Grade 7 Term 4 History PDF

Unit 1 Arrival of the British and expanding frontier of European settlements ◄ the border between o ne area or country and another frontier naval power a country that has a strong navy and uses it to control some things that happen treaty in the world a written agreement between countries In Top...

Unit 1 Arrival of the British and expanding frontier of European settlements ◄ the border between o ne area or country and another frontier naval power a country that has a strong navy and uses it to control some things that happen treaty in the world a written agreement between countries In Topic 6, we saw how the Dutch had settled at the Cape to start a refreshment station. The Cape was about halfway between Europe and the east, where Europeans traded spices and other valuable goods. Britain was an important naval power at this time. Britain got involved at the Cape because of events in Europe. • In the last years of the 1700s, Britain was at war with France. • French forces invaded Holland in 1795. • Britain did not want France to take over the Cape. • So Britain took over the Cape in 1795. It did not intend to keep the Cape permanently and gave it back the Dutch settlement to Holland at the end of the war. fheCapt • War -broke out again and Britain took the Cape back again in 1806. • When this war ended, Britain and Holland signed a treaty in l8G4 fGI- 1~14that gave the Cape to Britain. l • I Classroom activity 8.1 Work on yQur ow n and com plete this task. Use the information given here to draw up a timeline showing how Britain took over the Cape. . · . ! I I, ; ., . . The British made some important changes. • Britain was a rich country. It needed raw materials fro~ its colonies for its growing industries. It imported wool and wine from the Cape Colony. The Cape Colony began to get rich. • The Dutch did not have strong control over the colony, especially the frontier ~reas. The British used its powerful army to k;ep control. ,ew . 1Cf"' 11 . . l ct on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the earlY Topic 8 C~-operation and confl_ jiP had modern weapons and horses for fast transport. This meant ,heY hey were likely to beat the people who opposed them . . that~ itish helped the trekboers in their fights against the indigenous ,he 1~. They were fighting for land. The indigenous people lost more when the Britis_h got involved in the~e fights. . ~e British did not like slavery. They abolished slavery in 1836. P~d lassroom activity 8.2 rk with a partner and discuss these q uestions. You might need to look back at Topic 6 remind yourself about how the trekboers helped to expand the borders of the colony. . Give a definition of the word 'trekboer'. How did the t rekboers live? Describe t heir way of life. Why did t he trekboers move around? How did t he trekboers act towards t he indigenous people they 111et? How did the trekboers help to push out t he borders of the colony? trekboers moved outside of the ers of the colony. The Dutch orities followed them and set up II towns in the areas where the oers lived. Source A This painting shows the town of Grahamsto wn. British did the same thing, but they their strong army against the ~le who resisted them. They started . towns beyond the old borders of Dutch settlement. For example, started the town Grahamsto wn, ~1th Was where the army stayed. Classroom activity 8.3 Ork in a small group. Look at the painting of Grahamstown in Urce A and t alk about t hese questions. · Who do you think lived in towns like t hese? · Who do you think lived in these areas before the towns were built? · Why do you think the British needed such a strong army? l aPlc 8 Co-operatio n and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 1 q lh c I· < \ Unit 2 The eastern frontier of European settlement ~ Ill]) (9i 1 ' Word bank homesteads farms with buildings 1. Frontier wars on the eastern frontier of European settlement •~-<S: .' • • F '. . ,. ,' ; . \: l ' • . •: > ' ·/~ #:• : • •. • ' IND/AN OCEAN - · · - Colony boundarv This map shows the Cape Colony in about 1806. Xhosa people lived to the east of the colony. They were farmers who grew vegetables, millet and sorghum and kept cattle, goats and sheep: They built homesteads to keep their animals safe and for them to live in. The Xhosa people lived in clans, each with its own chief. Their chiefs owned the land and allowed their people to use it. 1qt/1' Topic 8 Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the earl~ Term 4 r bank CJri ola money or cattle paid to a bride's family by the groom or his famil Y lob attacked to steal goods -------------------/ raided f Xhosa people who owned many cows were seen to be rich. They l.