GlobalHistoryandGeographyReviewPacket2019 (1).pdf

Name___________________________________ What is another word for: Political Economic Social Government Money/resources People/interactions Factors of production Types o...

Name___________________________________ What is another word for: Political Economic Social Government Money/resources People/interactions Factors of production Types of Political Systems Democracy Monarchy Totalitarian Gov’t run by the people Absolute monarchy Gov’t controls every aspect of Ex: twentieth Century U.S, king or queen rules with a person’s life France, Britain and many absolute power usually one party system countries around the world Ex: France: Louis XIV, Louis where the Gov’t uses secret XVI police, propaganda, censorship and terror tactics Limited Monarchy to control the people the king or queen has their Stalin in Communist in power limited by laws or a Russia (1928-1953) constitution ex: King John I in England signed the Magna Carta Types of Economies Traditional Command Mixed Market Barter system Government determines Mixture of both Based on supply Trading goods what you can make or market and command and demand Children work same sell Little to no gov’t jobs as parents control 1 Name___________________________________ Types of Maps Political Physical Population Shows cities and countries Shows geographic features Shows where people live boundaries (Mountains, valleys, rivers, etc) Types of Jobs A person that studies past people and cultures 1. Archeologist examples: *Analyzing the design of a Shang bronze pot Deciphering the writing on the Rosetta Stone Examining the fabric of a Japanese kimono A person that studies the origins and development of people and their 2. Anthropologist societies A person that studies people, their environment and their resources 3. Geographer available to them A person that studies the scarcity of resources and the 4. Economist production/distribution of goods and services and how they exchange them They analyze the relationship between the supply of and the demand for goods and services 2 Name___________________________________ Religions Monotheistic, Torah-(old Testament)- Bible, Moses was the prophet, follow the Judaism 10 Commandments, India, Polytheistic Hinduism HAV MrDKB Hinduism, Aryans, Vedas, Moksha, reincarnation, Dharma, Karma, Brahmin Follow the Caste system-born into and is a way of life India Nirvana Buddhism Buddha-founder BG48N Buddhism, Gautama, 4 noble, 8 fold, Nirvana Follow the 8 fold path 4 Noble Truths Monotheistic, Bible, follow the 10 Commandments, Jesus is the Messiah Christianity (3 branches: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant) Monotheistic-Allah, Mohammed is the Prophet, Follow the 5 Pillars, Middle Islam East Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca, Koran (Qu’ran) IMAFKIslam, Mohommed, allah, five pillars, Koran China, Confucianism Filial Piety-respect your elders Ruler father husband older brother friend=friend Subject son wife younger brother 3 Name___________________________________ Neolithic Revolution Before the Revolution people would Hunt and gather for food They were called Nomads Nomads People that would wander around hunting and gathering food Farming and Domesticate animals led to settling in river valleys and creating civilizations Civilizations = Complex Institutions 1. Government 2. Language 3. Writing System 4. Religion 5. Economy 6. Social structure 7. Specialized jobs 8. Art and Architecture 9. Structures- Roads and Bridges Early Civilizations (ancient) River/Area These civilizations settled near rivers… Why?? 1. Nile/Egypt 1.Fertile Soil 2. Tigris and Euphrates/Mesopotamia (Iraq) 2. Transportation 3. Indus/India 3. Irrigation 4. Huang He (Yellow)/China 4. Food and Water Subsistence farmingYou produce just enough for yourself and family 1st written Laws (where?) 1. Code of Hammurabi 2. 12 Tables (Rome) 3. Justinian Code (Mesopotamia) (Byzantine Empire) Golden Age Definition-A time of peace & prosperity, technological\architectural advances and political stability Examples:Rome (Pax Romana), Greece, Tang, Song, Gupta, Renaissance in Europe 4 Name___________________________________ Ancient Civilizations Civilization Achievements What happened to the civilization? Temples Mayas abandoned their cities-not Mayan Adapted to environment exactly sure why maybe warfare, Hieroglyphics over population, or revolts Calendar Concept of zero Concept of zero Gupta decline because of: Gupta Decimal system Weak rulers Plastic surgery Civil wars Setting bones Foreign invaders Strong central government Promoted peace & prosperity Trade and farming flourished Peace and prosperity throughout Shortly after Asoka’s death the Maurya Mauryan Empire empire falls United diverse people The Dynasty declines because of – Weak leadership – Invaders Standardized weights and measures Chinese people will revolt because Qin Created national coins of harsh rule Repaired canals and bridges The Han Dynasty emerged Ordered the construction of the Great Wall Achievements POLITICAL: Weak Emperors Han Science No longer able to control powerful Acupuncture warlords Arts Canals and roads fall into disrepair Carvings ECONOMIC: Technology Heavy taxes and crushing debt paper SOCIAL: Wheelbarrow Peasants revolt, abandon villages Fishing reel Finally fell to powerful warlords and Built canals to connect waterways Nomadic Asian Invaders who poured in over great wall 5 Name___________________________________ Increased Trade along the silk road Too Large and Diverse Mongols The silk road will flourish Lack of strong central government They fight on