GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 1ST QUARTER.pdf

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 Ma’am Sarah Jane D. Pulhin | 1st Quarter 4. Density - is a physical property that Topic Outline: expresses the ratio between mass and Matter : Properties of Matter...

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1 Ma’am Sarah Jane D. Pulhin | 1st Quarter 4. Density - is a physical property that Topic Outline: expresses the ratio between mass and Matter : Properties of Matter volume. Also tells how compact an Mixture: Separating Mixtures Chemistry of Commercial Products: Pure object is. It is often expressed in kilograms Substances per cubic meter (kg/m3 ) or grams per Isotopes, Isotones, Isobars Ways of Representing Molecules cubic centimeter (g/cm3 ). Writing and Naming Ionic Compounds Naming and Writing Covalent Compounds 5. Specific gravity - is the ratio of a Percent Composition substance’s density to a standard substance. Since specific gravity is a ratio TOPIC between two densities, it is a dimensionless quantity wherein no physical dimension is assigned. SG = d x SUBTOPIC standard density of matter. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER OTHER SUBTOPIC Physical Properties - Qualities that are readily observable or measurable without changing the MATTER: PROPERTIES OF MATTER matter’s composition. Often used to describe or observe matter. Matter - anything that has mass and occupies space. Melting Point - The temperature at which a solid matter changes to liquid is known. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Freezing Point - The temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid matter. 1. Mass - refers to the amount of matter in an object. Mass is usually expressed in Boiling Point - temperature at which liquid grams (g) or kilograms (kg). vaporizes. 2. Weight - is the measure of force that acts Solubility - The ability of a solute to dissolve in a on an object. It is expressed in newtons given solvent. A material is said to be highly (N). soluble if it dissolves easily in a solvent. For the case of fluids like liquids and gases, substances 3. Volume - amount of space occupied by are said to be miscible if they mix well together. matter. For liquids, it is often expressed in Some substances that do not completely mix are milliliters (mL) or liters (L). For solids, it said to be partially soluble or partially miscible. is often expressed in cubic centimeters On the other hand, a material that does not (cm3 ) or cubic meters (m3 ). dissolve at all in a given solvent is known to be insoluble or immiscible. |1 Metallic properties - qualities that are observed Combustibility - refers to the ability of a material specifically in metals to combust or burn. Conductivity - The ability of a material to allow Flammability - is the ability of a combustible heat or electric charges to pass through. material to catch flame easily. Malleability - ability of metal to be flattened into Reactivity - The tendency of a substance to thin sheets. undergo a chemical reaction. (elements that are Ductility - ability of metal to be easily drawn into known to have no to little reactivity are called noble wires. gases.) INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES Physical properties of matter may be further classified as intensive or extensive. This classification is based on whether a physical property depends on the amount of matter. Some physical properties remain the same even if the amount of matter changes, while others are dependent on the amount of matter. Intensive properties - are physical properties that do not depend on the amount of matter. Ex. density, boiling point, melting point, and freezing point. MIXTURE: SEPARATING MIXTURE Extensive Properties - physical properties that Mixture - combinations of two or more pure depend on the amount of matter.These substances in which each substance retains its characteristics change when the amount of own composition and properties. matter is decreased or increased. Mass and volume are extensive properties of matter Homogeneous Mixture - combination of two or more substances that cannot be distinguished from each other. Also called solution. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER Heterogeneous Mixture - a combination of two or more substances that can be distinguished from Chemical Properties - The characteristics that can each other. It has varying composition and only be seen when the chemical identity of a properties. material is altered. These properties only become evident when a material undergoes a chemical Suspension - a heterogeneous mixture whose change. solutes do not completely dissolve. Biodegradability - The capacity of a material to Colloid - is a heterogeneous mixture whose solute- decompose through the actions of like particles are dispersed in a medium. microorganisms 2 SEPARATING HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE 4. Chromatography - color, separation technique that relies on the differential 1. Evaporation - is the phase transition of partition of the components between the two matter from liquid to vapor. important phases in chromatography: 2. Recrystallization - is a separation Mobile phase is the solvent in technique based on the difference in chromatography that carries the components throughout the stationary solubilities of substances in an appropriate solvent at an elevated temperature. phase, an adsorbent material that holds the EXTREME HEAT solutes still when interactions are favored. These two phases must have opposite 3. Distillation - is a separation technique polarities. based on the difference of boiling points between two liquid