- used cattle to pay lobola and to sacrifice to their ancestors. ~etrekboer_s moved into land that_ the Xhosa used for grazing and for ·unting. White traders also moved mto those areas and started trading ~pper, iron and other goods for cattle from the Xhosa. ~eXhosa did not want to give up their grazing land. The area had drier ind warmer winters than areas closer to Cape Town, so the trekboers for their animals. The two groups started fighting 1/so found it better wer land, grazing and water. They also raided each other's cattle. Over irne, cattle raids became more serious. In 1775, a war broke out between ~eXhosa and the settlers. This is called the First Frontier War. The (Onflict between the groups became more violent. Some farmers ibandoned their farms. There were eight wars between the Xhosa and ~ecolonists over about 80 years. • This painting sh~; s a bat~le d~ring the Eighth Frontier War. hP Caoe Colon • • Wor d ban k Bm ra d to talk abou t w here an army stays ; use where some living stationed . ht Frontier Wars. This timeline shows th e eig 1770 --1)t► First Frontier War (1 779 -1780) 1780 Second Frontier War (1792-1793) • 1790 180 0 Fourth Frontier War (1811-18l 2) • Third Frontier War (1799_1802) 1810 1820 Sixth Frontier War (1834-1835) ◄•a-- • -1)t► Fifth Fron tier War (1819-1 820) 1830 184 0 --t)t► Seventh Frontier War (1846-184n Eighth Frontier War (1850-1851) ◄..-...- 1850 1860 ' 11 ' I I ied that When the British took control of the Cape Colony, they were worr w~s they would lose the land around the eastern front ier because there soldiers so much conflict there. They sent soldiers to fight the Xhosa. The were statio ned permanently in the area. I II . I' , I I : I ., lt I I 11;., ♦' Clas sroo m activ ity 8.4 I'j 'j 'i; I Work with a partner. Study the timeline here and answ er these questions. !' '' ; I Dutch · 1. The British took control of the colony in 1803 . Before that, the 5t , had been in control. Which·of t he front ier wars were foug ht again at the Dutch, and which were foug ht against the British? (Hint : look the dates that the Dutch and the British arrive d at the Cape.) . 2. a) How long were most of the w ars? b) Why do you think they were this lengt h? l I Ii 1 I I 6 • I' of 3. What do you think made each side st rong ? List some stren gths . both groups fighti ng in the Frontier Wars. . . • . the earlY 1qtl' . Topic 8 Co-op eratio n and confl ict on th e f ront1e rs of the Cape Colon y in Word ban k neutral para mou nt chief not on anyone's side in a fight the chief in autho rity over all the other chiefs British rule Case study : Chie f Maq oma (179 8-18 73) and Xhosa resis tance to land. He was Maqoma was a chief who fough t again st the British takeover of Xhosa land betwe en the born in 1798, the son of Chief Ngqika. His father agree d to givet he and spent his life Fish and Keiskamma rivers to the British . Maqo ma disag reed with this ry' and was not trying to get the land back. The territory was called 'neut ral territo rs move d there. supposed to be settle d by anyon e. In reality, white settlers and farme and gave it to a In 1829 the British took Maqo ma's land in the fertile Kat River valley forces invaded the group of Khoikhoi peopl e. The Xhosa wante d the land back. Xhosa Then they went colony in 1834. They burnt home steads and took trekboers' animals. Smith. Smith's into the moun tains. The British sent in troop s led by Colonel Harry plann ed the troops met with Hintsa, the param ount chief, who they thoug ht had him prisoner. attacks. Hints a went to the British camp to negotiate but t hey took e but was killed Hintsa refuse d to tell the Xhosa troop s to surrender. He tried to escap by the British . His death made the Xhosa very angry. -~ Graaff-Relnet Uitenhagee c::=J ,,. u'(', Q'~.s' ort Elizabeth IND/A N OCEA N Neutral territory Eastern bound ary of - - Cape Colony (1 798) Eastern boundary of 11111111 cape Colony (1829) This map shows the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony. th Colon y in the early 1q centu ry Cape the of ers fronti the on ict confl and on erati co-op Topic • 8 C The fighting continued but the Xhosa did not get their land back. Maqoma remained powerful and fought the British in the forests and mountains of the Eastern Cape between 1850 and 1853. The British suffered many d efeats but they caught Maqoma and sent him to prison on Robben Island twice. He d ied on Robben Island in 1873. Maqoma is remembered as an intelligent man who tried to keep Xhosa traditions and society strong. He was an excellent military general and politician. Maqoma is remembered as a great military leader. Classroo m activity 8.5 Work on your own. Look at the map on the previous page and the one on page 176. What differences do you notice? (Study the border of the Cape Colony in each case.) -i[ '?