horseback People were incompetent or corrupt Invented the stirrup Desire for independence Isolated Russia from western Europe Russia and China overthrew Mongol rule Direct Democracy from Athens They eventually lose power an d will Greece Science become part of the Roman Empire Astronomy Math Literature Art and Architecture -idealistic, realistic forms Mountains-created City-States Located on a peninsula-traded a lot Pax Romana-Peace in Rome Rome got too large so they split the Rome Laws Empire in half and the West stayed -12 tables the Roman Empire and the Eat Having a republic government became the Byzantine Empire Art and Architecture The West will fall apart because of: Aqueducts Foreign Invasions Military -Lack of discipline and training Political -Corrupt government officials Economic -Heavy taxes Social -Decline in patriotism 6 Name___________________________________ The Roman Empire: The Empire is split in 2 West East Capitol: Rome Capitol: Constantinople West falls into East- Flourishes as the -Chaos -Byzantine EmpirePreserved Greek and -Disorder Roman Ideas/learning  Influenced Russia  Creates Justinian Code  Falls to Ottoman Empire Feudalism (In the West old Roman Empire) Lack of Central government, chaos and disorder Led to feudalism in the Middle Ages Feudalism is a Political system. Manorialism is an Economic system Self-sufficient-everything they needed was on the manor 7 Name___________________________________ Crusades (1000-1200) Holy Wars Europe was fighting for Holy Land-Jerusalem Results: 1. Unsuccessful in taking Jerusalem, 2. will start the decline of feudalism 3. Increase trade Japanese Feudal Structure Japanese Feudalism- Tokugawa Shogunate Commercial Revolution Crusades lead to an increase in Trade between what to regions the Middle East and Western Europe Negative of trade increase is the Spread of diseases like the Bubonic Plague from China to Western Europe What was the economic system that developed during the commercial revolution Capitalism and Banks will be established 8 Name___________________________________ Renaissance(1300-1500) Means: Rebirth of classical Rome and Greece Started: in Italy Why? It is centrally located on the Mediterranean Sea, easy to trade Golden Age Cultural Achievements Emphasis on Humanism, the human form Humanism: Focus in on living for the now, people should study worldly subjects Secularism- Separation of church and state Important people Machiavelli, DaVinci Scientific Revolution Emphasized the value of Human reasoning and logic. Creation and use of the Scientific Method to solve problems Copernicus: created the heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe Galileo: proved Copernican theory, used the telescope Isaac Newton: created gravity 9 Name___________________________________ Protestant Reformation Protestant ReformationPeople protested the Catholic Church because of the corruption and they wanted to change it. Sale of indulgences. What invention helped to cause the reformation? Printing Press Martin Lutherstarts the reformation with the 95 thesis, stresses the role of faith, creates the Lutheran Church, gets excommunicated John Calvin Believes in Predestination, starts the Calvinist church Henry VIIIcreated the church of England because he wanted to divorce his wife What did the Protestant Reformation do to Christianity? Decline in the power of the Catholic church and disunity in Christianity Age of Exploration(1400-1600’s) The ENCOUNTER with the Americas What are they looking for? New trade routes to India and China European domination-COLONIALISM Which three countries? 1. Spain 2. Portugal 3. Britain Where do they go? New World, The Americas Encomienda SystemThe Europeans enslaved people to work on the plantations What is the Encounter? This is when the Spanish explorers come in contact with the Native people in the Americas 10 Name___________________________________ Technology used in Exploration: Caravel An improved larger sailing ship that was invented in the 1400’s. Created by the Portuguese. It combined the square sail of the European ships with Arab triangular sails. This made it easier to sail across or into the wind Astrolabe An instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the starts. Developed by the Greeks and improved by the Arabs Cartography Map making. Creations of more accurate maps and sea charts. Mercantilism This is an Economic system. Also known as Triangular Trade, where they get resources from the Americas bring them to Europe manufacture them, then bring them to Africa to barter for slaves and then bring the goods and slaves to the Americas to sell. Who benefits from this? The European Mother Countries. Columbian Exchange This started after Columbus returned to Spain from the Americas. People, plants, animals, technology and diseases were exchanged between Europe and the Americas Absolutism Absolute MonarchsHereditary-Kings/Queens rule with complete control Divine RightThe Monarchs get their right to rule from GOD Absolute Rulers King Louis XIV, King Louis XVI, Akbar the Great, Peter the Great, Suleiman the Magnificent 11 Name___________________________________ Limited Monarchy Definition Monarch-King/Queen have limited power-similar to a constitutional monarch Where? England What document created in England limited the power of the king? Magna Carta-1215 What events and steps did England take to become a Parliamentary Democracy? Magna Carta, Glorious Revolution, and The English Bill of Rights 12 Name___________________________________ Enlightenment Using reason to discover the laws that govern human nature “Natural Laws” New ideas about government