Grade 9 Delhi Through the Ages PDF

11 Historical Landscapes of Delhi SIGNIFICANT IDEAS The Ridge, a section of the Aravalli Range, is regarded as Delhi’s lungs. The Yamuna, referred to as the Lifeline of Delhi, has...

11 Historical Landscapes of Delhi SIGNIFICANT IDEAS The Ridge, a section of the Aravalli Range, is regarded as Delhi’s lungs. The Yamuna, referred to as the Lifeline of Delhi, has been the source of water for residents of Delhi for ages. History of Delhi Delhi is no ordinary city; it is the ‘city of cities’ as described by INTACH (Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage). Due to two natural elements, the Ridge (the city’s green lungs) and the Yamuna River (its lifeblood), Delhi has always been a safe haven for kings. Delhi is home to millions of people, including migrants and refugees, and it is also a city rich in culture, art, history, governance, and education. Delhi’s history is just as fascinating and interesting as the city itself. In the beginning, it was not a capital city. However, it has become a significant city as a result of its strategic importance [in terms of history, the term “strategic importance of a place” refers to the significant role that location has played in determining how significant certain places have been during events]. Throughout its lengthy history, India’s current capital has acted as a bridge connecting Central Asia, the northwest frontiers, and the rest of the country. Delhi is still one of the world’s oldest cities that is still in existence. In reality, it is a composite of eight cities, each of which was constructed in a different era on a different site. Each historical period left its mark on the architecture, giving it personality, and each ruler added their own unique architectural style. Poets adored it, kings and emperors fought over it and both Indian and foreign tourists are mesmerised by it. It has developed into a secular city where many different native, foreign cultures and religions live in harmony. It is renowned for its wealth, both material and cultural. 1 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 1 5/23/2023 10:01:02 AM  DELHI N TA Location Map IS AN H DELHI G AF PA K I S TA N CHINA New Delhi N (TIBET) E P A L BHUTAN M YA N M A R BANGLADESH Tropic of Can cer I N D I A BAY ARABIAN OF SEA BANGAL International Boundary And State/UT Boundary Lakshadweep I ama Country Capital n & Nico IN DIA IN DIA ait Str lk Pa bar sla Gulf of Mannar SRI Isl nd s an LANKA ds I N D I A N O C E A N Map not to scale Location of Delhi on Map of India Hotlink Learn more about why Delhi served as the capital for successive dynasties. Visit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a6f1U43PrWY&t=654s Delhi has been destroyed and rebuilt seven times. There have been at least seven cities in the vicinity of modern Delhi, and the proverb “whoever forms a new city at Delhi will lose it” has always come true — most recently for the British who established New Delhi in 1911. Delhi’s Seven Cities Since India gained its independence in 1947, Delhi has grown to be a significant metropolis. It has grown beyond Yamuna River, spilled over the Delhi Ridge, and Delhi Through The Ages 2 Book_Grade09.indb 2 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  Indraprastha Raja Dhillu Tomars Chauhans capture 1400 BCE founded ‘DILLI’ 900 CE Delhi 1151 100 BCE Mohammed Ghur First floor of Hauz Khas built Tughlakabad Captures Delhi Qutab Minar built 1305 built 1323 1191 1200 Firozabad built Begumpuri Maut ki Majid Tomb of Sikander 1354 Masjid built built 1489 Lodi built 1517 1388 Purana Quila Humayun’s tomb Capital shifted Jantar Mantar 1538 built 1565 Shajahanabad built 1724 1648 British take Seige of Delhi Durbar in Delhi Coronation Durbar over Delhi 1857 1877 in Delhi 1911 1803 New Delhi India becomes Delhi made Master plan of inaugurated independant capital of Delhi drawn up 1931 1947 Republic 1950 1962 NCR demarcated 1985 Timeline Key Roads Monuments even entered neighbouring states. The massive influx of Hindu and Sikh refugees from Jami Masjid Red Fort Pakistan after that country’s SHAHJAHANABAD e) Ridg partition from India initially Rajiv FIRUZABAD Chowk accounted for the growth of the (The Kotla Firuz Shah city. However, Delhi has Yam PARLIAMENT Purana Kila assimilated immigrants at an una ls Rashtrapati Kartavya Path Bhavan (Ju Hil Secretariat m astounding rate from all over na) Riv India since the early 1950s. High- Lodi Humayun’s er Tombs Tomb Tomb of rise towers, business centres, lli Safdarjang Jamat Khana Masjid (Nizamuddin Auliya ava Shrine Complex) and other modern city features Ar have sprouted between historic mausoleums and forts. Hauz-i-Khass SIR I Tomb of Firuz Shah Delhi has repeatedly risen from J A H A N -PA N A H the ashes as invader after invader LALKOT destroyed everything in their path (Quwwat-al-Islam) Mosque Qutb Minar Tughluqabad and built new citadels and forts Alai-Darwaza Tomb of Balban with the same materials. Sultan Ghari Tomb Tomb of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq Map not to scale Location of the Seven Cities of Delhi 3 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 3 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  DELHI Narela Bakhtawarpur Auchandi NORTH Bawana Alipur Budhpur UTTAR PRADESH Sunkari 44 Burari Rohini Bhalswa Lake HARYANA Kanjhawala Sri Dada Badli Wazirabad Mandu Lake Jahangirpuri 9 Rithala Red NORTH Ye ine NORTH llo Lin EAST L e w WEST Azadpur Pitampura 9 e k Lin Delhi University ine Nand Nagri 9 Green Line kL North Campus Pin Mundaka Pin Nangloi Red Line Jat CENTRAL SHAHDARA WEST Punjabi Bagh Seelampur Chandni Red h Drai Karol Chowk fgar Rajouri Garden Fort Anand Vihar aja Bagh Jama Masjid n Dichaon Daryaganj e B ine Lin Pink L Kalan Mohan Garden lue Connaught ue B Bl Preet Vihar Place Line Janakpuri Uttam Nagar Parliament Akshradham SanjayEAST Najafgarh House Delhi India Lake Mitraon Sagarpur ine Mayur Vihar Cantonment Gate kL Pin Safdarjung Dwarka NEW DELHI Palam M Airport Khera Dabar a gen ta L Delhi University ine Defence Colony South Campus SOUTH WEST Lajpat Indira Gandhi Vasant Vihar Okhla Nagar Chhawla Lotus International Airport Dhansa Hauz Khas Temple Kanganheri Mahipalpur Kalkaji Ya Jhuljhuli m 44 un Qutub aR 48 Vasant Kunj Minar ive Kapashera r SOUTH EAST Saket Khanpur Badarpur Badshahpur Jheel ine lo wL Chhatarpur Sainik