Basic First Aid PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC FIRST AID FIRST AID is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.It includes selfhelp and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. ROLES OF FIRST AID l. It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the...

INTRODUCTION TO BASIC FIRST AID FIRST AID is an immediate care given to a person who has been injured or suddenly taken ill.It includes selfhelp and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed. ROLES OF FIRST AID l. It is the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician. 2. It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the services of the physician. 3. It ends when the services of a physician begins GUIDELINES FOR GIVING EMERGENCY CARE Ask for help I ntervene D o no further harm  First aid is as easy as AIRWAY BREATHING CIRCULATION In any situation, apply the DRSABCD Action Plan. LEARN THE FIRST AID METHOD OF DRSABCD DRSABCD stands for: anger esponse end for help irway reathing PR efibrillator Always check the danger to you, any bystanders and then the injured or ill person. Make sure you do not put yourself in danger when going to the assistance of another person. Look for anything that might be dangerous, like signs of fire, falling debris, or violent people. If your safety is at risk, remove yourself from the area and call for help. If the scene is safe, assess the condition of the sick or injured person. Don’t move them unless you must do so to protect them from danger. oSurvey the scene o is the scene safe? o what happened? o how many people are injured? o are there bystanders who can help? o Identify yourself as a trained first aider RESPONSE is the person conscious? Do they respond when you talk to them, touch their hands or squeeze their shoulder? If the victim is conscious, interview him/her: o introduce yourself o get permission to give care o ask the victim’s name o ask what happened o ask “do you have any pain or discomfort?” o “do you have any allergies?” “are you taking any medication? If the victim does not respond or not conscious, do the head to toe examination: Start with the head.- Look and feel for cut, bruises and other signs of injury.- Check and compare pupils of both eyes... dilated pupils involve bleeding and state of shock... constricted pupils may mean heat stroke or drug overdose.... unequal pupils may suspect head injury or stroke.- Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.- Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of injury.- Check and compare both collar bones and shoulders Check the chest and rib cage.- Check the victim’s abdomen for tenderness by pressing lightly with flat part of your fingers.- Check the hip bone by pressing slowly downward and inward for possible fracture.- Check one leg at a time.- Check one arm at a time.- Check the spinal column by placing the victim into side lying down position and press gently from the cervical region down to the lumbar for possible injury. record all the assessment including the time. keep the injured person lying down, his head level with his feet. keep the injured person warm and guard against chilling.  Call (911/ 143). SEND FOR Don’t forget to HELP answer the questions asked by the operator. AIRWAY Is the person’s airway clear? Is the person breathing?  If the person is responding, they are conscious and their airway is clear, assess how AIRWAY you can help them with any injury.  If the person is not responding and they are unconscious, you need to check their airway by opening their AIRWAY mouth and having a look inside. If their mouth is clear, tilt their head gently back (by lifting their chin) and check for breathing. If the mouth is not clear, place the person on their side, open their mouth and clear the contents, then tilt the head back and check for breathing.  Check for breathing by looking for chest movements (up and down). Listen by putting your ear near to their mouth and nose. Feel for BREATHING breathing by putting your hand on the lower part of their chest. If the person is unconscious but breathing, turn them onto their side, carefully ensuring that you keep their head, neck and spine in alignment. Monitor their breathing until you hand over to the ambulance officers.  I f the vi cti m i s breathi ng, i s i t shal l ow or deep?does he appear to be choki ng? i s he cyanoti c, suggesti ng poor BREATHING oxygenati on? I f the vi cti m appears to have any di f f i cul ty breathi ng, i mmedi atel y support hi s breathi ng ( mai ntai n adequate open ai rway) I f the vi cti m i s not breathi ng, provi de i ni ti al venti l ati on or perf orm CPR  Check the vi tal si gns: determi ne radi al or caroti d pul se ( pul se rate per mi nute: ) BREATHING Adul t 60 - 90/ mi n. Chi l d 80 - 100/ mi n. I nf ant 100 - 120/ mi n.  