Heart Anatomy PDF

The Heart 2 & 3: External & Internal Anatomy of the Heart Prof. Mohammed Z. Allouh Recommended Textbooks & Atlases (Notice: images included in this presentation are adapted from these recommended textbooks and atlases) Princip...

The Heart 2 & 3: External & Internal Anatomy of the Heart Prof. Mohammed Z. Allouh Recommended Textbooks & Atlases (Notice: images included in this presentation are adapted from these recommended textbooks and atlases) Principles of Human Anatomy, 11th & 13th ed. Gerard Tortora & Mark Nielsen. Copyright © 2012 & 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Clinical Anatomy by Regions, 9th ed. Richard S. Snell. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 13th ed. Anne M. R. Agur, Aruther F. Dalley. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Anatomy: A Photographic Atlas, 8th ed. Johannes Rohen, Chihiro Yokochi, Elke Lutjen-Drecoll. Copyright © 2016 Schattauer GmbH and Wolters Kluwer Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 7th ed. Keith Moore, Aurther Dalley, & Anne Agur. Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Essential Clinical Anatomy, 3rd ed. Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur. Copyright © 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business.  Heart Position In the middle of thoracic cavity (Middle Mediastinum) Rests on the ?? Behind the sternum & slightly to the left  strong sounds = left to the sternum  Dextrocardia Dextrocardia: The heart is shifted to the right side of the chest  heart sounds = right to the sternum - 1 in 12,000 Dextrocardia Attendance Introduction to Heart & Blood Circulation  4 Chambers  Dual Pump Right Pump (for deO2 blood): 1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle Left Pump (for O2 blood): 3. Left Atrium 4. Left Ventricle Both pumps function in a synchronous manner Blood Circulation Through the Heart  Blood Circulation Through the Body Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation  Anatomy of the Heart 1. External Anatomy: 3 surfaces 3 borders Apex & Root 2. Structure of the Wall: 3 layers 3. Internal Anatomy: 4 chambers 4. Vascularization: Coronary Arteries Cardiac Veins 5. Innervation Cardiac Conduction System External Anatomy of the Heart  External Anatomy of the Heart Heart Surfaces 1. Anterior (sternocostal): - Opposite to ?? & ribs. - Contains a groove for blood vessels: RA Anterior interventricular groove RV LV 2. Inferior (diaphragmatic): - Rests over the diaphragm - Contains a groove for blood vessels: Posterior interventricular groove *Clinicians 3. Posterior (Base of the heart): - Mainly formed by the Left Atrium chamber of the heart  External Anatomy of the Heart 4. Apex: - It is part of the ? Ventricle. - Found in the Lf. 5th ICS, 9 cm from ?? *important site for heart-beat auscultation (apex beat) 5. Root: origin of the great vessels from the heart: (pulmonary trunk, aorta, & SVC)  Borders of the Heart  Very important for chest radiographs. 1. Right border*: formed by Rt. atrium extends between SVC & IVC 2. Inferior border: formed mainly by Rt. Ventricle extends until the apex 3. Left border*: formed by Lf. Ventricle & slightly Lf. auricle superiorly * Recent anatomical texts start referring to the right and left margins as right and left pulmonary surfaces Right border, Left border, represents? represents? Review  Layers of the Heart Wall Epicardium: visceral layer of ? + adipose tissue Adipose tissue houses ?? Myocardium: cardiac muscle (95%) Pumping action Endocardium: A single layer of flat cells + A thin layer of CT Provides smooth lining to heart chambers  reduces surface friction  Internal Anatomy Chambers of the Heart  4 Chambers  Dual Pump Right Pump (for deO2 blood): 1. Right Atrium 2. Right Ventricle Left Pump (for O2 blood): 3. Left Atrium 4. Left Ventricle Both pumps function in a synchronous manner Attendance  Right Atrium Read a Recommended Textbook For More Details - forms the right border of the heart - Receives deO2 blood from the body & heart muscle: through 5 veins - Composed of: smooth-walled chamber & rough out pouch (auricle) Rough = pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) - On atrial septum : Fossa ovalis (fetal remnant of ?) ? Fossa ovalis Atrial septal defect (ASD) can occur due to incomplete closure of foramen ovale (patent foramen ovale)  Major Openings of Right Atrium 1. SVC: Brings blood from upper body Terminates at the level of Rt. 3rd CC 2. IVC: Brings blood from lower body / larger Terminates at the level of Rt. 5th CC 3. A-V orifice: Sends blood to the right ventricle Located anterior to IVC Guarded by tricuspid valve 4. Coronary Sinus: Brings blood form the heart wall Located between IVC & A-V orifice Minor openings?  Right Ventricle Read a Recommended Textbook For More Details In a cross-section: Crescent-shaped from the inside Contains 3 types of muscular projections: 1. Papillary muscles: Finger-like projections Attach the cusps of the valve via Chordae tendineae 2. Moderator band: Septal wall  base of ant. Papillary muscle contains nerve bundle to right ventricular wall 3. Trabeculae carneae: prominent muscular ridges  Right Ventricle A smooth region: Funnel-shaped (cone-shaped) area located superiorly Named : conus arteriosus (arterial cone) OR infundibulum Represents the outflow part of the right ventricle Just under the Pulmonary orifice  Openings of the Right Ventricle A-V orifice: Guarded by the tricuspid valve Pulmonary orifice (opening): Above the infundibulum (conus arteriosus) Guarded by the pulmonary semilunar valve  Left Atrium Most of the posterior wall (base of the heart)  75-80% of heart base Small left auricle (muscular ridges), projects into the left border anteriorly Usually, 4-5 openings for pulmonary veins & 1 for mitral valve Directly related to ?? and just separated from it by the pericardium  Left Ventricle - The wall is  3x thicker than the right ventricle - It is circular in a cross-section (see next slide) - It has 2 large papillary muscle groups - It has a smooth-walled area for outflow superiorly = aortic vestibule Contributes to the Apex of the heart No moderator band in the left ventricle Interventricular (IV) Septum?  Openings of the Left Ventricle A-V orifice: Guarded by bicuspid valve (Mitral) Aortic opening: Guarded by aortic semilunar valve