Yel Farm 236 SOUTH Aya Nagar State/UT Boundary Metro Line Fatehpur Beri District Boundary Metro Line Asola 9 National Highway District HQ Major Road Airport Railway Major Tourist Points Map not to scale Delhi District Map No. Established Name Dynasty Present Location 1 800 BCE Indraprastha Pandavas Around Old Fort and Pragati Maidan 2 100 BCE Dhillika Raja Dhillu Mehrauli 3 1024 CE Lal Kot Tomar Sanjav Van, between Mehrauli Rajputs and J.N.U. 4 1170 CE Qila Rai Pithora Chauhans Lado Sarai, Saket, and Mehrauli 5 1288 CE Kilokri (Killu Mamluk/ Near Ashram & Maharani Bagh Ghari) Slave 6 1302 CE Siri Khilji Siri Fort, Shahpur Jat Delhi Through The Ages 4 Book_Grade09.indb 4 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  No. Established Name Dynasty Present Location 7 1320 CE Tughlaqabad Tughlaqs Tughlaqabad, near Badarpur 8 1334 CE Jahanpanah Tughlaqs Area between Siri, Mehrauli and Tughlaqabad 9 1351 CE Ferozabad Tughlaqs From Pragati Maidan to Shajahanabad 10 1415 CE Khizrabad Sayyids Near New Friends Colony 11 1433 CE Mubarakabad Sayyids No significant traces left 12 1530 CE Dinpanah Mughals From Pragati Maidan to Nizamuddin 13 1542 CE Dill Sher Shahi Suris From Old Fort to Feroz Shah Kotla 14 1648 CE Shahjahanabad Mughals Old Delhi 15 1911 CE New Delhi British Central Delhi Timeline of Dynasties that ruled Delhi Delhi – Yamuna, Ridge and Biodiversity The entire topography of Delhi is divided into two prominent regions - the Yamuna Floodplain and the Ridge. The Delhi Ridge is an extension of the Aravalli Range. The Ridge is recorded to be 2.4 billion years old - older than the Himalayas and the Ganges. Glossary A flood plain is an area of flat land alongside a river. This area gets covered in water when the river floods. Flood plains are naturally very fertile due to the river sediment which is deposited there. A ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance. River Yamuna’s Historical Importance The Yamuna is the Ganga’s biggest tributary. It originates at the Yamunotri Glacier and enters Delhi near the Palla village. According to reports, Delhi has undergone numerous cycles of settlement and abandonment. The presence of the Aravalli Mountain range to the west of the river may have played a significant r ole i n this. It gave Delhi a certain level of protection from the north to the south that was not available elsewhere along the river. Delhi was consequently relocated here after each abandonment. The Yamuna can rightfully be referred to as Delhi’s true town planner. A single main river, 18 of its tributaries, and roughly 800 lakes and tanks were present throughout the entire city of Delhi. A few thousand wells and baolies were added by 5 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 5 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  different rulers which ensured that the city never faced water shortages, famine, and floods. River Yamuna - lifeline of the city: § Provides drinking water to a large population § Floodplains store and recharge a lot of monsoon water § Plays an important role in agriculture; river bed is rich in newer alluvium called Khadar that supports farming activities § Supports a vast ecosystem of wildlife, such as fish, turtles, crocodiles, river dolphins, and aquatic plants § Provides water to a large number of industries Key Fact In Delhi, the Yamuna’s water quality improved during the Covid lockdown as a result of the cessation of industrial effluent discharge and the absence of harmful human activities. Elsewhere! More Gangetic Dolphins could be seen at Bihar’s Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary as a result of the lack of human activity during the COVID lockdown. Yamuna – Pollution Yamuna, the river that sustains Delhi, was once pure and unpolluted. Industrialization and population growth have had a significant impact on its pollution. A large amount of domestic and industrial waste generated in the city is dumped untreated into the river. Industries in and around Delhi also discharge industrial effluents into the river in addition to sewage. The effluents contain a variety of pollutants, including heavy metals, organic chemicals, and nutrients, which can negatively impact the ecosystem and water quality of the river. The health of people and the environment are seriously impacted by the Yamuna’s pollution in Delhi. Typhoid and cholera are two waterborne illnesses that can be brought on by contaminated water. It can also reduce the fertility of the soil and crops nearby. In order to address the issue of pollution in the Yamuna River, the government has taken a number of actions, including establishing sewage treatment facilities, enhancing waste disposal methods, and regulating industries to lessen their environmental impact. However, despite their best efforts, the issue has not been fully solved, and the river’s pollution levels remain high. To address the underlying causes of pollution in the Yamuna, including better waste management and more effective industry regulation, more concerted efforts are required. Q Questions ū What steps has the government taken to clean river Yamuna? Historical Significance of the Ridge Delhi is located at the intersection made by the tip of the 800 km long and 1.5-billion- year-old Aravalli Mountain Range. Delhi Ridge once covered nearly 15% of the city’s Delhi Through The Ages 6 Book_Grade09.indb 6 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  land. The Ridge is composed of quartzite rocks. It is believed that Stone Age tribes made tools with them. The dense forest of the Ridge also attracted Stone Age tribes because it provided both food (plants and animals) and shelter. Water was also plentiful. The Ridge is a topographical feature that has drawn people to the area for countless years. Most of the historical architecture is located around the Ridge. Among them are the Lal Kot fort, the Qutub Minar, Shahjahanabad, and Lutyens’ Delhi. Northern Ridge Azad Market Karol Bagh Viajy Ghat Red Fort Shanti Vana Shakti Sthal Central Ridge Rajiv Chowk Rajghat Dolls Museum Yam una Indraprastha R. Dilli Haat Humayun’s Tomb Hauz Khas South Central Lotus Temple Qutub Minar Kalkaji Mandir Tughlakabad Southern Ridge HARYANA Map not to scale The Delhi Ridge The Ridge – The city’s Green Lungs § Safeguards Delhi from westerly winds carrying sand from the Rajasthan desert § Eliminates