components Chromatography can be classified based on the polarity of its phases. In normal- The distilling flask is the laboratory phase chromatography, the mobile phase glassware that is used to contain the is nonpolar, and the stationary phase is mixture that will be distilled. polar. On the other hand, in reversed- phase chromatography, the mobile phase The condenser aids in the condensation of is polar, and the stationary phase is the vapors or the change of vapors to nonpolar. liquids. Chromatography can also be classified The pure acetone that is collected is called based on the structure of the stationary the distillate or the product of distillation. phase. In column chromatography, the The substance that remains in the stationary phase is held in a column. The distilling flask after distillation is called the mobile phase passes through the stationary residue. phase by gravity or by applying pressure. In planar chromatography, the stationary Simple distillation is used when there is a phase is supported on a flat plate. The large difference in the boiling points of the mobile phase moves via capillary action as components of the solution. it runs through the stationary phase upwards. Below is an illustration of a paper Fractional distillation is used when there chromatography setup, an example of is a relatively small difference in the boiling planar chromatography. Here, the paper points of the components of the solution. It acts as the stationary phase and ethanol as involves a series of evaporation and the mobile phase. condensation steps. For compounds with very high boiling points, vacuum distillation is used. Steam distillation is used for compounds that are heat-sensitive. This enables the separation of the components before any components decompose. 3 The result of a chromatography experiment is suctioning device. Decantation may also be called a chromatogram used to separate mixtures with liquids that are immiscible or do not mix well. SEPARATING HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE 5. Centrifugation - a process in which the suspension is rotated at very high 1. Manual Picking/Separation - using your speeds, allowing the components to hands or tongs can be done in separating separate into layers based on their densities the components of these kinds of mixtures. or particle size. It uses a machine called a 2. Sieving - takes advantage of the difference centrifuge that rotates the sample. in particle size of solids. A sieve is a layer of holes that allow only certain sizes of particles to pass. CHEMISTRY OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS: PURE SUBSTANCES 3. Magnet - metallic components may be separated from the mixture by using a Chemical products are materials that contain magnet. chemical substances that are manufactured and processed for specific purposes such as 4. Filtration - a process of separating solids medication, food preparation, cleaning and from liquids by allowing the mixture to maintenance, fuel resources, and construction. pass through a filtering material. These chemical products may contain elements or combinations of elements and compounds that Particles collected on the filter paper is enable them to serve their purpose known as the residue while the particles that pass the filter paper is known as the filtrate. COMMON PURE SUBSTANCES USED IN COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS Filter paper is a simple folded conical filter paper that is commonly used when filtering suspensions in which the solids are to be 1. Medicine Products - A food supplement is collected. any substance that is ingested in order to make up for one’s nutrient deficiency or to A fluted filter paper is used in gravity augment one’s dietary consumption. filtration when the filtrate or the liquid component is to be collected. Vitamin C (C6H8O6), also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin Sedimentation is the process in which that is known to boost one’s immune system suspended solids will eventually separate from liquids by gravity.Once the solid Other supplements contain iodine and particles settle at the bottom, the liquid may calcium, which helps aid in metabolism be separated through decantation. and promotes healthy bone development, respectively. Decantation is the removal of the liquid component from solid sediment by pouring Antibacterial ointment, a medicine used to the liquid out of the container gently to avoid prevent bacterial infection on the skin, the solid particles to suspend again. It can usually contains zinc, which helps increase be pumped out using a syringe or other the activity of the antibiotic. Medicinal 4  soaps which are used to clean wounds or commonly known as vetsin, is a seasoning address skin rashes contain sulfur, which used to enhance the natural flavors of is known to have antibacterial and food. antiinflammatory properties. Other condiments like ketchup, soy sauce, Antiseptics or antimicrobial medicines and vinegar are a mixture of compounds used to prevent infection of wounds. Agua and/or elements. For instance, ketchup oxigenada is an antiseptic solution that contains a combination of table salt, sugar, contains hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ). This vinegar, potassium, and phosphorus. compound is known to break the cell walls Vinegar is a mixture of water and acetic of bacteria cells, which helps prevent acid (CH3COOH), which also contains infection of minor wounds such as cuts carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. and scrapes. Another topical medicine, povidone-iodine (C6H9 I2NO), serves as a Cooking oil is an essential fat that is used skin disinfectant before