GC1 Lesson 1 Matter and Its Properties Study Guide AY 2024-2025 PDF

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1...

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Unit # 1 Lesson # 1: Matter and its properties Introduction Chemistry is the scientific study of matter and changes it undergoes. “Central science,” as it being dubbed to be, Chemistry is encompassing as its basic knowledge is brought along to other sciences such as biology, physics, geology, ecology, and many other subjects. Studying it entails understanding to how generous this body of science could and would be, from the day to day conditions – cars, electricity, electronics, food – up to the minute existence of organisms with fascinating substances. Without a doubt, Chemistry indeed has an essential impact on society, and most excitingly to those who put keen interest in studying it. Learning Objectives After studying this module, you should be able to: 1. Describe matter and its classifications 2. Distinguish between physical and chemical properties 3. Cite examples of physical and chemical changes Pre-requisite Skills / Review Chemistry in the 21st Century The study of matter and its changes has brought about immense application and impact to our society. One of which is Health and Medicine. Analyzing vast number of diseases helped people be protected through the development of sanitation systems. When undergoing a procedure such as surgery, chemical substances such as anesthesia, assist patients to brave through the operation. On the other hand, varied vaccines and antibiotics are being developed and researched by scientists that would help combat ailments that are seemingly challenging to eradicate, as such potent substances are being analyzed, and concocted for use. In Energy and the Environment, chemistry is also magnified. Fossil fuels were being converted for energy resource to power most of human’s machineries and infrastructures. The chemical processes and mechanisms of solar and nuclear energy are also evident as scientists harness them as well. Without doubt, things would have been peculiar without the advent of chemical processes. This brings the society of the application of Materials and Technology. Herewith, materials such as polymers, ceramics, and liquid crystals helped shaped our structural components and even day- Page 1 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 to-day housewares. As technology broadens and advances, chemistry increases the possibility of room-temperature superconductors, and molecular computing. An essential part of human needs is the availability of food consumption. Chemistry has a great deal towards Food and Agriculture. The study brought forth a well-analyzed genetically modified function in some of the crops known to man ever cultivated. Furthermore, to help protect and grow food, chemical substances such as pesticides and specialized fertilizers are continually industrialized. Indeed, the study of matter as it goes, incessantly offers essential applications to the society. MOTIVATION Look around your surrounding and/or environment. Enlist the following objects/thing you see/perceive that best fit the descriptors in the table below: SOLID LIQUID GAS Page 2 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Lesson 1.1 – Matter Matter can be defined as anything that occupies space and has mass. Literally, almost anything you see, feel, smell, taste, and touch is Matter. Due to this very broad definition of matter, we try to classify things to organize our understanding. Can you name every single matter in this image? A. Matter according to STATE Matter occurs commonly in three forms or states: solids, liquids, and gases. To better understand this, we should view matter in its particulate nature. Figure 1: States of Matter Particle Arrangement Each state has its own unique characteristic due to the arrangement of its particles. Properties Solid Liquid Gas Shape Has definite shape Indefinite shape, takes the Indefinite shape shape of container. Volume Has definite volume Has definite volume Indefinite volume Density Highly dense (except for ice) Density if lower than solid Lowest density Diffusion Has low ability to diffuse Diffusion is lower than solids Highly diffusible as particles move at high speeds Compressibility negligible negligible Highly compressible Interparticle forces Very strong Less strong Weak Page 3 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Interparticle spaces Least, particles are tightly Less, particles can slide past Lots of space, can freely move packed each other past each other Kinetic Energy of particles Minimum kinetic energy More kinetic energy than Kinetic energy is at highest solids Table 2: Characteristics of Solids, Liquids, and Gases B. Matter according to COMPOSITION Matter may be classified as a pure substance, or an impure substance known as mixture. 1. Pure Substances are substances with definite or fixed composition. Meaning, if you have a chunk of gold, every side, every nook and cranny of it is gold. Pure substances are categorized into two – elements or compounds. A. Elements – is the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties; consists of only one kind of atom; cannot be broken down into simpler type. There are 118 known elements and 92 of them occur naturally on Earth Metals – sodium, lithium, gold, mercury, magnesium, etc. Non-metals – hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc. Metalloids – boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, tellurium, etc. Examples: iron, gold, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, etc. B. Compounds – consists of two or more elements that are chemically bonded to each other. Salts – made of metal and non-metal/anion e.g. sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, lithium chloride, etc. Acids – acetic acid, hydrochloric acid Bases – ammonia, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide Organic compounds – compounds with carbon and hydrogen 2. Mixtures or impure substances are physical combinations of two or more pure substances. Its composition varies and does not exhibit unique properties. For example, saltwater