pollution § Minimises soil erosion § Preserves and filters groundwater § Provides areas for recreation § Rich in medicinal plants 7 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 7 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  Wildlife in Delhi Migratory Birds in Delhi Delhi Through The Ages 8 Book_Grade09.indb 8 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  The Delhi Ridge is a major ecological resource for the region. However, it is being destroyed and degraded as a result of numerous human activities. The extensive urbanisation of the city is one of the main factors contributing to the destruction of the Delhi Ridge. The Ridge is frequently chosen as a prime location for real estate development due to the rising demand for land due to Delhi’s expanding population. This has caused soil erosion, felling of trees, and the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species. Another element that is destroying the Ridge is unauthorised mining and quarrying. The Ridge is a source of a number of minerals, including quartz and feldspar, both of which are in high demand in the construction industry. The Ridge is also being invaded by informal settlements, which are frequently built illegally on forest land. As a result of these settlements frequently dumping their waste in the Ridge, further deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution result. There is a need for stringent government policies and strict enforcement of current laws to address the destruction of the Delhi Ridge. The Ridge is vital to maintaining the ecological balance of the area, so it must be protected from further deterioration and destruction. Furthermore, community involvement in conservation efforts and public awareness campaigns can help to protect the Ridge and ensure its sustainable use. The Central Ridge Delhi’s Biological Diversity Biodiversity includes a variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. These species and organisms keep things in balance and support life by interacting with each other to form a complex ecosystem. Food, fresh water shelter, medicines, etc., that we need to survive is supported by biodiversity. Delhi is built around two ecological systems in the capital, the rocky 9 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 9 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  Aravalli landscape and the Yamuna floodplain. There are seven biodiversity parks in Delhi that are essential for reviving local plant species. The biodiversity parks established by DDA across Delhi: l. Yamuna Biodiversity Park 2. Aravalli Biodiversity Park 3. Northern Ridge 4. Tilpath valley Biodiversity Park 5. Neela hauz Biodiversity Park 6. Tughlaqabad Biodiversity Park 7. Kalindi Biodiversity Park 01 02 03 07 05 06 04 Map not to Scale Biodiversity Parks in Delhi Apply Now Now that you are aware that a lack of human activity decreased water pollution and revived rivers, what might have happened to Delhi’s air quality during the COVID lockdown? Delhi Through The Ages 10 Book_Grade09.indb 10 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  Conclusion Delhi has a dynamic and varied landscape. Many historical and cultural sites can be found here, including the Red Fort, Qutub Minar, and Humayun’s Tomb. These landmarks serve as well-liked tourist attractions and highlight Delhi’s extensive history and cultural heritage. Delhi has many parks and gardens, including the Lodi Gardens, Nehru Park, and Deer Park, in addition to its historical sites. These green spaces provide a tranquil setting for people to unwind and relax while providing a much- needed respite from the hustle and bustle of city life. Delhi is well-known for places like Chandni Chowk, Connaught Place, and Karol Bagh in addition to its thriving markets and bazaars. These markets are a shopper’s paradise and offer a wide range of products, from traditional handicrafts to modern designer clothing. Overall, Delhi’s landscape is a unique fusion of the traditional and modern, the natural and man-made, and the ancient and modern. Due to its diverse population, rich cultural and historical heritage, as well as its current vibrancy and commotion, this city appeals to a wide range of people. Both tourists and locals agree that it is a must-visit location. References Links 1. History of Delhi https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi/History https://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/history_of_delhi.jsp https://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/eight_cities_delhi.jsp 2. Cities of Delhi http://www.monumentsofdelhi.com/cities https://www.dailyo.in/arts/history-of-delhi-glorious-cities-of-tomars-sultans-mughals-lutyens-25120 3. Yamuna https://www.britannica.com/place/Yamuna-River https://www.business-standard.com/topic/yamuna-river 4. Ridge https://so.city/delhi/article/heres-all-you-wanted-to-know-about-the-green-lungs-of-our-city-the-delhi-ridge https://www.nativeplanet.com/delhi/attractions/delhi-ridge/#overview 5. Biodiversity Parks https://www.delhibiodiversityparks.org 11 Landscapes of Delhi Book_Grade09.indb 11 5/23/2023 10:01:03 AM  12 Markets and Localities of Delhi SIGNIFICANT IDEAS You can tell the difference between markets by where they are, what kinds of goods they sell, and how often they happen. A large number of people in Delhi have started shopping online, especially during and after the COVID pandemic. The majority of Delhi’s neighbourhoods are constructed on land that the Delhi Development Authority has allotted, despite the fact that there are also many illegal settlements. At various points in time, immigrants from various regions of India and abroad have travelled to Delhi and settled in various localities (neighbourhoods).    Markets Markets bring buyers and sellers together to trade goods, services, and resources. It is a system where supply and demand set prices and quantities of goods and services. Markets can be physical, like a mall or farmer’s market, or virtual, like online marketplaces. Buyers are willing to pay a certain price for a product or service, and sellers are willing to accept that price. These two parties set the market price, which fluctuates with supply and demand. An economy’s resource allocation depends on markets. A public market offers a warm, engaging space to spend time with friends, converse with strangers, and watch colourful community events. Delhi Through The Ages 12 Book_Grade09.indb 12 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  A Market Source: https://www.postoast.