~ Wrate headlines for two different newspapers, both reporting the capture of Maqoma. 1. Write one headline for a newspaper read by white settlers, who would be glad that he has been captured. 2. Write another headline for a newspaper read by Xhosa people, showing Maqoma's capture as a bad event. q"'lie~ Topic 8 Co-operatio n and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the earlY 1 2. Soldiers and officials The British had a permanent army in Cape Town that could move quickly to the Eastern Cape if fighting broke out. The Dutch had used 'commandos' to fight. These were groups of volunteers from the area. They were armed and fought when they needed to. But they had families and farms in the area, so they could not fight for a long time. The British army could carry on fighting for as lon9 as they needed to. source B Boers volunteered to go on commando to protect their homes and families. British soldiers Some soldiers were also stationed in the Eastern Cape. Grahamstown developed around the soldiers who were stationed there, and was named after Colonel John Graham, a military leader. The British sent officials to ru!e the colony from the growing cities. These officials carried out the :· c~ ny's policies and made s.ure people followed the colony's laws. Classro om activity 8.6 Work with a partner. Study the pictures of the Boer commando and the British soldiers in Source B. Discuss the differences that you see. How , do you think each side would fight? Source C This cartoon of Stockenstrom was published by a newspaper in Grahamstown, the biggest city in the eastern frontier area. It was drawn in 7838. (Source: http://newhistory.eo.za/historyof-south-africa-2/page/74/.) l 1 f' Classroom activity 8. 7 r '-~~=--, Work with a partner. Study the cartoon in Source C and answer the following questions: 1. W~at is happening to Stockenstrom in the cartoon? Do you think this is what really happened to Stockenstrom? Or is it what he artist wishes would happen to him? o you think the artist liked Stockenstrom? Give reasons for your answer. Why did so_m e people not like Stockenstrom? Do you think this artist was a white settler or a Xhosa person? Give reasons for your answer. 3. British immigrati on f After t he Fifth Frontier War, the British decided to bring more white British people to settle in the Eastern Cape as farmers. They hoped that British people would keep the Xhosa people out of the area and bring peace. The 1820 Settlers In 1820, about 4 000 British people and families came to settle in the Eastern Cape. The British government paid for their transport, seed to plant, farm tools and gave them each a piece of land to farm . They were taken by wagon to their new farms. They had to clear the land and build their houses, as well as protect themselves from wild animals. They became known as the 1820 Settlers. About 4 000 British settlers arrived in 1820. • Topic 8 Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the ear1Y 1 q th century 0 Word ban k SIE] [i people whose work is to make objects Cla ssro om activity 8 .8 Work with a partner. Write a short dialogue between two of the settlers on the boat in the picture on page 183. In your dialogue, the settlers can say wha t they were expecting and how the reality is different. Try to imagine what it was like for them. Problems the British settlers faced The 1820 settlers immediately ran into problems: • The farms were too small to keep cattle. The land was not suita ble for wheat, maize and many other crops. They did not have enough tools. • They did not know how to farm in the South African climate. Very few of them knew how to farm at all. • There were three years of drought after they landed, so their crops died. • The Xhosa people in the area were angry that their land was being taken away and they raided the farms. Within five years of arriving many of the settlers moved to Grah amstown. They became traders and artisans as they had been in Britain. Effects of the 1820 Settlers on the Cape Colony The 1820 Settlers had an important impact on the Cape Colony. . . • Before the British settlers arrived, most white people living in the colony spoke Afnk~an. • They started newspapers and published them even when the government did not hke what they were saying. This helped freedom of the press to grow . • They helped the colony's economy grow. • They made the white population bigger. They wanted more land and pushed the government to take more Xhosa land. Cla ssro om activity 8. 