Globalization Part II PDF

GLOBALIZATION Planetary process involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows, as well as the structures they encounter and create Globalization is the process by which the world, previously isolated through physical and technological...

GLOBALIZATION Planetary process involving increasing liquidity and growing multidirectional flows, as well as the structures they encounter and create Globalization is the process by which the world, previously isolated through physical and technological distance, becomes increasingly interconnected. It is manifested by the increase in interaction between peoples around the world that involves the sharing of ideas, cultures, goods, services and investment. TRANSNATIONALISM Process that interconnects individuals and social groups across geo-political borders TRANSNATIONALITY The rise of new communities and the formation of new social identities and relations that cannot be defined through the traditional reference point of a nation-state Mexican immigrants in the US sending remittances to family members in Mexico Immigrants who move from one country to another continue to be involved in various ways with the country from which they came Baseball is played in Japan, Taiwan, Cuba and the Dominican Republic. It is not global but transnational. Soccer is a global sports. There are 200 nations who are member of the FIFA. Olympics is likewise global Transnational Alliances in the labor movement (US workers, Honduran labor union, Bridgestone-Firestone in Liberia)  APPROACHES TO STUDY GLOBALIZATION The Economic Dimension of Globalization The philosophy of consumerism encourages the acquisition of goods and services in an increasing amount. But this economic dimension in globalization also involves ecological dimension to show the relationship of the environment with the unabated increasing population affecting humanity socially, politically, economically, and psychologically as well. The Political Dimension of Globalization Steger, in his 2017 book, defines political globalization as the intensification and expansion of political interrelations around the world. Hyper-globalizers believe that the political globalization is principally driven by economic and technological forces. On the other hand, globalization sceptics, totally disagree with hyper-globalizers. They believe that is political in nature. It has originated with neoliberal government’s political decisions to remove international trade restrictions on capital. The Cultural/Social Dimension of Globalization Cultural globalization is the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe. The hyper-globalizers consider the political globalization that is driven by economic and technologic forces see it as cultural imperialism. But if culture means the way of life, and the people have embraced the economic technology, it cannot be called imperialism for the very fact that they have embraced and accepted the technology. The Cultural/Social Dimension of Globalization Cultural hybridization also refers to the mingling of cultures as a result of globalization intended to create a new and unique hybrid cultures that are not reducible to either local or global culture. Cultural hybridization in the Philippines is one good example because this country had been colonized by Spain, America, and Japan in different periods... and we have also traded with them. The concept of individualism in the cultural dimension of globalization gives emphasis to human independence, self-reliance, and liberty. The Ecological Dimension of Globalization The ecological dimension of globalization studies the global effects of the social, political and economic unions on environment issue. According to Manfred Steger, Ecological Globalization refers to worldwide environmental issues which include population growth, access to food, and global reduction in biodiversity, the gap between rich and poor as well as between the global north and the global south, human induced climate change, and global environmental degradation. Steger (2017) further claims, “the deteriorating ecological health of our planet will become the most pressing global problem by mid-century at the latest. UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHIES AND IDEOLOGIES IN GLOBALIZATION MARKET GLOBALISM Market globalism pursues to grant globalization with neoliberal meanings and free-market norms. Market globalists promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world. This ideology is advocated by some powerful individuals, who claim, among other things, that globalism spreads democracy and benefits everybody. Steger considers market globalism the dominant ideology of our time, and believes that it has six major ideological claims: 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets. 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. 3. Nobody oversees globalization. 4. Globalization benefits everyone. 5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world. 6. Globalization requires war on terror. JUSTICE GLOBALISM This ideology from the political Left contests market globalism. Political Left or Left-wing politics is that which supports social equality egalitarianism and usually in opposition to social hierarchy. Justice globalism critique of market globalism includes the claim that “liberalization and global integration of free markets lead to greater social inequalities, environmental destruction, the escalation of global conflicts and violence, the weakening participatory form of democracy, the proliferation of self-interest and consumerism, and the further marginalization of the powerless around the world” (Steger 2017) RELIGIOUS GLOBALISM Religious globalism endeavors for a global religious community with dominance over secular structures. These globalism fight against both market globalism and justice globalism as they seek to champion religious beliefs and values that are said to be severe attack by the powers of consumerism and secularism in the globalized world.