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Top-Wholesale-Markets-in-Delhi.jpg Have you ever considered Q Questions ū Why do people go to weekly markets? ū Can we survive without markets? ū Why do we have different types of markets? Let us list a few common features of the market: § A market is not restricted to one physical or geographical location. It covers a large general area and caters to the demand and supply forces of the region. § A market must consist of a collection of buyers and sellers of the commodity. § Access to market information is necessary for both buyers and sellers. § There should be an awareness of the demand for products, consumer choices and preferences, fashion trends, etc. Profitable public markets have a wide range of advantages. They provide low-risk business opportunities for vendors and farmers, link the economies of urban and rural areas, and increase access to affordable, wholesome food. The first civic centres were public markets, and they still serve as important public gathering spots that promote local culture and are welcoming to people from all walks of life. Public markets are capable of serving as vital economic, social, and public health infrastructure in our communities, as the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated—but only if they are supported by public policies, programs, and investments. We visit the market to purchase a variety of goods, including fruits, vegetables, soap, toothpaste, masala, bread, rice, dal, clothes, notepads, biscuits, and more. Our shopping list would be very extensive if we made a list of everything we buy. For our daily needs, we may go to a variety of markets, such as shops, hawker stalls in our neighbourhood, a weekly market, a sizeable shopping centre, or even a mall. So in a traditional sense, a market is where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. 13 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 13 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Classification of Markets Types of Markets § Local markets are confined to a small geographic area, and they mainly sell perishable and semi-perishable products like grains, fruits, and vegetables, meat, milk, and other kinds of consumer goods and services. § Regional markets can cover a much wider area compared to local markets. It is made up of a district, a state, or a collection of states. This includes consumer durables and non-durable goods, agricultural produce, and industrial products. § National markets can cover an entire country, involving consumer durables and non-durables goods, metals, agricultural produce, forest products, industrial goods, and a wide range of natural and man-made products and services. § International markets involve the exchange of goods and services across national boundaries, and the entire globe is regarded as one market. A wide range of goods and services can be shipped from one country to another thanks to improvements in communication, transportation, storage, and packaging technologies. Some popular markets in Delhi Source: https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1816/6561/articles/Blog-Stalk_17th-March-2021_1168x. jpg?v=1617274275 Delhi Through The Ages 14 Book_Grade09.indb 14 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Q Questions ū Are all markets the same, and if so, why do we give them different names? Popular Markets in Delhi Delhi has always been the most significant trading hub in northern India since the Middle Ages. Many of its localities, including Sheikh Sarai and Yusuf Sarai, got their names from Delhi’s historic trading centres. Nowadays, there are a number of shopping centres, hubs, and wholesale markets dispersed throughout the city in place of the trading towns. For any visitor to Delhi, shopping is always at the top of their itinerary. There are shops with a variety of items popular with tourists, including silverware, jewellery, carpets, handicrafts, precious stones, and silks, all of which are associated with India. Connaught Place, Karol Bagh, Sarojini Market, and Chandni Chowk are the major shopping areas. Along Baba Kharak Singh Marg, near Parliament Street, there are a lot of emporiums selling well-known handicrafts from various Indian states. Let us find out more about some of these well-known markets. Chandni Chowk: It is the ideal location for shopping. For more than three centuries, traders from Turkey, China, and even Holland have come to this heavily populated market. In Dariba Kalan, jewellery made of pearls, gold, silver, and attar (natural perfumes) is common. The well-known company Gulab Singh Johri Mal, founded in 1819, manufactures and exports attar. For those who enjoy spices, a trip to Khari Baoli is essential. Spices were what brought India and the West together. The best place to look for zari and zardozi trimmings and tinsel is Kinari Bazaar. Katra Neel’s cloth bazaar carries a wide variety of fabrics, including silks, satin, crepe, cotton, and muslin. The largest electrical goods market in Asia is located in Bhagirath Palace, which also sells allopathic medicines and medical supplies. Tilak Bazaar is known for chemicals, while Moti Bazaar is known for shawls and pearls. Key Fact Shah Jahan’s daughter Jahanara Begum Chandni Chowk designed the three bazaars of Chandni Source: https://static.toiimg.com/photo/msid- Chowk in 1650. The Urdu Bazaar, right 77211849/77211849.jpg 15 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 15 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  opposite Jama Masjid is still a bustling market, famous for restaurants serving Mughlai cuisine. Elsewhere! The largest and most well-known spice market in Morocco is Mellah Spice Souk, just like Khari Baoli is in India. Nai Sarak: In Old Delhi, Nai Sarak is a well-liked location for book shopping. Nai Sarak, which connects Chawri Bazaar and Chandni Chowk Road, is home to a large number of wholesale and retail bookstores that sell college and school textbooks. Karol Bagh: Karol Bagh in Central Delhi is a mixed residential and commercial neighbourhood known for its shopping streets like Gaffar Market and Ajmal Khan Road. Karol Bagh got its name