and the rights of the people Thomas Believes in an Absolute Monarch as the best type of government. Hobbes John Locke All about natural rights-Life, Liberty and Land Baron de Checks and Balances Montesquieu Separation of Powers Voltaire Freedom of speech Rousseau Direct Democracy, social contract Mary Women’s rights Wollstonecraft Adam Smith Believes in Capitalism and laissez faire-government stays out of the economy The Enlightenment will cause what? THE AMERICAN, FRENCH, AND LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS Related Terms to Know: 1. Enlightened Despot: An absolute Monarch that supports enlightenment ideas Examples: Catherine the Great of Russia 2. Age of Reason: Ruling with logic and enlightenment ideas 13 Name___________________________________ The French Revolution Political Revolution-change their government Causes: 1. Absolute Monarchy King Loius XVI 2. Economic Inequalities 3rd estate paid all the taxes and the 1st and 2nd did not 3. The Estate System-Social inequalities 4. Enlightenment New ideas in government 5. American Revolution inspired the French Revolution The Estates System 1st Estate Clergy ½% of the population Owns 10% of the land 2nd Estate Nobles 1.5% of the population Owns 20% of the land 3rd Estate Bourgeoisie-Middle class Working Clas Farmers Peasants 98% of the population Owns 70% of the land 14 Name___________________________________ The stages of the French Revolution Limited Monarchy Republic Stage 1 (1789) Stage 2 (1790-1791) Stage 3 (1792-1799) Meeting of the Estates Radical Stage Creation of the Directory General Radicals gain control of the 5 man ruling counsel The third estate was locked government and impose strict Weak out of the meeting rules Tennis Court Oath Jacobins led by Maximilien Chaos lead to the rise of The third estate went to the Robespierre Napoleon tennis courts when they were He leads the people to keep Napoleon was a successful locked out there they created people safe by getting rid of military General and political the…national assembly those that are against the leader overthrows the weak revolution directory. Establishment of the National “Reign of Terror” Assembly the people create Frightening time when people this new group to meet and are killed if they go against discuss issues. The king Robespierre grudgingly agrees to this Creation of a new Committee of Public Safety constitution A committee created to kill The constitution will limit the those that are against the power of the King revolution. Storming of the Bastille Widespread use of the The people still not satisfied Guillotine with the lack of change and A device that was created to rumors flying about. Storm kill those that went against the Prison the revolution-chops heads off Declaration of the Rights of Death of Louis XVI & the Man and Citizen Royal Family New document created to give Louis and Marie Antionette citizens rights are put to death by the guillotine. Robespierre’s Death People are finally fed up with the violence and have him killed by the guillotine 15 Name___________________________________ Napoleon Bonaparte Military dictator Coup d’etat Sudden seizure of power. Military is usually involved in the overthrow. Napoleonic Code: equality for all citizens, took rights away from women, gave the Bourgeoisie (middle class) more power, resotred economic prosperity Napoleon does what to Europe Takes over much of Europe Napoleon was exiled after his attempt to conquer Europe (twice) Continental System- Tries to create a blockade to cut off Britain from trade w/Europe He could not defeat Britain or Russia 1815 Battle of Waterloo: lost the battle and was exiled to St. Helena What did Napoleon do? (Legacy) Napoleonic code, education and inspired nationalism throughout Europe Effects of the French Revolution : 1. Ended absolutism in France. 2. The Bourgeoisie (middle class) gained political power. 3. Revolutionary ideas spread throughout Europe (Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity) 4. NATIONALISM is inspired throughout the world Congress of Vienna- Napoleon expanded the French borders by taking over much of Europe as a result when he was exiled Europe was dominated by the French. Monarchs from different countries met to restore Europe’s borders back to pre-Napoleon days. OUTCOMES: 1. Restored balance of power to Europe 2. Lead by Prince Metternich of Austria 3. Restored the monarchs of Europe 16 Name___________________________________ Nationalism A sense of pride, unity or common goal shared by a group of people with similar language, customs, and history The French Revolution and conquests of Napoleon sparked nationalist feelings throughout the world. Place Important people Events Causes Effects or Groups Simon Bolivar**VIP Independence Nationalism Gained political Father Miguel Hidalgo movement independence Latin Jose De San Martin America Toussaint L’Overature Wanted to get rid of Became foreign influence economically dependent on Europe Giuseppe Mazzini Risorgimento- Nationalism (spirit) reorganization of Unified 1870 Italian states Camillo Cavour (Brain) Italy **Want to reunify Guiseppi Garibaldi Italy-they faced some (sword) resistance because of regional differences- Papal states and Sicily Otto Von Bismarck Unify through blood Nationalism “Iron Chancellor” and iron. Unified 1871 Kaiser (king ) William 3 wars of unification Germany the I Danish War Austro-Prussian War (7 weeks War) Franco Prussian War 17 Name___________________________________ Nationalism does what to countries? United them, brought them together Important people Events Causes Effects Place or Groups Franz Josef