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Lesson 1. Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Sex Is the biological basis of being male and female. is the biological dimension of gender and sexuality. also referred to as biological sex or physical sex - pertains to your identity depending...

Lesson 1. Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Sex Is the biological basis of being male and female. is the biological dimension of gender and sexuality. also referred to as biological sex or physical sex - pertains to your identity depending on your sexual anatomy and physiology. typically determined by examining your genitals - these are external organs that are associated with reproduction - the process or ability to create an offspring. Sexual Anatomy and Physiology parts of the body that are relevant to reproduction and function of these parts. Gender a social concept on how men and women should think, feel, and act. It refers to feminine or masculinity of a person’s role and behavior defined by society. Humans are meaning-making organisms. our ability for higher order thinking, and our tendency to create social norms allow us to attach cultural, social meanings to things, including our sex. social dimension of one’s sexuality Heteronormativity an assumption that default or correct social orientation is straight. phenomenon of determining the normality of sex Sexuality a natural and healthy part of life. everything about being male or female. most important aspect of feminine and masculinity identification provides a sense of self-worth when sexual understanding is positive Sexuality involves: the name given at birth, the toys played with, the clothes worn, the friends played the roles and responsibilities at home. Sexuality provides a sense of self-worth when sexual understanding is positive. SEX CHROMOSOMES - The sex of humans and animals is determined by the x and y chromosomes X AND Y - known as sex chromosomes and all other chromosomes are called "autosomes" HETEROGAMETIC SEX - individuals w/ two different sex chromosomes (XY) HOMOGAMETIC SEX - individuals w/ the same sex chromosomes (XX) XX – GIRL XY – BOY Female - Estrogen Hormone - Estrogen is a female hormone that cycles monthly. - women have much more than men, so even low estrogen women have more than any man. Effects of Estrogen on Women: - Stable mood and a sense of well-being. - Feminine sexual behavior - Neuron growth and improved cognition Male - Testosterone Hormone - Men produce ten times more testosterone than women, so even low testosterone men have more than any woman. - Physically, it generates male traits such as body hair and baldness. Effects of Testosterone on Men: - A sense of separateness - Aggression and risk taking - Sex drive (but not touch affection and sexual fantasy) - Anxiety or energy leading to poor concentration - Assertiveness and self-confidence - Visual spatial ability and interest in moving things Sex Hormones Female - Estrogen Hormone - In contrast, estrogen promotes neuron interconnections for a more distributed female brain Male - Testosterone Hormone - Testosterone and related hormones masculinize boys in the womb, “lateralizing” the male brain into specialized compartments. Female - Oxytocin - powerful hormones that act as neurotransmitters in the brain - It influences social interaction and sexual reproduction. - Physically, oxytocin facilitates childbirth and nursing for women. - Oxytocin also influences female social behavior. - promotes “nesting“; monogamy and pair bonding; the nurturing, acceptance and protection of offspring. It influences mate selection MONOGAMY - state of being married to one person - oxytocin – estrogen Male - Vasopressin - Known as antidiuretic hormone - it causes the kidney to conserve water and increase urine output - Physically, vasopressin causes water retention and high blood pressure; high levels may increase forehead size. - It also promotes partner recognition, sexual arousal,courtship behavior, monogamy, pair bonding and mate guarding. - vasopressin – testosterone Sexual Orientation - is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or both sexes or more than one gender. Bisexuality: being attracted to people of the same gender as yourself and to different genders. Pansexuality: being attracted to all genders. (some people prefer to think of this as attraction regardless of gender). Asexual: a person who has no sexual feelings or desires. Homosexuality and Heterosexuality: are part of the human sexuality and is a large part of the human experience. Transgender: a phenomenon of dissatisfaction of a person because they feel the lack of correspondence between the physical and sex with a psychological or dissatisfaction with the sex they have. Appreciating DIversity According to the American Psychological Association (APA), nature and nurture play a complex role in shaping our sexual orientation. SUMMARY The complexities of human sexuality can be quite overwhelming. We need to look at our own experience on our journey of discovering our sense of being a man and a woman for us to appreciate the many different faces of human sexuality.  Lesson 2. GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME Patriarchy social system where men primarily holds power in the political and private spheres dominant and mga lalake sa society is from Greek word Patriarkhes which means “the rule of the father”. This means that in this social system, society is organized and maintained in a way that men rule over women and their children. a system based on the control and oppression of women wherein they are perceived to be the weaker sex. It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in the law, at home, in the workplace, and in society.  FEMINISM - Continuing a series of social movements that aim to challenge the patriarchal society that creates these oppressive political structures, beliefs, and practices against women. SEXISM - Prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex EGALITARIAN - men and women have equitable power and roles GENDER PAY GAP - men more than women Reproduction work for women - way of public work Reproductive affairs for women - child reading Male Supremacy - state of being superior - men is above all nung unang panahon Society has progressed so much in a way that information and knowledge is available to everyone. This gives us an opportunity to examine our social and political conditions in more detail than when information was scarce and limited to only a few individuals. Historical accounts show that across time, humans' conception of gender and sexuality has also changed. Archeological artifacts reveal that in the distant past,during the dawn of civilizations, human societies have high regard for women. The concept of the divine feminine (the sacredness of the woman due to her ability to conceive children) has prevailed, and thus, women are treated equally with men. This make societies egalitarian (men and women have equitable power and roles) For the longest time thereafter, societies have privileged men over other genders, mainly because of the preferential given to them in the productive sphere (world of public work). Women who have been revered due to their ability to conceive have been viewed as solely capable only of reproductive affairs (world of the home and