Is the victim’ s heart CIRCULATION beating? If it is, then how is it? (assess pulse) provide other care as necessary. If not, perform CPR  HOW CPR WORKS? The air we breathe in travels to our lungs where oxygen is picked up by our blood and then pumped by the heart to our tissue and organs. When a person experiences cardiac arrest - whether due to heart failure in adults and the elderly or an injury such as near drowning, electrocution or severe trauma in a child - the heart goes from a normal beat to an arrhythmic pattern called ventricular fibrillation, and eventually ceases to beat altogether. This prevents oxygen from circulating throughout the body, rapidly killing cells and tissue.  HOW CPR WORKS? Cardio (heart) Pulmonary (lung) Resuscitation (revive, revitalize) (CPR)- serves as an artificial heartbeat and an artificial respirator. CPR may not save the victim even when performed properly, but if started within 4 minutes of cardiac arrest and defibrillation is provided within 10 minutes, a person has a 40% chance of survival.  HOW CPR WORKS? Invented in 1960, CPR is a simple but effective procedure that allows almost anyone to sustain life in the first critical minutes of cardiac arrest. CPR provides oxygenated blood to the brain and the heart long enough to keep vital organs alive until emergency equipment arrives.  HOW CPR WORKS? COMPRESSIONS When performing chest compressions, proper hand placement is very important. To locate the correct hand position place two fingers at the sternum (the spot where the lower ribs meet) then put the heel of your other hand next to your fingers  HOW CPR WORKS? Place one hand on top of the other and interlace the fingers. Lock your elbows and using your body' s weight, compress the victim’ s chest. The depth of compressions should be approximately 1½ to 2 inches - remember: 2 hands, 2 inches. If you feel or hear slight cracking sound, you may be pressing too hard. Do not become alarmed and do not stop your rescue efforts! Damaged cartilage or cracked ribs are far less serious than a lost life. Simply apply less pressure as you continue compressions HOW CPR WORKS?  HOW CPR WORKS? Count aloud as you compress 30 times at the rate of about 3 compressions for every 2 seconds. Finish the cycle by giving the victim 2 breaths. This process should be performed four times - 30 compressions and 2 breaths - after which remember to check the victim' s carotid artery for pulse and any signs of consciousness. If there is no pulse, continue performing 30 compressions/2 breaths, checking for pulse after every 4 cycles until help arrives. DEFRIBILLATOR For unconscious adults who are not breathing, apply an automated external defibrillator (AED) if one is available. They are available in many public places, clubs and organisations. An AED is a machine that delivers an electrical shock to cancel any irregular heart beat (arrhythmia), in an effort get the normal heart beating to re- establish itself. DEFRIBILLATOR The devices are very simple to operate. Just follow the instructions and pictures on the machine, and on the package of the pads, as well as the voice prompts. If the person responds to defibrillation, turn them onto their side and tilt their head to maintain their airway. Some AEDs may not be suitable for children. FIRST AID BANDAGE BEGINNER TIPS AND TECHNIQUES HISTORY OF BANDAGING HISTORY OF BANDAGING HISTORY OF BANDAGING HISTORY OF BANDAGING MODERN ERA MODERN ERA BANDAGE IS USED IN COMBINATION WITH A DRESSING WHERE A WOUND IS PRESENT. ROLLER BANDAGE- IS USED TO SECURE A DRESSING IN PLACE. TRIANGULAR BANDAGE- IS USED AS AN ARM SLING OR AS A PAD TO CONTROL BLEEDING.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: First, make sure that the body part on which the bandage is to be applied is completely well rested.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 2. The right size of the bandage should be used. Bandages come in different widths. For bandaging the arm, select 5 cm or 7.5 cm or 10 cm. For bandaging the leg, 10 cm or 12 cm or 15 cm widths should be selected.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 3. cover the wound properly with an absorbent dressing.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 4. Start bandaging from the distal end of the body (the part which is away from the heart such as feet or wrist) to the proximal end of the body (the part closer to the heart such as thigh or shoulder). Note: Avoid covering fingers or toes when bandaging a limb so you can easily check the blood circulation.