Topic 10 Social Studies PDF

L1: The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal India Rivalries and Invasions: After 550 CE, competing princes fought for control of India. By 1000 CE, Muslim armies began invading, leading to the establishment of a sultanate in northern India by the 1100s. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526): This...

L1: The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal India Rivalries and Invasions: After 550 CE, competing princes fought for control of India. By 1000 CE, Muslim armies began invading, leading to the establishment of a sultanate in northern India by the 1100s. Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526): This period saw the reorganization of governance, increased trade, and a flourishing of art and architecture, influenced by scholars fleeing the Mongol raids. Cultural Interactions: ○ Muslims (monotheistic) and Hindus (polytheistic) coexisted, with many Hindus converting to Islam, attracted by its rejection of the caste system. ○ Cultural blending led to the emergence of Urdu, a language combining Arabic, Persian, and local dialects, and Sikhism, advocating equality for all. Mughal Dynasty (1526-1857): Founded by Babur, the dynasty is notable for Akbar the Great (1556-1605), who established a strong central government, promoted trade, and encouraged religious tolerance. Notable contributions include the Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan. L2: Golden Ages in China: Tang and Song Dynasties Tang Dynasty (618-907): Founded by Li Yuan and later led by his son Li Shimin (Tang Taizong). The dynasty expanded Chinese territory and restored the Han system of governance, including land reforms benefiting peasants. Song Dynasty (960-1279): Founded by Zhao Kuangyin, the Song era experienced agricultural advancements, including the introduction of fast-growing rice, leading to food surpluses and urban growth. Social Structure: Emperor at the top, followed by scholar-officials, gentry, peasants, and merchants. Women had higher status than later periods, but faced restrictions in marriage. Cultural Achievements: Notable for landscape painting, poetry (Li Bo), and advances in porcelain production. L3: The Mongol Empire and Ming China Mongol Empire: Unified under Genghis Khan, the Mongols expanded significantly, establishing peace along the Silk Road. Kublai Khan founded the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368) in China.  Cultural Exchange: Kublai Khan welcomed foreign visitors like Marco Polo, whose accounts piqued European interest in Asia. Decline of the Yuan: After Kublai's death, Zhu Yuanzhang led a rebellion, establishing the Ming dynasty in 1368. Ming Achievements: Innovations in agriculture, canal repairs, and limited trade with Europeans, focusing on silver for goods. The arts flourished, with notable developments in painting, literature, and mathematics. Exploration: Zheng He's expeditions showcased Chinese power but ceased after 1435 due to a ban on large ships. L4: Korea and Its Traditions Geographical Influence: Korea's location made it susceptible to Chinese influence, especially after the Han invasion in 108 BCE. Three Kingdoms Period: Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla (100-668 CE) were influenced by Chinese ideas and Buddhism. Silla united Korea and became a tributary state to China. Koryo and Choson Dynasties: The Koryo dynasty (935) was noted for cultural achievements like celadon pottery. The Choson dynasty (late 1300s) saw the creation of hangul, a phonetic alphabet. Japanese Invasion: In the 1590s, Japan invaded Korea, but Admiral Yi Sun-shin successfully defended against them. L5: The Island Kingdom of Japan Geographical Isolation: Japan's archipelago status provided both protection and isolation. Cultural Development: Early Japanese society practiced Shinto and adopted Buddhism and Chinese culture. Prince Shotoku promoted Chinese learning. Feudal Structure: The emperor was nominally in charge, but the shogun wielded real power. Minamoto Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate in 1192, distributing land to daimyos. Cultural Flourishing: The Tokugawa shogunate (1600-1868) restored order, leading to agricultural and trade improvements, and the acceptance of Zen Buddhism. L6: The Many Cultures of Southeast Asia  Geographical Diversity: Southeast Asia comprises mainland (Myanmar, Thailand, etc.) and island nations (Indonesia, Philippines). Cultural Exchanges: Indian merchants spread Hinduism and Buddhism. Trade with India brought wealth, and matrilineal customs gave women greater status. Key Kingdoms: ○ Pagan (Myanmar): Unified by King Anawrahta, promoting Buddhism. ○ Khmer Empire: Flourished under Hindu rulers, who were mostly Buddhists. ○ Srivijaya (Indonesia): A trading empire that thrived from the 600s to 1200s, influencing regional cultures. Vietnam: The Red River delta saw Han conquest in 111 BCE, leading to a thousand years of Chinese influence and the eventual adoption of Mahayana Buddhism.