Dual Monarchy Nationalism Starting to fall Emperor of Austria apart that is why Austrian- and King of Hungary they united the 2 Hungarian Austria is an nations Empire Industrial Nation and Hungary is an agricultural nation Nationalism Falling apart Balkan Peninsula Ottoman Nickname (Balkan Powder Keg) Empire “The sick man of Had many ethnic Europe” groups-they all wanted sovereignty Nationalism does what to Empires? Divided them and caused them to fall 18 Name___________________________________ Industrial Revolution (1700’s) Causes: 1. New Inventions Seed drill, Steel Plough, 2. Agriculture Revolution New ideas in farming and better techniques will cause an increase in food production 3. Population Explosion More food will lead to an increase in population 4. Enclosure Movement Wealthy farmers have better farming technology and enclose (close the land to peasant farmers) their land which sends the people to the cities for jobs Where does the Industrial Revolution Begin? In England Why England? 1. Natural Resources: Coal and Iron 2. Location/Geography: Island with many natural harbors easy to trade 3. Colonial Empire: Established nation with many colonies to access resources 4. Capital $: Have entrepreneurs to invest in companies 5. Labor Supply: England had a large population 19 Name___________________________________ Effects: 1. Rise of Factories: As more inventions were created more factory buildings were needed and created. First factory-textile-clothing 2. Higher Standard of Living: At first the standard of living was low. After many years there was an increase in the standard of living 3. Growth of Capitalism: The idea of creating products for profit became popular a. Laissez Faire  Government stays out of the economy 4. Working Conditions: were poor-unsafe, smelly, dark, worked long hours and for little pay a. Labor Unions  Groups of people banding together to combat the poor working conditions 20 Name___________________________________ Post-Industrial Revolution Philosophies Capitalism Socialism Communism Adam Smith People as a whole rather Karl Marx “The Wealth of Nations” Than private individuals “Communist Manifesto” Free Market would own and operate the Marx saw history as a class Market economy means of production (farms, struggle between the “Haves” Laissez faire factories, railways and other (those that own the factories) Profit incentive large businesses.) and the “Have not” (workers) Supply and demand Marx said that the “Have Private ownership Not” will rise up and overthrow the “Haves” in a Where? Democratic Countries violent revolution. Then the “Have Not” will take over and own the means of production (farms, factories, railways and other large businesses.) Form of Socialism This can only happen according to Marx in an Industrial Nation ***All will be equal! ***V.I.P.  Karl Marx Who is he? Father/creator/inventor of Communism What does he create? Communism What does he write? Communist Manifesto Why does he create Communism? Horrible working and living conditions that the proletariat are forced to work and live in 21 Name___________________________________ Irish Potato Famine Where was it? In Ireland What happened to the Potatoes? A blight (disease) hit the crop and killed most of the potatoes. Any good potatoes were taken by the English What were the results? Many Irish dies from Famine, or emigrated to the USA What does Emigration mean? Exit a country What does Immigration mean? Go into a country What does Migrations mean? Move What did the Irish people do to avoid dying from starvation? They emigrated, ate animals, became cannibals 22 Name___________________________________ Imperialism Imperialism Spheres of Influence When one country controls This is when a foreign “mother” another country economically, country controls another politically and socially for the country economically NOT benefit of the Foreign “mother” politically or Socially. country Ex. INDIA Ex. CHINA Causes of Imperialism: Political Economic Social Need for natural Desire to spread Bases needed for Resources Christianity merchants and navy Desire to expand Desire to share Nationalism markets and make Western civilization profits Belief in Social Darwinism What is the White Man’s Burden? The Western European White Man believed it was their duty/responsibility to civilize the African/Indians. They would do this by taking over these places and give them religion, technology etc to make them more civilized. What is Social Darwinism? The strong survive and they control the weak. The Western European white Man justified the White Man’s Burden by Social Darwinism. 23 Name___________________________________ Country/ Imperial Imperialism Why did they continent Power or Spheres colonize? Events Effects of Influence? Britain Imperialism For resources Berlin Conference- Africa is colonized France *gold European nations Belgium colony *diamonds met to discuss how Germany to carve up Africa Africa Africa was not invited Britain Imperialism For Sepoy Rebellion- Britain put down Resources Sepoys (Indian the rebellion and Colony *cotton soldiers in the increased control *Indigo British army) rebel over India India *Jute because they want *Opium to end foreign control Britain Spheres of Trading Opium War Britain won and Influence rights in the China vs. Britain opened China up France Chinese to trade ports China Germany Taiping Rebellion -Chinese people Rebellion crushed US rebel Boxer Rebellion Rebellion crushed -Boxers rebel They want to get rid of foreign influence 24 Name___________________________________ Other places impacted by Imperialism Country/ Imperial Imperialism Why