9 Work in groups of five and discuss these questions. 1. Which of the settlers' problems do you think was the most serious? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Look at the list of effects the settlers had on the Cape Colo ny. Discuss whether each effect was negative, positive or neutral for the cap e ColonY• • Top ic 8 Co-operation and conf lict on the fron tiers of.th ... r--- " - •- ' q111ce11WrY .4 1 Word bank mm 8 apprentices people who learn a skill or trade by working 'on the job' for an employer 4. Abolition of slavery 1836 In Topic 6, we saw how slavery was used at the Cape since the Dutch rule. The British changed the system after they took over the Cape, and they ended slavery. I think the British ended slavery because it was unfair and cruel. Yes. They also realised that it was cheaper to pay people to work rather than to own slaves. You had to pay for food and shelter and clothes and medicine for slaves. That was one of the reasons - people started to realise that it's terrible to treat others like that. You could pay free people a wage, and then they had to pay for all those other things themselves. That also helped the economy. How the British ended slavery The British ended slavery in three steps: • In 1808 the British government made it illegal for British colonies to import or export slaves. But it did not free the existing slaves. • Slaves in the colonies were freed on 1 December 1834. But they still had to work as apprentices for the same master for four more years. • They were completely freed on 1 December 1838. • Topic 8 Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 1qth ~~~ .J ~ Kora and Griqua . fhe Kora and the Gnqua people lived on the northern frontier. They were groups of people of mixed descent and they traded manufactured goods, tobacco and oxen from the Cape. The Kora fhe Kora's descendants were Khoikhoi. They left the Cape Colony along with some runaway slaves and people of mixed descent. They moved north and settled around the Orange River in small groups. They were nom~djc and used horses for transport. They got guns and became skilled at shooting. Some of the Kora groups raided cattle. They also fought over land, water and grazing with other groups of people. They did not want the Cape Colony to expand north onto land they were using . In the 1860s the Cape Colony moved its border north, so that the Orange River was now the border of the colony. The Cape Colony government sent soldiers to stop the Kora attacks. The Kora groups did ~not work together. Some even helped the soldiers. The soldiers were able ,to capture some of the leaders and they were sent to prison on Robben Island. The colony took control of the land and the Kora. Some Kora moved into the Kalahari Desert to try to get away from colonial rule. A Kora camp Word bank allies people who will help you in a fig ht annexed taking over land The Griqua The Griqua came fro m tw o clans. They settled no rth of the Or an ge River after 1804 and founded a settle ment, Kl_ aarwater, wh ich was lat er ,called Griquastad. They spoke Afrikaan s and fol low ed ma ny of the Bo ers customs. They were skilled crafts men. The Cape Co lon y ha d em plo ye d the m as soldiers, so many were go od at shooting. The Griqua farmed and traded wit h the oth er groups in the are a. Th ey also raided groups, including the Tswana, and were inv olv ed in the ivo ry trade. Missionaries fro m Britain came to live wit h the Griqua. The mission aries influenced the Griqua and the Gr iqua became allies of the British so tha t they were protected against the Boers, wh o set up a co un try in the lan d no rth of the Orange River. The Bri tish annexed the land wh ere the Griqua settled. When diamonds were discovered in Griqua ter rito ry, the British took over the land and the Griqua became labourers in the area they had once owned. ft . ,.,. __ :_ l This drawing shows the church at K/a arwater. n ,... _ - converted persuaded people to change their religion middlemen people who help buyers and sellers to trade, without being directly involved Classroom activity 8.14 Work on your ow n. Copy this table into your book and fill it in. You will compare the Kora and the Griqua. Use pictures as well as the information in this section to help you. What language did they speak? How did they survive? What does the picture tell us about how they lived? What was their relationship with the Boers? What was their relationship with the Tswana? hat was their relationship with the British? 