GOVT2268 Lecture 5 PDF

GOVT2268 Topic: Exploring governance through gendered lenses PRESENTER: SHINIQUE WALTERS  Session objectives; The involvement of institutions, Processes in the promotion of gender equality. Policies in the promotion of gender equality  A Word about Language Gender Norms Socially-...

GOVT2268 Topic: Exploring governance through gendered lenses PRESENTER: SHINIQUE WALTERS  Session objectives; The involvement of institutions, Processes in the promotion of gender equality. Policies in the promotion of gender equality  A Word about Language Gender Norms Socially-constructed ideals, scripts, expectations for manhood/womanhood Gender Equity Equal access to resources, power, and opportunity for women and men Gender Lens Looking at programs/policies with awareness of different impacts on women and men and how norms of masculinity and femininity affect outcomes Gender Blind Programs/policies that ignore impact of gender inequity/gender norms. 3  Equal Opportunities?? To secure a fair selection you all get the same exercise: You must climb the tree. DIR - F03 4 Women’s Work DIR - F03 5 Where to mainstream gender equality? Analytical framework Macro- Project Macro level Level: Meso level Meso Level: Micro level Micro level: Sectors The WID-approach (Women in Development) WID Women’s projects are seperated from the rest. Now and then gender issues are taken into account in other projects and A strong women’s movement is vital for enabling gender- sensitive government Evidence indicates that the close involvement of women‟s organisations with female representatives and women‟s machineries has proved an important factor in promoting greater gender-sensitivity in governments across different regions. Women‟s organisations can contribute to gender-sensitive governance processes in local and national government in many ways Sustainable gender mainstreaming Tools for gender mainstreaming G E N D E R RO L E S TA B L E F R A M E W O R K F O R E Q UA L A C C E S S T O A N D C O N T R O L O V E R B E N E F I T S A N D R E S O U R C E S G E N D E R N E E D S TA B L E : P R AC T I C A L A N D S T R AT E G I C G E N D E R N E E D S G E N D E R A N A LY S I S : E S S E N T I A L F O R C O U N T R Y G E N D E R P R O F I L E = C O M P U L S O RY F O R N E X T G E N E R AT I O N C S P S G E S C I ( G E N D E R E Q UA L I T Y S C R E E N I N G C H E C K L I S T I N T H E I D E N T I F I C A T I O N P H A S E ) = C O M P U L S O RY T O O L S I N C E 2 0 1 0 G - M A R K E R ( G E N D E R E Q UA L I T Y P O L I C Y M A R K E R ) : T O B E A P P L I E D I N C R I S F O R M A R K I N G R E L E VA N C E Main Policy Commitments to promote Gender Equality (GE) and Women’s Empowerment (WE) 5. Communication on GE and WE of 8 March 2007 2. Women’s Charter: 4. EU Consensus gender perspective on Development: into GE is a goal, all policies and a human right and measures a question of to promote equality in social justice 5 areas. 1. Treaty of Lisbon: Gender Equality 3. Roadmap is a common 8. EU Guidelines for Equality value to end Violence between and Discrimination Women and Men against women (2006-2010) and girls 7. Comprehensive Approach to 6. EU Plan of Action EU implementation on GE and WE of UNSCR 1325 (2010-2015) and 1820 Gender Analysis Frameworks Gender roles framework (Harvard) Triple roles framework (Carolyn Moser) Web of institutionalisation framework (Caren Levy) Gender analysis matrix (GAM) Equality and empowerment framework (Sara Longwe) Capacities and vulnerabilities framework (CVA) People oriented planning framework (POP) Social relations framework (SRF) The multiplicity of frameworks indicates the activities – but also the frustrations! DIR - F03 12 Reproductive work Care and maintenance of the household and its members (bearing and caring for children, food preparation, water and fuel collection, shopping, housekeping, family health care) Seldom considered ’real work’. Usually unpaid. Almost always the responsibility of girls and women. DIR - F03 13 Community work Collective organisation of social events and services (ceremonies, celebrations, community improvement activities, participation in groups and organisations, local political activities etc.) Involves volunteer time. Normally unpaid. Men undertake community work, too but often at political level, giving prestige. DIR - F03 14 Practical gender needs A response to short-term, immediately perceived needs arising from concrete conditions Mainly arising from and reinforcing particular women’s reproductive and productive role Do not challenge the subordinate position of women (Ex. Clean water, health care, housing, food provision) Women’s needs differ from men’s needs because of their different tasks and responsibilities. 15 Strategic gender needs Response to long-term needs arising from women’s subordinate position Challenge the nature of the gendered relationship between women and men Women involved as agents of change Lead to a transformation of gender division of labour for all women (Ex. access to resources (land, credit, etc.), measures against male violence, control over own body) Women’s needs differ from men’s needs because of their different positions in society. 16 Moser framework - 3 Weaknesses: ◦ Looks at separate activities rather than interrelated activities of women and men ◦ Other forms of inequality (race, class etc.) not addressed ◦ Strict division between practical and strategic needs often unhelpful in practise ◦ Moser does not include strategic needs of men – have been included in the Levy framework DIR - F03 17 Social Relations Framework (SRF) - 1 Five essential concepts: 1. Development as increasing human well-being 2. Social relations 3. Institutional analysis 4. Institutional gender policies 5. Underlying and structural causes DIR - F03 18 Development Development as increasing human well-being – not just economic growth. Core elements: ◦ Survival ◦ Security ◦ Autonomy DIR - F03 19 20  Towards greater gender- sensitivity in national and decentralised government Evidence from different countries reveals several common factors that contribute to the establishment of national and local government with a strong commitment to gender equality. These include: an active and united women‟s movement; a gender-sensitive social and cultural environment; the desire or potential for change among existing governmental actors; women‟s involvement in changing the political status quo; and the support of male government actors. They are explored below, with case study examples of what has worked, where and why. A positive social and cultural environment is needed for gender- sensitive government The shift towards more gender-sensitive state institutions and processes often happens in relation to broader social and cultural changes in terms of women‟s empowerment and gender equality, which are translated into constitutional changes, as the following example demonstrates Gender-sensitive assessments of government institutions are needed Government institutions at local and national levels need to reflect on their own internal practices. They need to look beyond increases in the number of women due to quotas and ask questions about the quality of women‟s participation. Do women in government have the same opportunities as men, Do they have an equal voice in decision-making, and are their opinions respected? Are relationships between women and men respectful and equal? Is the culture of the institution, including the codes of behaviour and the facilities provided, appropriate for women and men? Have institutions adopted a gender mainstreaming approach? If so, are they investing time and resources in the provision of ongoing gender training and assessing the impacts of mainstreaming on gender-awareness and shifts in levels of equality? Assessments are also needed of policymaking processes. To what extent are they responsive to gender issues such as domestic violence and equal rights, and are new gender-sensitive laws backed by adequate resources to ensure their effective implementation? To what extent does public spending reflect the needs of both women and men? Gender-sensitive budgets are needed to ensure greater responsiveness Gender-sensitive budgets are viewed by many as an essential strategy towards ensuring resource allocation takes into account the different needs of women and men. They are not a gender-sensitive addition to existing budgets but an integral part of main budgeting processes, based on an initial gender-sensitive analysis that is conducted by gender advocates. Lessons learned from the South African Gender Budget Initiative showed that alliances between parliamentarians and CSOs – who are internal and external to government – were more productive in bringing about successful gender budgeting