did they continent Power or Spheres colonize? Events Effects of Influence? None None None The United States Europe stayed out Latin told Europe to stay Latin America America out of the Western Hemisphere -Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary Japan NONE Japan will Japan needs Japan will go Japan becomes a Imperialize resources through the MEIJI modern, western, China restoration industrial nation M-Modernize E- wEsternize I-Industrialize J-Japan I-Imperialize-China 25 Name___________________________________ World War I (1914-1918) Long term causes: M – Militarism-Germany and Britain build up their navy and army A- Alliances-countries are making secret defensive alliances with each other I-Imperialize-countries are competing for colonies throughout the world N-Nationalism-countries are trying to show that they are better than another, proud because of how big they are etc Immediate Cause: Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary is assassinated in Serbia by a nationalist group. Powers and sides: Central Powers Allied Powers Germany Britain Austria-Hungary France Ottoman Empire Russia-drop out 1917 Bulgaria Italy-come in 1915 US-comes in 1917 New Technology: Tank, Gas, gas mask, planes, submarines, 26 Name___________________________________ Effects of World War I: Treaty of Versailles (1919) This ends the war and decides who is to blame for the war Blame/cost: Germany takes all blame for the war. Impact: Germany has to pay for all the war reparations, decrease their military, lose colonies and land Self determination: Countries can determine what kind of government they want if they want to be sovereign-free. Examples: Examples-Poland and Czechoslovakia 27 Name___________________________________ Russian Revolution (1917) (“Peace, land and Bread”) What is changing in Russia? The Government What caused the Revolution? Absolute Monarch, Russian people wanted out of the War, Russian people wanted land and food. What type of government did Russia have before the Revolution? Absolute Monarch 1. Lenin Leader of the revolution and the Bolsheviks, starts and finishes the revolution, wants communism in Russia 2. Bolsheviks(Radicals) A Radical group that wants to overthrow the Czar. 3. Civil War Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (Czar supporters)-Reds win LENIN STALIN NEP: New Economic Plan 5 YEAR PLANS Designed to improve Designed to increase the economy by industrial and allowing some capitalist agricultural production ideas – allowed some by putting people on private ownership of collective (government land and businesses CHAOS AND DISORDER owned) farms AFTER LENIN DIES These are unsuccessful Lenin dies suddenly in 1924 and lead to a famine in which leads to a power the Ukraine struggle GREAT PURGE: Stalin kills all those who oppose him COLLECTIVE FARMS: large farms that are owned by the government and run by the peasants :FAILED 28 Name___________________________________ Totalitarianism: The government has total control of all aspects of all people’s lives. What you see hear and what you can say Propaganda: Constant bombardment of communist ideas and the evils of capitalism Censorship: Government controls what books were published and sold Command Economy: Government tells you what to produce, how to, how much etc. 29 Name___________________________________ Between the Wars Japan Italy Germany Militarism Mussolini Hitler Japan is building up its army Military dictator that rules Fascist Dictator of Germany to invade China and take it over Italy over 3rd Reich Fascism Third Empire Type of government that is rooted in extreme Nuremberg Laws nationalism and militarism Laws created in Germany to restrict Jews in society. The laws were anti-semetic and very racist Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass, an attack on the Jews in Germany Final Solution Get rid of all those that were not of the Aryan race Why were radical leaders able to come to power? During times of depression, bad economic and social times leaders that promise greatness will be elected. These leaders give hope to the people. 30 Name___________________________________ World War II (1939-1945) Aggression Appeasement 1. Japan invades China Definition: Giving in to the aggressor’s demands 2. Italy invades Ethiopia 1. League of Nations allowing Germany to 3. Germany invades the Rhineland, build up their army Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia 2. League of Nations allowing Germany to 4. Germany invades Poland-WWII BEGINS occupy the Rhine and take Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia. Axis Powers: Allied Powers: Germany Britain Italy France Japan Soviet Union China US-joins in 1941 Technology: Compare the technology used in WWI to WWII Airplanes- More advanced planes now used to bomb and fight in the air Tanks-Move faster and will now be used to fire bomb from and move across terrain Bombs-These become more advanced and destructive. Specifically the atomic bomb used on Japan at Nagasaki and Hiroshima Blitzkrieg: Lightening War-Germans use this on Britain. 31 Name___________________________________ Battle of Britain El Alamein D-Day Germany attacks Britain by air Turning point in the war in Turning point in the war in strikes for over 50 days Africa. The allies take Africa Europe. The allies take back straight. and push the Axis powers the French coast from the Britain is not defeated (Italians) back into Italy Germans when they invade Normandy Nuremburg trials: These trials put Nazi officers on trial for the crimes against humanity-first time ever United Nations (1945): The world’s peace keeping organization. This was created to replace the League of Nations. 