has properties of water and salt which makes it salty. Mixtures can be categorized as homogenous or heterogeneous. A. Homogenous mixtures – also known as solutions, exists in one phase only Examples: saltwater, sugar solution, IV fluids, rubbing alcohol, alloys such as brass, steel, bronze B. Heterogenous mixtures – components are distinguishable, exists in two or more phases. In determining whether a substance is colloid or suspension, we use the Tyndall effect where a substance is able to scatter light. Colloids - mixture where small, insoluble particles are suspended in another substance. a. Sol – solid particles in water (antibiotics, gelatin, milk) b. Emulsion – liquid particles in liquid (mayonnaise) c. Foam – gas particles in solid/liquid (aerogel, aerated detergent and water) d. Aerosol – liquid or solid particles in gas (haze, smog, vog, fog, mist) Suspension – mixture where small particles are suspended in another substance but will eventually settle Examples: silt in water, flour in water, etc. Page 4 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Figure 2: Classification of matter according to composition Figure 3: Examples of elements Figure 4: Examples of compounds Figure 5: The Tyndall effect Page 5 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Guided Practice Identify whether the image/picture shown is Homogeneous or Heterogeneous mixture Key Concepts Remember: Homogeneous mixtures are uniform in composition, and components are difficult to distinguish Heterogeneous mixtures lack uniform composition, and components are easily distinguished. Usually, at least two phases are exhibited. Example 1: The image appears to be a bar of chocolate. Chocolate is a confectionary product composed of mixture of ingredients such as sugar, cocoa, milk, etc. As you can see, we can no longer identify the sugar, cocoa, and even the liquid milk; thus, having one phase for the whole substance. This, therefore, is a homogeneous mixture. Example 2: This image portrays a cup of coffee. We know that a black brewed coffee contains the brewed coffee beans, water, and sometimes sugar. Like the previous example, we can no longer distinguish the components (i.e. the solid sugar, the liquid water, and even the coffee beans). Thus, this is another homogeneous mixture. Example 3: Page 6 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 For this example, we see a bowl of oatmeal breakfast. It is composed of oatmeal, fruits, nuts, and even milk. We can easily identify the different components, from its solid oats, fruits, nuts, and liquid milk. Thus exhibiting at least two phases at a time. Therefore, this is a heterogeneous mixture. C. Matter and Its PROPERTIES Physical and Chemical Properties What are physical properties? Physical properties are properties of matter can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance. Examples of physical properties include color, hardness, malleability, viscosity, boiling point, etc. Chemical properties are properties or characteristics of a substance that can only be observed when the substance undergoes a chemical change. Chemical reactivity, flammability and ability to oxidize are some examples of chemical properties. Extensive and Intensive Properties An extensive property is a property that depends on the amount of matter in the substance. Length, mass, and volume are examples of extensive properties. An intensive property on the other hand is a property of matter that does not depend on the amount of matter in the sample, rather it depends only on the type of matter in the sample. Density, melting point, and hardness are intensive properties. Figure 6: Intensive and Extensive Properties Page 7 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Physical and Chemical Changes A physical change is any change that does not lead to the formation of new substances. Physical changes involve only a change in the physical properties of and not its composition. Chemical changes occur when a substance reacts and produces one or more new substances. How will you know if a chemical change has occurred? These are some evidences or indicators of a chemical change. Some Evidences of Chemical Change ✓ Evolution of Gas- the formation of bubbles in a reaction is usually an indicator of production of gas ✓ Evolution of Heat- a chemical Fig. 8: Evolution of gas change has occurred if there is a Fig. 9: Evolution of heat release or absorption of energy in the form of heat (exothermic and endothermic process) ✓ Change in Color- e.g. Ripening of fruits ✓ Odor Production e.g. spoiling of milk ✓ Formation of a precipitate- the formation of insoluble solids indicates the production of a new Fig. 10: Change of color Fig. 11: Odor production substance. Fig. 12: Formation of precipitate Page 8 of 9  Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics General Chemistry 1 SY 2024 – 2025 Learning Activity Practice Exercise Complete the following table by writing the missing descriptor for the criteria. VOLUME SHAPE COMPRESSIBILITY Fluidity (definite/ (definite/ (compressible/ (fluid/not fluid) indefinite) indefinite) incompressible) SOLID Definite LIQUID INDEFINITE FLUID GAS COMPRESSIBLE Independent practice Identification Supply what is being described by the following statements. _______ 1. This is the simplest form of matter. _______ 2. A form of pure substance having two or more constituent elements. _______ 3. Classification of matter composed of two distinct compounds, in which the identities are retained. _______ 4. Defined as anything that occupies space and has mass _______ 5. Name the two types of mixtures. _______ 6. Property that depends on the amount of matter in the substance. _______ 7. Property of matter that depends only on the type of matter in the sample and not on the amount of matter. _______ 8- 10. Give three evidences of chemical change Tutorial Videos For further discussions and reiteration of the topics regarding matter and its properties, you may visit the following websites. Types of Matter: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dggHWvFJ8Xs Properties of Matter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_hsQi5jbMQ Page 9 of 9