibrous continuity between leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves C) The fibrous continuity between leaflets of the aortic and mitral valves D) The fibrous continuity between leaflets of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves E) The fibrous continuity between leaflets of the mitral and pulmonary valves What is the average circumference of the C) 9.0 cm mitral orifice in males? Explanation: The mitral orifice measures, on average, 9.0 cm in circumference in males. A) 7.2 cm B) 8.0 cm C) 9.0 cm D) 10.0 cm E) 11.0 cm What is the relationship between the mitral, C) They are intimately connected at the site of the central fibrous body tricuspid, and aortic orifices? Explanation: The mitral, tricuspid, and aortic orifices are intimately connected at the site of the A) They are all located in the right atrium central fibrous body. B) They are all located in the left atrium C) They are intimately connected at the site of the central fibrous body D) They are separated by the interventricular septum E) They are located in the pulmonary trunk What is the function of the fibrous core of C) It is a continuation of the fibrous subaortic curtain the central part of the aortic leaflet of the Explanation: The fibrous core of the central part of the aortic leaflet of the mitral valve is a mitral valve? continuation of the fibrous subaortic curtain that descends from the adjacent halves of the left A) It supports the tricuspid valve and non-adjacent (non-coronary) valve leaflets. B) It supports the pulmonary valve C) It is a continuation of the fibrous subaortic curtain D) It supports the right atrium E) It supports the left atrium What is a characteristic feature of B) Disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Explanation: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by myocardial wall thickening, A) Uniform myocardial wall thickening with a disproportionate thickening of the interventricular septum compared to the posterior B) Disproportionate thickening of the wall. interventricular septum C) Thinning of the myocardial wall D) Uniform thickening of the posterior wall E) No change in myocardial wall thickness Which imaging technique is particularly C) Serial short-axis gradient echo MRI useful in assessing apically confined Explanation: Serial short-axis gradient echo MRI allows accurate measurement of wall hypertrophy in hypertrophic thickness and is particularly useful in assessing apically confined hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? cardiomyopathy. A) X-ray B) CT scan C) Serial short-axis gradient echo MRI D) PET scan E) Ultrasound What histological changes are associated A) Cardiomyocytic disarray with replacement fibrosis with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Explanation: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is associated with histological changes including A) Cardiomyocytic disarray with cardiomyocytic disarray with replacement fibrosis and collagenous component expansion. replacement fibrosis B) Uniform myocardial cell alignment C) Increased myocardial cell size without fibrosis D) Decreased collagenous component E) Absence of histological changes What is the usual treatment approach for B) Medical treatment, except for refractory cases hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Explanation: Treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually medical, except for Question Answer A) Surgical intervention in all cases refractory cases and when the left ventricular outflow tract obstruction has a gradient of B) Medical treatment, except for refractory greater than 50 mmHg. cases C) No treatment required D) Only lifestyle changes E) Immediate catheter alcohol septal ablation What genetic mutation is commonly B) β-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene associated with the classic form of Explanation: Individuals with mutations of the β-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? usually develop the classic form of hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A) Cardiac troponin T gene B) β-MHC (major histocompatibility complex) gene C) Cardiac actin gene D) Myosin light chain (MLC) gene E) Cardiac troponin I gene What is a non-surgical alternative C) Catheter alcohol septal ablation treatment for hypertrophic Explanation: Catheter alcohol septal ablation has been introduced as a non-surgical alternative cardiomyopathy? treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A) Ventricular septal myotomy B) Myectomy C) Catheter alcohol septal ablation D) Heart transplant E) Beta-blockers How does the heart of an athletic individual A) Uniform hypertrophy that decreases on deconditioning differ from that of someone with Explanation: The heart of an athletic individual may physiologically hypertrophy in a uniform hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? fashion, and thickness decreases on deconditioning, unlike the asymmetric patterns seen in A) Uniform hypertrophy that decreases on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. deconditioning B) Asymmetric hypertrophy with sharp segmental transitions C) No hypertrophy D) Uniform hypertrophy that remains constant E) Thinning of the myocardial wall What does the abbreviation LSPV stand for A) Left Superior Pulmonary Vein in the context of the left atrium anatomy? Explanation: LSPV stands for Left Superior Pulmonary Vein, which is one of the pulmonary A) Left Superior Pulmonary Vein veins entering the left atrium. B) Left Subclavian Pulmonary Vein C) Left Superior Pericardial Vein D) Left Subclavian Pericardial Vein E) Left Superior Phrenic Vein Which structure passes posterior to the C) Oesophagus posterior left atrial wall? Explanation: The oesophagus passes posterior to the posterior left atrial wall, as indicated in A) Trachea the sagittal sections of the cadaveric heart. B) Aorta C) Oesophagus D) Inferior Vena Cava E) Superior Vena Cava What is the function of the mitral valve (MV) A) To regulate blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart? Explanation: The mitral valve (MV) regulates blood flow between the left atrium and the left A) To regulate blood flow between the left ventricle, ensuring unidirectional flow during the cardiac cycle. atrium and left ventricle B) To regulate blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle C) To regulate blood flow between the left ventricle and aorta D) To regulate blood flow between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery E) To regulate blood flow between the left atrium and right atrium What does the triangle indicate in the A) The carina or interpulmonary ridge between the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins sagittal section of the left atrium? Explanation: The triangle indicates the carina or interpulmonary ridge between the left A) The carina or interpulmonary ridge superior and inferior pulmonary veins. between the left superior and inferior pulmonary veins B) The opening of the left atrial auricle C) The position of the mitral valve D) The location of the oesophagus E) The entry point of the great cardiac vein Question Answer Where does the great cardiac vein (GCV) run C) Inferior to the left atrial wall in relation to the left atrial wall? Explanation: The great cardiac vein (GCV) runs inferior to the left atrial wall, as shown in the A) Superior to the left atrial wall sagittal sections of the cadaveric heart. B) Anterior to the left atrial wall C) Inferior to the left atrial wall D) Lateral to the left atrial wall E) Posterior to the left atrial wall What is the small accessory leaflet found C) Commissural leaflet between the two major leaflets of the mitral Explanation: The small accessory leaflet found between the two major leaflets (aortic and valve called? mural) of the mitral valve is referred to as the commissural leaflet. A) Aortic leaflet B) Mural leaflet C) Commissural leaflet D) Septal leaflet E) Basal leaflet What are the preferred terms for the B) Aortic and mural leaflets anterior and posterior leaflets of the mitral Explanation: The terms aortic and mural leaflet are now preferred over the original valve? designations of anterior and posterior for the mitral valve leaflets due to the obliquity of the A) Septal and mural leaflets valve. B) Aortic and mural leaflets C) Anterior and posterior leaflets D) Basal and septal leaflets E) Superior and inferior leaflets What is the function of the smooth atrial B) To direct a smooth flow of blood towards the body and apex of the ventricle surface of the aortic leaflet during passive Explanation: During passive ventricular filling and atrial systole, the smooth atrial surface of ventricular filling and atrial systole? the aortic leaflet is important in directing a smooth flow of blood towards the body and apex of A) To prevent backflow of blood the ventricle. B) To direct a smooth flow of blood towards the body and apex of the ventricle C) To anchor the chordae tendineae D) To form the rough zone E) To create a scalloped edge What is the ridge limiting the outer margin B) The maximal extent of surface contact with the mural leaflet in full closure of the rough zone on the aortic leaflet Explanation: The ridge limiting the outer margin of the rough zone on the aortic leaflet indicative of? indicates the maximal extent of surface contact with the mural