Emergency Treatment PDF

Emergency Treatment Prof. Dr. Saira Azhar PhD Pharmacy Practice Definition:  An emergency is an urgent, sudden, and serious event or an unforeseen change in circumstances that necessitates immediate action to remedy harm or prevent imminent...

Emergency Treatment Prof. Dr. Saira Azhar PhD Pharmacy Practice Definition:  An emergency is an urgent, sudden, and serious event or an unforeseen change in circumstances that necessitates immediate action to remedy harm or prevent imminent danger to life, health, or property; an exigency.  An illness, injury, symptom or condition so serious that a reasonable person would seek care right away to avoid severe harm. 2  Emergency Treatment  Emergency Treatment means treatment of a case involving accidental bodily injury or the sudden and unexpected onset of a critical condition requiring medical or surgical care for which a person seeks immediate medical attention within 24 hours of the onset.  Emergency treatment refers to the immediate and urgent care given to someone who is injured or suddenly becomes ill, often in situations that could be life-threatening. The primary goals of emergency treatment are ❖ to preserve life, ❖ prevent the condition from worsening, and ❖ promote recovery. 3 Key steps in emergency treatment: 1. Assess the Situation Ensure the scene is safe for you and the victim. Check for responsiveness by tapping and shouting. Call for help if needed (e.g., dial emergency services). 2. Perform Basic Life Support (BLS) Airway: Ensure the airway is open. Breathing: Check if the person is breathing. If not, provide rescue breaths. Circulation: Check for a pulse. If absent, begin chest compressions. 4 Key steps in emergency treatment: 3. Control Severe Bleeding Apply direct pressure to the wound with a clean cloth or bandage. Elevate the injured area if possible. Use a tourniquet if direct pressure is ineffective and the bleeding is life-threatening. 4. Treat for Shock Lay the person flat on their back. Elevate the legs about 12 inches unless there is a head, neck, or back injury. Keep the person warm with blankets or clothing. Do not give them anything to eat or drink. 5 Key steps in emergency treatment: 5. Provide Specific Care Based on the Injury/Illness Burns: Cool the burn with running water for at least 10 minutes. Cover with a sterile dressing. Do not apply creams or ointments. Fractures: Immobilize the injured area with a splint. Do not try to realign the bone. Choking: Perform the Heimlich maneuver if the person is conscious and unable to breathe or cough. Use back blows and chest thrusts for infants. Heart Attack: Keep the person calm and seated. Administer aspirin if the person is not allergic and not contraindicated. Monitor closely and be ready to perform CPR if needed. Stroke: Remember FAST (Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time to call emergency services). 6 Key steps in emergency treatment: 6. Provide Reassurance and Monitor Stay with the person until professional help arrives. Monitor vital signs like breathing, pulse, and consciousness level. Reassure the person and keep them as comfortable as possible. 7. Use of Emergency Equipment Automated External Defibrillator (AED): Follow the device instructions for someone in cardiac arrest. Epinephrine Auto-Injector: Administer to individuals experiencing severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis). 7 8  Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique that's useful in many emergencies in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. For example, when someone has a heart attack or nearly drowns. The American Heart Association recommends starting CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. CPR can keep oxygen-rich blood flowing to the brain and other organs until emergency medical treatment can restore a typical heart rhythm. When the heart stops, the body no longer gets oxygen-rich blood. The lack of oxygen-rich blood can cause brain damage in only a few minutes. 9 CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Here's advice from the American Heart Association:  Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR or worried about giving rescue breaths, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest compressions of 100 to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive. Details are described below. You don't need to try rescue breathing.  Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident in your ability, check to see if there is a pulse and breathing. If there is no pulse or breathing within 10 seconds, begin chest compressions. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.  Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a minute. 10  Basic CPR Steps The basic CPR steps should be performed in the following order: STEP 1: CALL 911. First, call 911 or ask a bystander to do so.... STEP 2: Assess the scene.... STEP 3: Perform a breathing check.... STEP 4: Check for a pulse.... STEP 5: Begin chest compressions.... STEP 6: Give rescue breaths.... STEP 7: Continue CPR until help arrives. 11 12  Treatment  Before starting CPR, check:  Is the environment safe for the person?  Is the person conscious or unconscious?  If the person appears unconscious, tap or shake their shoulder and ask loudly, "Are you OK?"  If the person doesn't respond and you're with another person who can help, have one person call 911 or the local emergency number and get the AED (Automated External Defibrillator,) if one is available. Have the other person begin CPR.  If you are alone and have immediate access to a telephone, call 911 or your local emergency number before beginning CPR. Get the AED if one is available.  