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 5. Wind the bandage in a spiral (circular) turns, making sure that each layer covers (overlaps) one-third to two-thirds of the previous one.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 6. Make sure the entire wound is covered with the bandage.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 7. make sure the bandage is firm but it is not excessively tight. Very tight bandages can interfere with the blood circulation and that causes more harm.  Steps to applying the bandage correctly: 8. When you have reached the bandage end, secure the end by folding it over and using a bandage clip or adhesive tape to secure it.  FIRST AID BANDAGE In many cases, you can use an adhesive bandage to cover minor cuts, scrapes, or burns. To cover and protect larger wounds, you might need to apply a clean gauze pad or roller bandage.  FIRST AID BANDAGE Bandages can reduce swelling, restrict movement, and provide support to the muscles, bones, and joints. Certain hand injuries may heal better when bandaged. These include: fractures, sprains, and strains HOW TO TREAT FRACTURES 1. Do not move broken limb 2. Alert emergency service (give informations such as location, situation, status of the victim, etc.) 3. Use gloves 4. Cover the infected area with a clean cloth (not too tight; not too loose 5. Apply pressure to stop bleeding 6. Immobilization 7. Remove jewelry 8. Nothing to drink 9. Nothing to eat TYPES OF FRACTURE OPEN FRACTURE CLOSED FRACTURE  FIRST AID BANDAGE To apply a roller bandage to a wound, follow these steps: 1. Hold the injured area steady. 2. Gently but firmly wrap the bandage around the injured limb or body part, covering the wound. 3. Fasten the bandage with sticky tape or safety pins. 4. The bandage should be wrapped firmly enough to stay put, but not so tightly that it cuts off blood flow. To check the circulation in a bandaged limb, pinch one of the person’s fingernails or toenails until the color drains from the nail. If color doesn’t return within two seconds of letting go, the bandage is too tight and needs to be adjusted.  F FIIR RS STT -- D DEEG GRRE EEE BBU UR RN NSS (( M MIIN NO ORR BBU URRN NSS )) :: Cool the burn wound to Remove any accessories Cover the burn using Take painkillers alleviate the pain by (such as: rings, watches or a damp sterile to relieve the holding the burned area belts) if any, and remove bandage or a cool pain (if under cool (not freezing) shoes or clothes quickly and clean cloth, to reduce necessary) running water for 10 to 15 gently before the area swells. the risk of infection. minutes. **Seek medical help immediately if the burns are severe and cover a large area of the body, or if you notice signs of infection such as increased pain, redness and swelling. FIRST AID TREATMENT FOR BURNS DO'S AND DONT'S  F FIIR RS STT -- D DEEG GRRE EEE BBU UR RN NSS (( M MIIN NO ORR BBU URRN NSS )) :: Don't try touching the Don't apply any blister bubbles ointments or use Do not put ice resulting from the butter or toothpaste directly on the burn. or any other burn burned area. remedies.  S SEEC COON NDD D DEEG GRRE EEE B BUUR RNNS S Protect the burned Remove any accessories Cover opened blisters Take painkillers person from further (such as: rings, watches or with a dry, sterile to relieve the harm. belts) if any, and remove bandage. pain (if shoes or clothes quickly and necessary) gently before the area swells.  S SEEC COON NDD D DEEG GRRE EEE B BUUR RNNS S Don't remove Avoid placing Don't apply any burned clothing larger burned ointments or use Do not put ice stuck to the skin. areas of the body directly on the butter or toothpaste in cold water as burned area. or any other burn this may cause remedies. shock.  T THHI IRRD D D DEEG GRRE EEE B BUUR RNNS S Call for medical assistance immediately and take the following measures until they arrive: Check the Protect the burned Elevate the Cover the burn patient's vital person from further using a damp burned area harm by keeping them signs like above the sterile bandage or a away from flammable breathing. patient's heart cool clean cloth, to substances, smoke or level, if possible. reduce the risk of sources of heat. infection. **Third-degree burns are considered the most serious of all burns, injuring all the layers of the skin and extending into the fat layer and sometimes the burn can extend to the underlying muscle tissue.  T THHI IRRD D D DEEG GRRE EEE B BUUR RNNS S Don't remove Avoid placing Don't apply any burned clothing larger burned ointments or use Do not put ice stuck to the skin. areas of the body directly on the butter or toothpaste in cold water as burned area. or any other burn this may cause remedies. shock.