from a number of herbal gardens in the area. It was formerly known as “Qarol Bagh” because “Qarol” means “curved like a green chilli.” One of Delhi’s busiest markets, Karol Bagh, is renowned for the wide variety of clothing options it offers. Wedding wear, everyday wear, branded clothing, and ethnic clothing are all available in one location. Delhi shoppers frequently visit the Gaffar market for electronic goods. Bengali Market: One of Delhi’s oldest and best-known markets is Bengali Market. The market’s official name is Bangali Mal Market, despite the fact that it has nothing to do with the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a relatively small market with a number of shops arranged in a circle around a traffic roundabout that Bangali Mal Lohia built in 1930. However, over time, it has come to be known simply as Bengali Market. Food, flowers, and fruits are the three main commodities sold in the market. The city’s sweet shops are well-known for their mouth-watering rajma chawal, chole bhature, golgappas, and other sweetmeats. Florists hidden away in the corners are laden with vibrant, blooming flowers, adding to the grandeur of the surroundings. Some of the area’s well-known fruit shops are also located in the market. Dilli Haat: The word ‘haat’ refers to a weekly, unofficial market or bazaar that takes place in India’s countryside. Dilli Haat is a distinct, improved, and significantly more sophisticated version of a haat. Through a wide range of handicrafts, food, and cultural activities, Dilli Haat immerses visitors in the magical world of Indian art and culture. Its goal is to help and promote artists from all over India so that India’s rich cultural history can be kept alive. For a small fee, craftspeople from India’s large and varied land are given 15 days of rotating access to the handicraft stands. By doing this, consumers can purchase genuine goods without having to pay artificially high maintenance costs. Delicious regional specialties from across India are also offered, including puran poli from Maharashtra, dhokla from Gujarat, kahwa and kebabs from Jammu and Kashmir, and momos from Sikkim, among others. Delhi Through The Ages 16 Book_Grade09.indb 16 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Dilli Haat Source: https://im.whatshot.in/img/2021/Feb/dilli-haat-2-1614089445.jpg Hotlink To know more about Dilli Haat at INA, click on this link: https://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/dilli_ haat_INA.jsp Shopping Malls Nowadays, there are many ways to shop, but it can be challenging to find one that fits into the hectic lifestyle of the modern person. Shopping malls offer a number of benefits, whether a person wants to unwind, have fun, or complete some last-minute purchases. Delhi’s thriving street markets, state emporiums, and upscale designer boutiques draw tourists from all over the country. However, Delhi’s shopping malls have shown a shift away from these traditional retail locations in the city’s shopping scene over the past few decades. These malls provide everything under one roof, including high-end electronics, food, entertainment, and designer clothing. So, whether one is looking for that perfect dress or the latest gadget, one will find it all at these popular shopping malls in Delhi. A mall offers the following benefits for shopping: Beating the weather: Every shopping mall has a roof, so unfavourable weather can be avoided. In other words, one will not have to rush between stores to avoid the rain or return home with shopping bags full of wet purchases. The majority of malls have an entirely air-conditioned interior, making them excellent places to cool off in the summer. Convenience: The buildings’ layout was specifically designed to be functional. Each store is positioned with the user in mind, resulting in the least amount of travel time 17 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 17 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  between them. Shopping malls are the most efficient place to shop if one needs to buy a lot of items quickly. Dining out: Shopping centres offer a wide variety of dining establishments, including cafes, diners, and food courts, to suit any budget. Added benefits: Due to their popularity, many businesses only offer promotions in their mall-based stores. They are happy to offer customers sizable and special discounts because they are aware that they must compete with all the other stores in the building. Friendly for pedestrians and vehicles: Searching for parking is one of the most annoying aspects of shopping. However, malls frequently have a sizable parking lot that is free for patrons. When one is inside, it is only a pedestrian area, so one does not have to worry about keeping children safe from heavy traffic. Activity Research and find the names of some popular shopping malls and their locations in Delhi. Weekly Markets During the Mughal era, weekly markets were operated by travelling salesmen who would set up shop at new locations each day and return to the same location next week (Yadav & Bhaduri, 2019). Each travelling merchant served a set number of six or seven villages in Delhi’s then-neighbourhood. With the urbanisation and industrialisation of Delhi, other day-dependent centres where vendors gathered and sold their wares on specific days emerged in various parts of the city. These came to be known as hafta bazaars and were popularly named after the day they were set up, i.e., Budh bazaar (Budh is Wednesday in Hindi) and Shukra bazaar (Shukra is Friday in Hindi). Local weekly markets, also called “haat” or “tehbazari,” are a type of traditional retailing where small vendors set up temporary displays of their goods in places where the municipal corporation allows them on a certain day of the week for a set fee. Usually these markets are organised on the pavement of roads that run through neighbourhoods. Shops that are housed in permanent structures must spend a lot of money on things like rent, electricity, and government fees. They must also pay their employees’ wages. In contrast, these shop owners store the goods they sell at their homes during the weekly markets. The majority of them do not need to hire employees because they receive assistance from their family members. Therefore, the majority of items in weekly markets are more affordable. There is also