related tasks such as suckling the young, child rearing, and home management) WOMEN DEMANDED: right to vote right to educate allowed to go to school to earn money/wage legally own a property concern themselves in learning politics and science right to live free from violence and discrimination enjoy the highest attainable standard of education SIMEONE DE BEAUVIOR - In France, Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book titled " The Second Sex" in 1994. It outlined how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women by slowly raising her into submission and hindering their productivity and happiness by relegating them to housecleaning. - he inspired women to write and speak WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT - Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes or the women's liberation movement was formed in Europe and they sought the right to education, right to work, and right to vote in the 1940s. Later, they also won women's right to decide on their own bodies and their sexualities. This liberation movement views the intersectionality of economic status or class to patriarchy. UNITED NATIONS REPORT - The United Nations reports that women do more work than men because even when they work at the office, they are still expected to do household tasks. Another report from UN Women states that "women perform 66 percent of the worlds work, produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 of the income and own 1 percent". This is because in agricultural countries, women participate in making the produce, but only father or the male head of the family controls the income. Carrie Chapmann Catt - visited the Philippines in 1912 - an American women’s suffragette leader - devoted her life to the expansion of women’s rights around the world and international - co-founder of the League of Women Voters. HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER Greek - Aristotle, Plato, and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the inferior sex and are properties of men - Women were slaves. Egypt - Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed the Egyptian civilization citing that Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek women because they can inherit property and engage in trade and politics. - men and women are equal in regards with property China - The written document titled“Three obedience's and four virtues” and “Precepts of women” states that women should obey their father - when married she is to obey her husband - when widowed she is to obey her son. - women cannot express their opinions Friedrich Engels - a German philosopher and sociologist, argues that patriarchy came about when people started having private property instead of communal living. Male dominance was asserted over women so only the male heir can inherit family wealth. - Communal living - means they have shared responsibilities among the group - Conjugal property - if a woman already have a husband and they are married, all the properties of the man are also a property of the woman or the wife. Few salient points that feminism demands: Women Suffrage - women are not allowed to vote before because they were viewed as irrational and temperamental and therefore, not able to make rational decisions. Equality in politics and society - for hundreds of years, women’s voices were silenced, so society must make an effort to restore their rights. Reproductive Right of Women - Women are in control of their bodies, and they can decide for themselves what they see is best for them. Contraception, abortion, and other reproductive options should be available to women because it is their body. The right to ______ about marriage and no. of children. The right to ______ throughout life for all matters, relating to reproductive health The right to a ______, healthy, safe and satisfying sex life  The right to have safe, effective, affordable and acceptable family planning methods of choice. The right to safe pregnancy and birth. The right to be free from physical violence and assault The right to privacy in relation to reproductive health. The right to have a responsible and empowered young husband Domestic violence – such as marital rape and physical abuse are often dismissed by society as part of a “marriage”. R.A 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and their Children Act of 2004, our culture still dismisses such incidents “as away mag asawa” Other rights - include the right to divorce their husbands, the right to make decisions on her pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment opportunity. In its broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, teenagers, parents, or the elderly. Who was involved in the women’s suffrage movement? Lucretia Mott - Early feminist activist and strong advocate for ending slavery - Dedicated her life to speaking out against racial and gender injustice. - primary founder of the women’s suffrage movement in America. Susan B. Anthony - A suffragist, abolitionist, and activist for women’s rights. - was voted from the presidential election but women were not allowed to vote - was arrested and refused to pay the fine. Sojourner Truth - born in Isabella BaumFree, she was an abolitionist, activist, and supporter of women’s rights including suffrage Frederick Douglass - Formerly enslaved, was an abolitionist, suffragist, publisher, and author Lucy Stone - a bona fide pioneer of her time, she toiled tirelessly for the abolitionist and Women’s rights movements throughout the 19th century Alice Paul - a suffragist and activist for women's right - was arrested and torturing for demanding the right to vote Elizabeth Cady Stanton - one of the driving forces behind the First Women’s Rights in 1848 Lucrecia Mott and Susan B. Anthony - are the two famous suffragettes - The movement continues in the next 40 to 50 years - They are finally lawsuits when they are denied of their rights The movement they do is: Marching Protest Prison hunger strike SUNFLOWER - IN US they use the same idea by changing the color skin by replacing GREEN way back with a GOLD and YELLOW - became a symbol of the women's suffrage movement in 1867. The Magna Carta - is the Philippine law for women’s right - It is a comprehensive women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate discrimination through the recognition, protection, fulfillment, and promotions of the rights of Filipino woman especially those belonging in the marginalized sectors of the society. Conception Felixe De Calderon - one of the earliest feminist in human rights, activist in the country. - allowed women to vote Purificasion “Pura” Villanueva Kalaw - They called Pura Kalaw the first queen of Manila carnival way back then - They are the founder of the association Feminista Illonggo together with many other women who created the society for the advancement of women. September 17, 1937 - women's suffrage was legalized in the Philippines, after the required threshold for the plebiscite of 300,000 was surpassed. 447,725 women affirmed their aspiration to vote, against 33,307 no votes. 1900’s - SUMMARY You can help in making the world a better place for women by learning to respect and recognizing that women deserve the same rights as men-that women are not to be treated as the weaker sex or the submissive sex, but rather as an equal.