IS Midterm PDF

# System versus Information System - A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. - An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and net...

# System versus Information System - A system is a group of interrelated components working toward the attainment of a common goal by accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process. - An information system uses the resources of people, hardware, software, data, and networks to perform input, processing, output, storage and control activities. # An IS Framework for Business Professionals - A pentagon with the word "Information Systems" in the middle. - The five points of the pentagon are labeled as: - Management Challenges - Business Applications - Development Processes - Information Technologies - Foundation Concepts # الدور الرئيسى Major Roles of Information Systems - A pyramid with three levels: - **Support Business Processes and Operations** (green) - **Support Business Decision Making** (pink) - **Support Strategies for Competitive Advantage** (orange) # Types of Information Systems - A hierarchical tree diagram: - **Information Systems** (green rectangle) - **Operations Support Systems** (green rectangle) - Transaction Processing Systems (green rectangle) - Process Control Systems (green rectangle) - Enterprise Collaboration Systems (green rectangle) - **Management Support Systems** (green rectangle) - Management Information Systems (green rectangle) - Decision Support Systems (green rectangle) - Executive Information Systems (green rectangle) # Chapter Summary - **IS Resources** - Hardware Resources. - Software Resources. - People Resources. - Data Resources. - Network Resources. - **Products:** - Paper Reports. - Visual Displays. - Multimedia Documents. - Electronic Messages. - Graphics images. - Audio Responses. # Strategic Uses of Information Technology - A flowchart diagram: - **Strategy** - Improving Business Process - Promote ترویج Business Innovation - Locking إقفال in Customers and Suppliers - **IT Role** - Use IT to reduce costs of doing business - Use IT to create new products or services - • Use IT to improve quality - • Use IT to link business to customers and suppliers - **Outcome** - Enhance Efficiency - Create New Business Opportunities - Maintain Valuable Customers and Relationships # Strategic Uses of Information Technology - A flowchart diagram: - **Strategy** - Raise Barriers الحواجز to Entry -Build a Strategic IT Platform برنامج - منصة - Build a Strategic Information Base - **IT Role** - Increase amount of investment or complexity of IT needed to compete - Leverage قوّة - نفوذ investment in IS resources from operational uses to strategic uses - Use IT to provide information to support firm's competitive strategy - **Outcome** - Increase Market Share - Create New Business Opportunities - Enhance Organizational Collaboration # The Internet Value Chain - A flowchart diagram: - **Internet Capability** - Marketing and Product Research - Sales and Distribution - Support and Customer Feedback ردود الفعل -**Benefits to Company** - Data for market research, establishes يؤسس consumer responses - Low cost distribution, Reaches new customers, Multiplies ضاعف contact points - Access to customer comments online, Immediate response to customer problems - **Opportunity for Advantage** - Increase Market Share - Lower Cost هوامش Margins - Enhanced Customers Satisfaction # الشركات الافتراضية Virtual Corporations - A star diagram with six points: - Adaptability التكيف - Borderless بلا حدود - Excellence - Technology - Opportunism الانتهازية - Trust-Based الثقة القائمة - All points point to the center with the text "Six Characteristics of Virtual Companies" # Network Computers and Terminals - **Benefits** - Network Computer (Thin Client), NetPC - Lower purchase cost. - Easier maintenance. - Easier software distribution and licensing. - Network Terminal - Computer platform standardization. - Reduced end user support requirements. - Improved manageability. # Primary & Secondary Storage Media - A pyramid with five levels: - **Primary Storage** on the right side of the pyramid - **Secondary Storage** on the left side of the pyramid - **Direct Access** - **Semiconductor Memory** (blue) - **Magnetic Disks** (Floppy Disk, Hard Disk, RAID) (pink) - **Sequential Access** - **Magnetic Tape** (pink) - **Direct Access** - **Optical Disks** (CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD) (pink) - The left side of