competition between the many stores that sell the same goods at weekly markets. If a vendor charges a high price, customers move on to a different store where they might find the same item for less money or where they could bargain to reduce the price. Delhi Through The Ages 18 Book_Grade09.indb 18 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Legal Local Lobbying group Authorization Management Municipal Elected/ Welfare MCD authorized Unauthorized Market on Corporation of appointed head associations Market on public market on public private land Delhi land land Administration Types & Governance Sabzi mandis Factories Regular consumers Markets Occasional Second-hand Supply Vendors Hafta Bazaar Vendors goods Home consumers Tourists made items Flow of goods Flow of goods Economics Characteristics Linear economic function Weekly Market Activity List the weekly market(s) in your neighbourhood and prepare item-by-item details of how much your family spends on the goods bought from these markets. Digital Marketing Online marketing is the process of advertising products and services online to get more people to buy them. While it shares some similarities with more conventional marketing strategies like print and television advertising, online marketing encompasses a wide variety of components. New trends, technologies, and tools are constantly emerging, and no industry ever stands still. Digital marketing is one of those sectors that advances extremely quickly. One can stay up-to-date on the latest developments in the industry by visiting any of these websites. Benefits of online marketing: § Low cost of entry. Due to the fact that many of these systems are automated, starting out only costs a few Rupees. § Better targeting. For instance, with paid search engine marketing, users only see your brand when they specifically look for your product. § Robust and accurate data. You can promote your goods and services more effectively if you have better analytics. Popular Online Selling Sites In India India saw an increase of 200 online selling sites in 2012 compared to 2011. Since then, India has not turned back but rather advanced. 19 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 19 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Digital Marketing 1. Amazon: In 1994, Amazon was founded with the primary goal of making product delivery simpler and providing customers with convenience. Selling books was the first step, and then it expanded to selling video games and any other item a customer might require. The company began assisting small, large, and medium-sized businesses in the middle of the 2000s after transforming into a tech company. 2. Flipkart: Flipkart launched in 2007 and became more well-known in 2010. It did this by facilitating COD—Cash on Delivery—which expanded its network of product delivery. To grow the business, it gradually began adding product categories. By 2014, Flipkart had a presence in every product category and was one of India’s leading online marketplaces. 3. Paytm: In India, there are many online shopping apps, but none of them can compete with Paytm. It was established in 2010 as a tech and finance company, and by 2017, it had begun to sell a range of goods. It also developed the Paytm Mall app, which is offered in 11 different languages. Millions of users who have downloaded the app can access the products that Paytm Sellers are promoting. Paytm has built fulfilment centres around the world to support its sellers. Delhi Through The Ages 20 Book_Grade09.indb 20 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  On-Demand Home Services Start-ups in India When your air conditioner breaks down in the middle of the day, where do you go? What happens, for instance, if a pipe in your kitchen suddenly leaks? In the past, you would have looked around for a trustworthy person or immediately called your neighbourhood plumber or electrician. However, a lot of home service start-ups have now emerged, utilising the on-demand economy and removing the difficulty of finding a specialist. Activity Find out more about some of these well-known home service start-ups in India. UrbanClap | HouseJoy | Zimmber | UrbanPro | Helpr | Mr. Right | Timesaverz | Near.in Online Markets The markets that we looked at above are the ones that we recognise easily. However, there are markets that we may not be aware of. This is because a large number of goods are bought and sold that we do not use directly. For instance, a farmer uses fertilisers to cultivate crops that he buys from specialised stores in the city, which obtain them from factories. A car factory buys components from various other factories, including engines, gears, gas tanks, axles, and wheels. Normally, we only see the finished product—the car in the showroom—and not all of the buying and selling. For any other goods, the story is similar. Activity Name two markets that you particularly liked going to. Give a brief summary of your experience. Do you prefer online shopping to going to your neighbourhood store? Do you prefer weekly markets over online retailers? Delhi Neighbourhoods History says that people lived in Delhi during the time of the Mahabharata, and the Pandavas lived in what is now called Indraprastha. Delhi is actually an amalgam of eight cities, each of which was built in a different era on a different site. Each era left its mark on the city, giving it character, and each ruler left a unique legacy. It has become a culturally secular city that welcomes people of different faiths and cultures, both foreign and native, while still functioning as a single, unified whole. It is renowned for its wealth, both material and cultural; tourists from other countries are mesmerised by it; books have been written about it since the dawn of time; poets have adored it; and kings and emperors have engaged in conflict over it. Housing can vary a lot within and between residential areas. These could be mobile homes, single-family homes, or apartment complexes. Residential areas can be zoned so that no business or industry is allowed, or they can be zoned so that only certain services or jobs are allowed. Both low-density and high-density uses of the land might be permitted by it. Residential zoning typically has a lower floor area ratio than commercial, industrial, or manufacturing zones. 