5 permanent member-US, Soviet Union, Britain, France and China End of WWII- the Creation of Israel Creation of Israel (1948) Jewish people move to and settle in Palestine. They fix up the swamp lands and make it a livable and profitable place. However, the Arab Palestinians were promised the same land. Israelis Palestinians ReligionJewish ReligionMuslim Claim to the land: Claim to the land: Ancient history in the region Years possessing the land and religious and religious ties. ties. 32 Name___________________________________ Cold War (1945-1991) 1. Truman Doctrine US created these plans to give economic aid to &  countries that refuse Communism. Marshall Plan 2. N.A.T.O. Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization This was a FORCED alliance between Soviet Alliance between Democratic Nations. They Union and her neighboring countries. Soviet vowed to defend each other against an attack Union used this as a buffer against NATO. by a communist Nation. These countries Members: USSR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, agreed to this Alliance. Resist Soviet Hungary, EAST Germany. Sometimes referred Aggression to as “Iron Curtain”, Satellite Nations, Soviet Members: US, Britain, France, WEST Bloc or E. Europe Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands 3.Division of Germany-At the end of WWII the Allies split Germany into four Zones and each Allied Nation took a zone to occupy it, to keep Germany from strengthening. Eventually it became split into 2 zones West controlled by Democratic Nations-US, Britain and France and the East controlled by Communist Soviet Union. The division included the splitting of the Capitol- Berlin 4. Berlin Airlift-The Soviets blocked the roads going from West Germany to West Berlin, hoping to take complete control over the Capitol. However, the US and Britain airlifted food and supplies to the people in West Berlin. 5. Berlin Wall (1961-1989)-This wall was put up by Communist Soviet Union to keep East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin. East Berlin was Communist and West Berlin was Democratic. 33 Name___________________________________ 6. Arms Race Who could stock pile the most weapons and build the most destructive weapons. Fought between the US and USSR 7. Space Race A race between the US and USSR-who could get into space faster Conflicts in the Cold War Cuba Vietnam Afghanistan 1959 Cuban Revolution People revolt and bring in communism Fidel Castro Communist leader Bay of Pigs US attempt to overthrow communist leader Cuban Missile Crisis- 1961 The closest the US and USSR came to war. Ends with withdraw of Missiles from Cuba. US fails to contain Communism Was the U.S. successful in containing Communism? No 34 Name___________________________________ China 1. Communist Revolution-the people in China revolt against the nationalist group the Goumendang. They support the communist group and Mao. Communism comes to China 2. Mao Zedong-Communist leader A. Great Leap Forward: Mao and the Communists try move forward try to increase industry and Agriculture-failure B. Cultural Revolution: The communists governments attempt to get rid of opposition 1. Red Guard the secret police that prosecuted and got rid of those that were against the communist government 2. Little Red Book a little red book that people had to have with them at all times. It contained communist ideas and Mao’s ideas. Complete Communism was not successful for China therefore the new leader Deng Xioping had to make some Capitalist reforms. 3. Deng XiopingFour Modernizations-moving towards Capitalist policies AAgriculture-give incentives to farmers IIndustry-allow some private ownership and incentives to workers DDefense-Increase the defense technology SScience and Technology-improvement in sciences and medicines 4. Tiananmen Square (1989)- Chinese government opens fire on student demonstrators at Tiananmen Square-they were attempting to get more democratic reforms 5. Hong Kong returned to China in 1997-from Britain-China lost it Hong Kong to Britain in the Opium War. 35 Name___________________________________ Cold War ends in Europe 1. Collapse of U.S.S.R. -Gorbachev, Mikhail:Leader of Soviet Union responsible for the collapse of the Soviet Union. Creates reform policies-Glasnost and Perestroika -Glasnost: Gorbachev’s policy that allows political openness. Democratic reforms -Perestroika: Gorbachev’s policy of allowing capitalist ideas into the Soviet Union-some private ownership What does the fall of the Berlin Wall symbolize? The end of the Cold War Fall of the Berlin Wall Germany - In 1989 with the fall of the Soviet Union the Wall was ripped down by both East and West Berliners. Symbolizes the end of Communism and fall of the Soviet Union. 36 Name___________________________________ Decolonization and Nationalism India What were the causes of nationalism in India? Wanting to end foreign rule-British Imperialism Nationalist Leader: Mohandas Gandhi Method Definition Example Passive Peacefully resisting authority Sitting and allowing British to Resistance physically assault without fighting back Civil Going against unjust laws Salt March Disobedience Boycotts Abstaining from or preventing from Gandhi encouraged Indian people to doing dealings Boycott British goods like buying clothing made by Dritish companies What were the results of the independence movements in India? India will gain its independence Pakistan will become a country for the Muslim people This will cause problems. Why was India partitioned into two countries? The Muslims wanted their own country and the Hindus wanted their own country 37 Name___________________________________ Africa *European political boundaries challenge traditional and tribal boundaries. Independence Movements -Pan-Africanism- Spreading of African Nationalism. Meant to strengthen African Nations. Kenya -Jomo Kenyatta- From Kenya he will help to liberate Kenya from the British. Kenyatta supported non-violent movements (similar to Mohandas Gandhi) for Independence however, Independence was achieved through violent means, guerrilla style fighting by the Mau Mau (British called the guerrilla fighters this). Ghana -Kwame Nkrumah- From Ghana, he will help Ghana achieve its independence from Britain. He used non-violent methods like Gandhi. He would strike and boycott to try to achieve independence. 