the pyramid notes that Access Speed Increases, Storage Capacity Decreases and Cost per Bit Increases # Categories of Computer Software - A hierarchical tree diagram: - **Computer Software** (pink rectangle) - **Application Software** (green rectangle) - General Purpose Programs (green rectangle) - Application Specific Programs (green rectangle) - **System Software** (blue rectangle) - System Management Programs (blue rectangle) - System Development Programs (blue rectangle) # Common General- Purpose Applications - Electronic Mail. - Word Processing. - Presentation Graphics. - Multimedia. - Personal Information Manager. - Groupware. # Multimedia Technologies - A star diagram with eight points: - **Video Capture Card** - **Storyboard** - **Sound Board** - **MIDI** Musical Instrument Digital Interface - **Authoring Language** - **Compact Disk Interactive** - **Compressed Audio** - **Computer Edit System** - **Interactive Video** - **Digital Video Interactive** - **Digital Audio** - All points point to the center with the text "Key Technologies of Multimedia" # Categories of Programming Languages - A table with three columns and three rows: | **Machine Languages** | **High Level Languages** | **Markup Languages** | |---|---|---| | Use binary coded instructions | Use brief statements | Use embedded control codes | | 1001 1001, 1100 1101 | Compute X = Y + Z | <H1>First heading</H>,<!ELEMENT Product (#Item | manuf)> | | **Assembler Languages** | **Fourth Generation Languages** | **Object-Oriented Languages** | | Use symbolic coded instructions | Use natural statements | Define objects that contain data and actions | | LOD Y, ADD Z | SUM THE FOLLOWING NUMBERS | Document.write (“Hi There”) | # The Data Hierarchy - A diagram with six levels, going from bottom to top: - **Bit** - **Byte** - **MARY** - **Field** - Jefferson (Last Name) - Mary (First Name) - 1779 Washington Ave. (Address) - 704-555-6789 (Phone Number) - 1234-56-789 (Social Security No.) - **Record** - Jefferson Mary 1779 Washington Ave. 704-555-6789 123-45-6789 - **File** - A group of interrelated records - Last Name, First Name, Address, Phone Number, SSN - Adams, George, 123 Lancelot Dr., 704-555-1234, 987-76-5432 - Jefferson, Mary, 1779 Washington Ave., 704-555-6789, 123-45-6789 - **Database** - A collection of interrelated data - **Personal Data File** - **Credit History File** - **Transaction Data File** - An arrow points from the right side of the "Database" rectangle and loops back to the "File" rectangle. # Operational DB - Detailed data needed to support the operations of the entire organization. - They are also called: - Subject area database (SADB). - Translation databases. - Production databases. # Analytical DB - Information extracted from other database needed by manager and end users. - They are also called: - Management databases. - Information databases. - Multidimensional database. - This type of databases accessed by using the online analytical processing systems (OLAP), Decision support systems (DSS), Executive information systems (EIS). # Database Management Approach - The database management approach consolidates data records into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs called database management system (DBMS). - i.e. DBMS serves as software interface between users and databases. This helps users easily access the records in a database. # Warehouse DB - Stores data from current and previous years. - It is a central source of data. # Distributed DB - These are databases of workgroups and departments at regional offices. - It includes segments of both common operational and common user databases. - All of the data are concurrently and is a data resource for the manager. # Customer Transaction Processing - A diagram with five elements: - **Inquiry** (red rectangle) - **Checking Account Program**, **Savings Account Program**, **Installment Loan Program** (cylinders) - **Database Management System** (green rectangle) - **Customer Database** (cylinder) - The cylinders are connected to the Database Management System and the Database Management System is connected to the Inquiry. - Notes: - Checking Account Data. - Saving Account Data. - Installment Loan Data. - Other Customer Data. # Data Views - **Logical view of data:** - A view that shows the logical relationship(s) between different pieces of data in a database. - **Physical view of data:** - A view that shows how and where data are physically stored in a storage medium.