As soon as an AED is available, deliver one shock if instructed by the device, then begin CPR. 13 C-A-B The American Heart Association uses the letters C-A-B to help people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR. ❖ C: compressions ❖ A: airway ❖ B: breathing 14 C: Compressions: Restore blood flow  Compressions means you use your hands to push down hard and fast in a specific way on the person's chest. Compressions are the most important step in CPR. Follow these steps for performing CPR compressions  Put the person on their back on a firm surface.  Place the lower palm of your hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples.  Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight. Place your shoulders directly above your hands  Push straight down on the chest at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 centimeters). Use your entire body weight, not just your arms, when doing compressions.  Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute. Allow the chest to spring back after each push. 15 A: Airway: Open the airway  Airway: Open the airway If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift move. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. 16 B: Breathing: Breathe for the person  Breathing: Breathe for the person  Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to- nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. Current recommendations suggest performing rescue breathing using a bag-mask device with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter.  After opening the airway (using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal.  Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises.  If the chest rises, give a second breath. 17  If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver and then give a second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too much force.  Continue chest compressions to restore blood flow.  As soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Give one shock, then continue chest compressions for two more minutes before giving a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator or another emergency medical operator may be able to give you instructions. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below.  Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel take over. 18 To perform CPR on a child  The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through puberty is essentially the same as that for an adult — follow the C-A-B steps.  The American Heart Association says you should not delay CPR and offers this advice on how to perform CPR on a child: 19 To perform CPR on a child Compressions: Restore blood flow  If you are alone and didn't see the child collapse, start chest compressions for about two minutes. Then quickly call 911 or your local emergency number and get the AED if one is available.  If you're alone and you did see the child collapse, call 911 or your local emergency number first. Then get the AED, if available, and start CPR. If another person is with you, have that person call for help and get the AED while you start CPR. 20  Place the child on their back on a firm surface.  Kneel next to the child's neck and shoulders.  Place two hands — or only one hand if the child is very small — on the lower half of the child's breastbone.  Using the heel of one or both hands, press straight down on the chest about 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not greater than 2.4 inches (approximately 6 centimeters). Push hard and fast — 100 to 120 compressions a minute.  If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until the child moves or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, open the airway and start rescue breathing. 21 Airway: Open the airway  If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the child's airway using the head- tilt, chin-lift move.  Place your palm on the child's forehead and gently tilt their head back.  With the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. 22 Breathing: Breathe for the child  Follow these steps for mouth-to-mouth breathing for a child.  After using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver to open the airway, pinch the child's nostrils shut. Cover the child's mouth with yours, making a seal.  Breathe into the child's mouth for one second. Watch to see if the chest rises. If it rises, give a second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver first. Then give the second breath. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too much force. 23  After the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and breaths. Note: If there are two people available to do CPR on the child, change rescuers every two minutes — or sooner if the rescuer is fatigued — and give one to two breaths every 15 compressions.  As soon as an AED is available, apply it and follow the prompts. As soon as an AED is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Use pediatric pads for children older than 4 weeks old and up to age 8. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult pads. Give one shock, then restart CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before giving a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 911 operator or another emergency medical operator may be able to give you directions.  Continue until the child moves or help arrives. 24 25 26 27 Conclusion  Emergency treatment requires quick thinking, calmness, and knowledge of basic first aid principles.  Professional medical help should be sought immediately,  Initial steps can be crucial in saving lives and minimizing further injury.  It's highly recommended for everyone to undergo first aid and CPR training to be prepared for emergency situations. 28  Class Activity Pharmacist participation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation Key words: ❖ Responsibilities ❖ Training ❖ Attitudes 29 30