and after for cooking, frying, or baking. This surgery. substance may come from a plant, an animal, or is synthetically produced. Plant- Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid based oils are coconut oil, sesame oil, corn (C9H8O4 ), is an anti-inflammatory oil, soybean oil, canola oil, or other medicine as well as an analgesic or pain vegetable oil. Butter and lard are examples reliever. It is often taken to relieve of animal-based oil. headaches and mild muscle and joint pains. Coconut oil contains lauric acid (C12H24O2 ), a saturated fatty acid that Antacids are medicines taken to neutralize raises the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) the acid in the stomach. Some antacids are cholesterol in the blood. Increasing the in the form of effervescent tablets or those amount of HDL in the blood lowers the that dissolve in water and release carbon possibility of having cardiovascular dioxide. A common antacid tablet is a diseases. Corn oil contains a high amount combination of sodium bicarbonate of linoleic acid (C18H32O2 ), another fatty (NaHCO3 ) and citric acid (C6H8O7 ). acid that is essential for metabolic Another antacid, milk of magnesia, has functions in the body. Canola and olive magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2 ) as its oil both contain a high amount of oleic acid major component. Aside from being an (C18H34O2 ), a monounsaturated fatty acid antacid, milk of magnesia is also used as a that plays a significant role in keeping the laxative, especially by those who suffer layer of cell membrane thick. This is mild constipation important for fighting pathogens as well as transporting minerals in the body 2. Food Preparation Products 3. Cleaning Products - Cleaning products are Condiments are products that are used for chemical products that are used to remove food preparation. These products add dirt on hard surfaces. The purpose of flavor to the food being prepared. Classic these products is to eliminate dirt such as examples of condiments are table salt dust, foul odor, and stain. These products (NaCl) and sugar (C6H12O6 ). contain elements and compounds that are Monosodium glutamate (C5H8NO4Na), or known to have cleaning properties. 5  of pigments, binders, and thinners. The Soap is a salt of fatty acids that are used main compounds that are present in most for washing or bathing. It has a water- paints are ethyl acetate (C4H8O2 ), soluble compound that is made from toluene (C7H8 ), butyl acetate saponification or a reaction between (CH3COO(CH2 )3CH3 ), and barium caustic soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) or sulfate (BaSO4 ). caustic potash (potassium hydroxide, KOH) and animal or vegetable oils. Soap has surfactants that separate the oil from the ISOTOPES, ISOTONES, ISOBARS skin and suspend the dirt in the water while rinsing off. Isotopes - same number of protons and electrons Detergents, on the other hand, are made but different number of neutrons from petroleum-based products and some heavy soaps that are made from lead, zinc, Isotones - same number of neutrons but different or other heavy-metal compounds that are number of protons and electrons mainly used in lubricating greases. Other common compounds that are used in Isobars - same mass number detergents are sodium carbonate (NaHCO3 ), sodium borate (Na[B4O5 REMEMBER (OH)4 ].8H2O), and sodium triphosphate (Na5P3O10 ). Similar to detergents, Atomic number = Protons & Neutrons dishwashing soaps also contain sodium carbonate, which is effective in removing Mass number - Atomic number = Neutrons greases. Bleach is a chemical product that is also used to remove stains in clothes. Liquid bleach is a diluted sodium WAYS OF REPRESENTING MOLECULES hypochlorite (NaClO) solution. This compound is unstable and easily 1. Molecular Formula - most common way of dissolves in water and liberates chlorine, representing molecules. which has a bleaching effect on soaked Ex. clothes. 4. Maintenance Products - Maintenance products are used for servicing, repairing, and restoring various materials or equipment to keep them from functioning. Lubricants are oils that are used to reduce the friction on surfaces of objects that are in contact. These products are often applied to gears of 2. Empirical Formula - simplest form machines to lessen the possibility of Ex. overheating due to high friction. Paints are pigmented liquids that are used to color or protect the surface of an object. These products are a combination 6  Cations(+) and Anions(-) Ionic Compound - metals and non metals - Made of monoatomic and polyatomic ions NAMING MONATOMIC CATIONS eg. 3. Structural Formula - organic compound STOCK IONS a. Complete Structure Formula eg. NAMING MONATOMIC IONS eg. b. Condensed Formula NAMING POLYATOMIC IONS c. Skeletal or Line Angle – made up of more than one atom (TABLE GIVEN) WRITING AND CHEMICAL FORMULAS GIVEN INDIVIDUAL IONS 1. Opposite Charges WRITING AND NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS 7  2 DI 3 TRI 4 TETRA 5 PENTA 6 HEXA 2. Different Charges 7 HEPTA 8 OCTA 9 NONA 10 DECA Example: (assume na subscript yung numbers) 1. P2O5 - Diphosphorus Pentoxide 2. SF6 - Sulfur Hexafluoride 3. Different charges and at least polyatomic 3. SO3 - Sulfur Trioxide ion is involved 4. XeF6 - Xenon Hexafluoride 5. N2O4 - Dinitrogen Tetrafluoride 6. PCl5 - Phosphorus Pentachloride 7. SiBr4 - Silicon Tetrabromide 8. P4S6 - Tetraphosphorus Hexafluoride 9. NCl3 - Nitrogen Trichloride 10. Br2O7 - Dibromine Heptaoxide PERCENT COMPOSITION - Percent (by mass) of element in a compound NAMING AND WRITING COVALENT COMPOUNDS - Non-metals - Octet rule - Sharing of electrons - Covalent bonds GREEK PREFIX 1 MONO 8