3. The southern borders of the Tswana world The Tswana people also lived in the land across the Orange River. They had moved to that area in about the 16th century. They spoke Setswana. They grew crops such as grains and tobacco and herded cattle, sheep and goats. They were skilled at crafts such as wood carving, basket weaving and metal work. They also hunted elephants for their tusks, which they traded. The Tswana traded with the Kora, Griqua and Boers: • The Tswana killed elephants for their tusks, which people sold for a lot of money. The Griqua were involved as middlemen in this trade. • They hunted and killed other animals for their skins, which they traded. • They also traded iron and copper, which they used to make farming tools. • They wanted to buy guns to protect themselves. In the early 19th century, missionaries came into the Tswana territory. They converted many of the Tswana to Christia~ity ~nd taught them how to read and write. They encouraged Tswana people to hve hke the Europeans. They built schools and churches. • Topic 8 co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early qth centur 1 Tswana walled tow ns The Tswana lived in villages led by a c h'ief· Th e ir hou ses and kraals wer e b. t inside the villages and the farmland was outside. Som e of th e. igg er own s were surrounded by ston e walls for prot ect .ion. Som e of the villages gre w into towns with thousands of people living toge th~r. The Tswana allo~ed_ people who were not Tswana to join them , so thei r sett lem ent s ~re w 1~ size. They also grew bigger because ther e was so mu ch trad e hap pen ing wit h the oth er peo ple living in the region. Three imp orta nt cities were Marothodi, Molokw ane and Kad itsh wen e: • Marothodi had a goo d water supply and fert ile land. Peo ple the re probably mad e things out of cop per and iron. • Molokwane was in a fertile area tha t was clos e to goo d gra zing land. The peo ple of Molokwane probably trad ed with oth er tow ns (such as Marothodi) for tools. • Kaditshwene had a population abo ut the sam e size as Cap e Town. It was on a hill which was goo d for defence. The area was goo d for farm ing and grazing. People in Kaditshwene mad e metal goo ds. In the early par ts of the 1800s, ther e was mu ch conflict am ong the peo ple s of sou ther n Africa. Many people had to leave whe re the y lived. Wh en the Tswana wer e attacked, they left thes e cities and wen t to oth er places. Source F This drawing from 1823 shows a Tswana walled town. Cla ssr oom act ivi ty 8.15 Wo . rk in small gro ups . and discuss the se que stio ns• wr·,te th e ans m you r own exercis wer s e book. 1. How did the missionaries cha nge the Tswana way of life? 2. Explain why the Tswana left the thre e tow ns. 3. The pict ure of the Tswana tow n in Source F was dra wn b · · ~1ssionary ·m 1823. Do you thin k it is helpful to ya us as we stu dy the h1sto_ry of the Tswana peo ple? Explain you r ans wer and refer to spec1f1c par ts of the pict ure in you r ans wer . r ries a n d traders a n o si is M . 4 h ies st ar te d arr,·v·mg •in t e area no rt h of. th e ar on si is m d an s er C cu ropean tr ad f d no t R' er a te r 18 00 . T he y ex pl or ed areas th at th e ap e Colony di i:. aps to m e ,v es orange d d f h c;olony used th e th r te La O s. ea ar e es re w up m ap s rtth. know_ an r no push ,ts bo rd er s fu rt he Traders e River. They could ng ra O e th of h rt no d to d ma_ke big profits birds. They also w an te Europ~a~ tr ad er s co ul om fr rs he at fe d an s animal t in th e C ap e Colony. ea m trade in ivory, furs fr om as ll se to a an w ri qu a an d Ts buy ca tt le fr om th e G ith controlled th e tr ad e w ey th if l fu er w po e m ca e C ap e Colony. It was th om fr Many local pe op le be r de ow np gu d ge t gu ns an d colony's borders, bu t e th e id Europeans. T he y co ul ts ou le op pe w ea po ns to th e r valuable go od s in he ot d an y against th e law to sell or iv t ge d be ca us e th ey coul traders di d it an yw ay exchange. more money. They e ak m d ul co ey th at as ca m e tr ad er s so th ey tr ad ed go od s such Some missionaries be Th e. ad tr h ug ro th s ad e sic go od rn Africa. They also m also ne ed ed to ge t ba he ut so to t gh ou br hi ch th ey way, th e chiefs let th em is th buttons an d be ad s w In . fts gi em th ng fs by givi friends w it h local