21 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 21 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  The Delhi government conducted a socioeconomic survey, which revealed that 66.63% of households in the city own their homes while 32.38% do not. However, experts said the data reflects the growing presence of informal settlements in the form of unlicensed localities and slums in the national capital since the majority of those who claimed to own the property were residing in the pockets where the majority of resettlement localities are located. The survey, which was conducted between November 2018 and 2019, included 1,02 crore people and 20.05 lakh households. The state’s planning department estimates that Delhi has a population of over 2 crore. However, a Delhi exists that is even more recent. After Independence, this Delhi was hastily and haphazardly constructed out of necessity. It actually consists of two “cities”: the Jhuggi Jhopri (also known as J-J) slum clusters, which are inhabited by migrants from the countryside, and the neighbourhood slums, which are home to upwardly mobile traders and technocrats. The poor are housed in the J-J clusters, which are dispersed throughout the city and are made of cardboard, tin, straw, and mud shacks. They are both a source of low-cost domestic and industrial labour, and their inhabitants deliver daily necessities like milk, vegetables, and fruit to the doorsteps of the wealthy. J-J neighbourhoods frequently lack basic services and safe, decent housing. A third of Delhi’s population lives in substandard housing, which includes 362 villages, 695 slums, 1797 illegal colonies, and 695 JJ Clusters. Let Us Explore a Few Neighbourhoods in Delhi Hauz Khas is located in south Delhi. It takes its name from an old water reservoir of the same name that is now a part of the vast Hauz Khas Complex. In the Urdu language, ‘Hauz’ means ‘water tank’ and ‘Khas’ means ‘royal’, giving it the meaning ‘Royal Tank’. Alauddin Khalji constructed the water tank or reservoir to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri Fort. Today, Hauz Khas is one of the most popular hangout spots in Delhi. Some of the biggest fashion brands in the world are promoted here, but there is also room for local handicraft to flourish. The most luxurious structures can be found on the one hand, and architectural wonders from the past can be found on the other. Chirag Dilli was given its name in honour of the revered Sufi mystic Nasiruddin Mahmud, also known as Roshan Chiragh-e-Delhi (literally, “The Illuminated Lamp of Delhi”), who arrived in Delhi in the early fourteenth century, studied under Nizamuddin Auliya, and ultimately succeeded him. The pupil Nizamuddin Auliya cherished the most was Nasiruddin Mahmud Chirag-Dehlavi. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq required a large workforce to complete the construction of his fort. They would construct the fort during the day and the reservoir at night. In order to prevent work from being done at night, the Sultan ordered that all oil supplies to him be stopped. According to the legend, he received the saint’s blessing so he could build a reservoir and use water to light lamps instead of oil. Dehlavi was given the Persian nickname “Roshan Chirag- e-Delhi” after accomplishing this feat, which translates to “Illuminated Lamp of Delhi.” There is another legend about his name, Dehlavi. When Dehlavi once attended a “mehfil” (gathering), he was asked to sit in a spot that he did not enjoy. That was due to the fact that he would have his back to some of the other dignitaries who were present. ‘A Chirag has no back,’ said his mentor Nizamuddin Auliya in response. This tale of his origin as “Chiragh” is thought to be more truthful. Delhi Through The Ages 22 Book_Grade09.indb 22 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Although much of the village now consists of modern buildings, Chirag Dilli still has a number of old houses, including Mughal havelis, colonial structures, and more. Mehrauli’s origin as a locality is wrapped in various tales. § Mihirawali, which means ‘Home of Mihir’, was founded by King Mihir Bhoja of the Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty. § Another legend is that the name Mehrauli is attributed to Mehrawali Mai (Mehr means blessings), whose temple is located right next to Bhool Bhulaiyaa (Adam Khan’s tomb), as one enters Mehrauli. § Mehrauli - the name comes from Mehr-e-wali, where ‘mehr’ means blessings and ‘wali’ is an Arabic word meaning ‘custodian’, ‘protector’ or ‘helper’ — thus, a holy man. § Mehrauli is derived from the Sanskrit word Mihira-awali. It signifies the township where the well-known astronomer Varaha-Mihira of Vikramaditya’s court lived along with his helpers, mathematicians, and technicians. As a place of worship, a trading post, and a wholesale market, the village of Mehrauli has survived and thrived. Because it is home to some of the most well-known designers in the nation, the city’s elite now regard it as one of their favourite locations to buy wedding attire. Chanakyapuri, which translates to ‘the city of Chanakya,’ honours the Prime Minister who served in the court of the great Mauryan king Chandragupta Maurya in the third century BCE. He is also referred to as Kautilya (Kautilya Marg), and he wrote the Arthashastra, an ancient Indian work on politics, economics, and military strategy. Chanakya Puri houses some of the most important Embassies, Consulates and High Commissions in the world. Madanpur Khadar is an urban village in Delhi’s South East district. According to legend, Chaudhary Madan Singh gave his name to the village of Madanpur Khadar, which is thought to be 800 years old. Due to its location along the banks of the Yamuna River, the village’s name includes the term ‘Khadar.’ The Delhi Metropolitan Council’s Administrative Authorities decided that Madanpur Khadar Village was an urban village. Even though it is surrounded by residential and industrial areas, the village tries to keep its rural feel. Rohini is the first sub-city project launched by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in the 1980s to create a composite society for people of all socioeconomic backgrounds. There are more than 50 sectors in the Rohini sub-city. The majority of Rohini’s housing developments are surrounded by immaculately kept green parks, and each sector has a number of bus stops. Rohini has a lot of places to shop and things to do. It also has well-known colleges, schools, and hospitals. Dwarka is a recently developed area in the south-west Delhi district. It is also known as the ‘Model Township’ because of its highly organised, well-planned, clean, and green policies. The Dwarka subcity provides vital amenities and services like healthcare facilities, educational institutions, and safety and security. Gandhi Nagar is a middle-income commercial and residential area in the East Delhi district in the Trans-Yamuna area. It is most known for Gandhi Nagar Market, which is Asia’s biggest ready-made garment and textile market. 23 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 23 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  Case Study Seelampur, a suburb of north-eastern Delhi, is the crematorium of India’s ongoing telecom revolution. Abandoned electronics like circuit board-based mobile phones, computers, video game consoles, and almost any other material device you can think of are housed in a number of single-room, asbestos-roofed buildings with flimsy footpaths. Aslam Nawaz, a 27-year-old local who has lived in Seelampur since birth, runs one of these businesses. Three kids are seen working in a makeshift assembly line with barely enough room to stand. Chinar, 12, sorts through motherboards to determine which can be repaired or are ‘good.’ In order to separate the precious metals, such as gold, copper, and silver, from the electronic boards, Ashraf, 16, and Parveen, 15, sit close by as they work. The boys smash the circuit board with their bare hands prior to an acid bath. Nawaz claims that the boys are “veterans,” despite the fact that the proper way to do this would be to wear thick gloves and protective masks. Although they used safety equipment when necessary, he claimed that accidents still occurred. With an estimated 50,000 people here relying on electronic waste for a living, Seelampur has grown to become one of the nation’s most prosperous electronic waste markets in less than 20 years. Women and children are paid less than men, with the average worker earning between `500 and `1,000 per day. Seelampur’s streets are devoid of even the most basic conveniences, and there are garbage piles on nearly every corner. Local teacher Rajpal Singh claims that the absence of a sewer system, increased traffic, and an unplanned neighbourhood have made matters worse. Seelampur Source: https://cdn.dnaindia.com/sites/default/files/styles/full/public/2018/05/07/679587-seelampur- village.jpg Greater Kailash, also known as GK, is a South Delhi neighbourhood with upscale real estate spread across a number of communities and markets. A touch of luxury and an air of elegance define this upscale area. The M-block market is a well-liked tourist attraction in the city thanks to its chic designer showrooms, trendy accessories, Delhi Through The Ages 24 Book_Grade09.indb 24 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  and chic gold jewellery stores. There are many places to eat there, including some of the best cafes, restaurants, and ice cream parlours. In recent years, the N-Block market has transformed into a fashionable hangout. Some of the issues in Greater Kailash are pollution, sanitization and road redesign. People are also dissatisfied with the sanitation services. They claim that not every neighbourhood is cleaned and that malba is clogging all of the major roads. Pollution is the other major problem. The locals want the roads to be redesigned to reduce or eliminate traffic bottlenecks. Another issue is women’s safety and security. There is demand for the installation of cameras and LED lights, in addition to a mohalla marshal who can act as a mediator between the public and the police. Greater Kailash Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/GK1%2C_New_Delhi. jpg/440px-GK-1%2C_New_Delhi.jpg Apply Now One risk of residing in an unauthorised colony is that the fire brigade cannot access the majority of the homes. What other security issues might there be for those residing in colonies that are not authorised? Identify the agencies responsible for the development of such colonies and areas. Livelihoods of Delhi Every person in the world has basic needs that must be met, including food, shelter, clothing, health, and education. One must work to earn an income in order to meet these basic needs and live comfortably. People’s ability to make and keep their own means of survival is good for their own well-being and the well-being of future generations. These abilities depend on the availability of and access to ecological, economic, and political options that are based on fairness, resource ownership, and democratic decision-making. 25 Markets and Localities of Delhii Book_Grade09.indb 25 5/23/2023 10:01:04 AM  The Partition of India in 1947 led to a massive transfer of populations on both sides of the new border. Delhi’s population increased as a result, as did the types of work people did and the city’s culture. At this time, new settlements like Lajpat Nagar and Tilak Nagar emerged. To meet the needs of the migrants, stores and stalls were opened, along with schools and colleges. The skills and jobs performed by the refugees differed greatly from those of the individuals they replaced. Landlords from the countryside, as well as lawyers, teachers, traders, and proprietors of small businesses, migrated to Delhi. They were forced to find new employment as carpenters, ironworkers, vendors, and hawkers. However, many of them were successful in their new ventures. The extensive migration from Punjab altered Delhi’s social climate. New gastronomic, fashion, and artistic tastes and sensibilities largely overshadowed Urdu-based urban culture. The service sector is Delhi’s largest employer and its largest economic contributor. At the moment, the main service industries in Delhi are public administration, information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism. The city’s economy is also reliant on construction, healthcare, and real estate. Delhi is home to one of India’s largest and fastest-growing retail sectors. When companies that make consumer goods moved their headquarters and factories to the city, manufacturing in the city grew a lot. Delhi has attracted foreign investment as a result of its sizable consumer market and acces