38 Name___________________________________ South Africa What is Apartheid? this was a set of laws that restricted the Black South Africans. It treated them like they were foreigners in their own country. Some of the laws/restrictions required Blacks to carry passports, they were restricted as to where they could go etc. Black South African, lawyer, Leader of the African National Congress, Nelson Mandela tries to end Apartheid (will be successful), jailed for being the leader of the ANC, While in prison continued to lobby to end Apartheid, Finally released after 37 years in prison, became the first black president in South Africa White man, President of South Africa, Freed Mandela, ended Apartheid F.W. de Klerk Bishop, got the word out to the world about Apartheid which helped to Desmond Tutu end/outlaw Apartheid in South Africa ANC African National Group created to end Apartheid, leader-Mandela, becomes outlawed Congress because it became too powerful and influential. Tensions between Traditional Cultures and Modernization: What is Islamic Fundamentalism? Muslims that believe in following the basic teachings of the Islamic faith according to the Koran/Qu’ran. All the laws and structure of the society are according to the Koran. Which countries will be fundamentalist Islamic nations? Iran Afghanistan 39 Name___________________________________ What is modernization? Is the advancement in technology or technological development. Advanced communication systems, transportation systems, advanced weapons, Industrialization, and anything that has to do with technology. What is Westernization? Is when a country will start to model itself like Western nations. To be western would be to dress like the west (shirt and tie), have democratic government, Christianity, secular government, education like the west (educate women), 40 Name___________________________________ Middle East Iran Iraq Turkey Nigeria - Shah Reza Pahlavi - Persian Gulf War Mustafa Kemal What are the two The leader of Iran. He First Iraq war February Ataturk: major religious tried to modernize and –March 1991. Fought Father of groups in Nigeria? westernize Iran. This because Iraq invaded Turkey/leader of Muslims in the offended the Kuwait. UN asked Turkey North and fundamentalist groups. them to get out and Christians in the He was overthrown. they refused. After the What does Ataturk South war Iraq was ordered do to Turkey? -Ayatollah Khomeini to open it borders to Turns the country He will come in after checks by the UN for into a SECULAR What group is trying the Shah during the WOMD – weapons of (NON-RELIGIOUS) to prevent Nigeria Iranian Revolution and mass destruction SOCIETY from Modernizing? reject the modern and The BOKU western reforms. He -Iraq War Modernized and HARAM returns Iran to a March 2003-Iraq Westernized Turkey. fundamentalist nation. refused to let the UN Made them more and NATO in to advanced and more Is Nigeria -Iranian Hostage Crisis inspect for WOMD like the west. Modernizing? Iran took some therefore the US with Americans hostage. the help of Great What are some of Nigeria is struggling Britain went into Iraq the examples of the to modernize Does Iran Modernize? to inspect, However ways that Turkey Yes under the Shah but the US and Britain did modernizes and when the Ayatollah not find WOMD. Westernizes? comes in they will Outlaw the Fez (red revert to Islamic -Saddam Hussein cap) fundamentalism Leader of Iraq during Model their both Persian Gulf War education after and Iraq War. Was western nations – captured by US and WOMEN WERE British forces and ALLOWED TO GO turned over to the TO SCHOOL Iraqi government for Allow women to vote prosecution. Was Build railroads, found guilty and building, factories executed. 41 Name___________________________________ Globalization What does globalization mean? Worldwide interactions or connections such as trade, technology and the internet What does interdependence mean? When Countries depend on each other for resources. We depend on each other, Global world! Political Globalization: 1. United Nations (UN) An international peace keeping organization 193 Countries The membership of the United Nations has increased since its formation. Resolve conflicts between nations peacefully Bridge the gap between world power 2. European Union (EU) created to unify Europe, promote regional prosperity, peace and security. Currently the countries that are involved have a common passport, common Currency (money) Euro and ended most tariffs between nations. 3. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Original purpose: Military or defense alliance formed in 1949 by 12 democracies in Western Europe and North America-to protect its members from a possible attack from the Soviet Union (Containment) After Cold War, the purpose is to enforce peace and manage international affairs 42 Name___________________________________ Economic Globalization 1. World Trade Organization Purpose to ensure fair trade throughout the world 2. World Bank Not an ordinary bank like M & T Bank It’s a unique partnership created to reduce poverty and support development Provides loans to developing countries for capital programs 3. International Monetary Fund The IMF provides policy advice and technical assistance to help countries build and maintain strong economies Also give short term loans. What is the goal of the IMF? The intent was to avoid another world wide great depression and keep a stable world market. 4. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. This is a group of countries that have banded together to help regulate and set the price of oil to sell to the world. Most of the OPEC countries are located in the Middle East. 43 Name___________________________________ Social Globalization 1. World Health Organization What is the World Health Organization? WHO is the authority for health within the United Nations. What are the goals of the World Health Organization? Responsible for providing leadership on global health matters What are the current aims of the WHO? Ending diseases, vaccinating people, reducing the spread of AIDS Modern Global Issues Deforestation- Cutting down rain forest/forests to sell lumber to pay for debts (Brazil) AIDS- (The virus) Prevalent in Africa Green Revolution- Increased food production in areas that needed food. Worked in India and Indonesia, drawbacks Only worked for wealthy b/c of cost of fertilizer Overpopulation- An abundance of people in a location that cannot sustain it. Global migration- Movement of people and goods around the world. Nuclear Proliferation- The desire of countries to gain nuclear capabilities-technology-weapons Desertification-This is where the desert is expanding due to lack of rainfall. 44 Name___________________________________ Human Rights Violations: What is Genocide? The deliberate attempt to destroy an entire ethnic, religious, etc group. This is a violation of human rights. What events in history caused the UN to create a Universal Declaration of Rights law? The Holocaust Leader Where are What atrocities did they commit they from Augusto Chile Violated the right to life, liberty, right to democracy. He will be Pinochet Dictator responsible for killing many people that tried to go against him. Deng China Tiananmen Square- the students were protesting because they Xiaoping wanted more rights (democratic rights) so Deng ordered the military to kill the protestors and jail those that they capture. Slobodan Yugoslavia Kills those people that are trying to break away from Yugoslavia. Milosevic Serbia Targeted the Muslims. Acts of Genocide in the World Country What happened? Pol Pot is the communist leader. He is also the leader of the communist party- Cambodia Khmer Rouge Goal: to make Cambodia an agricultural nation. This is called year zero-start over. In the process he kills the educated, people with glasses, anyone that goes against him. Shut down the schools and made them into prisons Hutu (majority group) vs. Tutsi (minority group). Belgium used to control Rwanda Rwanda and they favored the Tutsi. The Tutsi will push and want independence so the Belgiums will leave power to the Hutu. Hutu will start attacking the Tutsi and when the Hutu president is killed in plane crash (shot down) this started the genocide in which 800,000 Tutsi’s are murdered. Nomads (Arab Muslims from the North) that started to attack the Southern Darfur farmers (Christians) for their land. When the Farmers reach out to the Government and ask for help the government sends a militia group to kill the farmers. 45 Name___________________________________ Individuals trying to address human rights violations Person Where are they from? What do they do? Mother Humanitarian-her goal (calling from God) was to help Teresa Albania people that cannot help themselves. Example: creates a Leper Colony, the blind and disadvantage Aung San She is challenging the military controlled government. Suu Kyi Southeast Asia She fights for more rights for the citizens in Myanmar/Burma Myanmar/Burma. She will be put on house arrest for speaking out against the government. Mothers of These are the mothers of the children that disappeared the Plaza de Argentina because they were demonstrating against the Mayo government. The goal of the mothers was to bring awareness to the world about what the Argentinean government was doing to its citizens. 46 Name___________________________________ Global History and Geography Vocabulary Obstacle words commonly found in Global History Regents exams 1. generalization: the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances 2. uniformity: having always the same form, manner, or degree: not varying or variable 3. acquire: to come into possession or control of often by unspecified means 4. reinstate: to restore to a previous effective state 5. armament: a military or naval force 6. reflected: to give back or exhibit as an image, likeness, or outline 7. emphasis: force or intensity of expression that gives impressiveness or importance to something 8. consumer: someone who takes in manufactured goods 9. literacy: able to read and write 10.dependence: one that is relied on 11.surplus: the amount that remains when use or need is satisfied (when you have extra of something) 12.liberate: to free from control 13.purged: to make free of something unwanted 14.resolve: to make clear or understandable 15.productivity: effective in bringing about 16.espionage: to spy 17.Sovereign: free 47