chie stay in th e area. Missionaries e pe op le living no rt h Th . ty ni tia is hr C ad re ope w an te d to sp ople, for example, pe a an w Ts Missionaries from Eur e Th : ns io d th ei r ow n relig em . The of th e or an ge River ha go d, an d th at their ancestors would help th th ei r people. They se t up l ca lo e th g believed in Modimo, on am ed to th e area an d liv missionaries m ov ed in ions after so m e time. at st on si is m t en an pe rm e ea rl 1qlh ce nt ur y Ca pe Colony in th e Y th of rs ie nt fro e t on th lic nf co d an n tio ra Co -ope Missionaries learnt local languages to talk to people about Christianity. They set up churches and taught the people to read and write so that they could study the Bible. They wanted local people to become more like Europeans in their clothes and customs. Some missionaries converted chiefs and then their followers to Christianity. The chiefs trusted them, so they became important in the area. Some missionaries helped to protect the people they had converted. For example, Dr John Philip lived and worked with the Griqua. He arranged a treaty with the Cape Colony that said the Colony would help protect the Griqua in 1843. This painting shows the town of Philippolis. It was named after a missionary, Dr John Philip. Case study: Robert Moffat (1795- 1883) at Kuruman Robert Moffat was born in Scotland. He was a strong Methodist and wanted to convert other people to Christianity. He came to southern Africa in 1817 when he was 21 years old. His wife Mary worked with him. Moffat worked among the Griqua and Tswana people. He and Mary settled in Kuruman, and built up a mission station there. Moffat translated the Bible into Setswana. The mission station became important. Other missionaries started their work there. Important people from the Cape Colony also stayed there when they were in the area. Robert Moffat • Topic 8 Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in the early 1qth century• The mission station had a church, houses, a school and other buildings. Moffat wrote down the language rules of Setswana. In 1831 he brought a printing press to Kuruman so that he could print religious works in Setswana. Moffat was skilled at carpentry, gardening, farming, printing and working with metals. He was a good negotiator and helped the Tswana people with some of their conflicts in the area. Moffat and his wife went back t o Britain in 1870. -:-';'" '-"' 41":Mft.~ --~;:~ "' This drawing shows how Moffat met the Zulu leader Mzilikazi. Classroom activity 8.16 Work on your own. Look at the drawing of Moffat and Mzilikazi and answer the following questions: 1. Why do you think Moffat met Mzilikazi? 2. Comment on how the people in the drawing look - t heir clot hes and where they are sitting. 3. Why w as it important t hat M offat learnt to speak Setswana? 4. Why do you think Moffat wanted to write down t he language rules of Set swana? • T Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony in th 1 8 e ear 1y 1qlh century - - - - - - - - - - -- - - C Summary • • • • • • • • • • • • • There was conflict and co-operation on both the north ern and eastern frontiers of th the Cape Colony in the early part of the 19 century. Xhosa people lived to the east of the Cape Colony. Trekboers moved onto Xhosa land for grazing and farmland. There were wars between the Xhosa and the Colony. The British took over the Cape Colony in 1806. They made many changes to the wa y the colony was ruled. The British army defeated the Xhosa. Andries Stockenstrom set up a treaty system that recognised the chiefs as independent, but other officials at the Cape ended this policy. More British settlers arrived in 1820. They found it difficult to farm and moved to towns. Slavery was abolished in the 1830s. Many Boers did not like the new British rulers. They trekked SAN SAN north and set up two republics. TSWANA The Boers used KHOIKHOI inboekselings for labour. There were four main groups of people living around the northern ~ ATLANTIC frontier: the Khoisan, 9:-::/SA OCEAN Boers, Oorlams and -"'' 0 Tswana. JNDIAN ocEAN DUTCH KHOIKHOI They traded goods KHOIKH such as cattle, ivory, guns, metals, fur and hides. b' The Tswana lived in towns. Some walled towns w e ere very 19. . d . . 1i d th of the orang ~a ers an m1ss1onanes helped Europeans explore th e area nor River. > ~~ • • • • I I M' . . h verted d . . 1ss1onanes sue as Robert Moffat set up Chr"ist· Ian mIssIons an con · t· ·t Ch ns 1arn y. peopie to ~ . . rlY 1qt11 cel'I • Topic 8 Co-operation and conflict on the frontiers of the Cape Colony m the ea '