General Biology Reviewer PDF

General Biology Reviewer Photosynthesis – chemical reaction that harnesses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and Light Independent Reaction water into glucose. -Ca...

General Biology Reviewer Photosynthesis – chemical reaction that harnesses light energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and Light Independent Reaction water into glucose. -Calvin Cycle (Melvin Calvin: American biochemist) - to produce glucose -where the ATP and NADPH from the first phase are - chemical process which plants use sunlight used to reduce carbon dioxide to triose phosphate, which is the converted into glucose. Divided into 2 phases: -takes place in the stroma Light Dependent Reaction Process: -also called as the light reaction phase 1. Carbon Fixation -covers the capture of light by the photosynthetic 2. Activation and Reduction pigments and how it is converted into a molecule of 3. Recycle ATP and NADPH. Input: CO2, ATP, NADPH -takes place in the thylakoid and stroma Output: Glucose Process: 1. Photo-excitation 2. Electron Transport Chain(ETC) – passes electron from one carrier to another 3. Photolysis – water molecules are broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons, oxygen gas through light energy 4. Chemiosmosis 5. Reduction 6. ETC 7. Reduction Input: Sunlight, H20 Output: ATP, NADPH RuBisCo (RUBP carboxylase) – facilitates the process RuBP – Riboluse Biphosphate 3PGA – 3 Phosphoglycerate 1,3 BPG – 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate G3P – Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate Cellular Respiration – to produce energy Glycolysis – wherein six-carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into 2 molecules, pyruvate & pyruvic acid -yields 2 ATP’s for each glucose that enters glycolysis -takes place in the cytoplasm -breaking down of glucose into 3 carbon molecule ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate called Pyruvate. ADP – Adenosine Diphosphate NADPH – Nicotanamine Adenine Diphosphate NADP+ - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate H+ - Hydrogen ions ATP Synthase – protein channel that facilitates the flow of ions  5. NAD+ turns into NADPH, Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate then reacts to an enzyme called, Glycereldehyde 3 phosphate de hydrogenase(GA3P D.H) and converted into 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate. 6. 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate then reacts to phosphoglycerate kinase(PGK) where it will remove a phosphate and turns into 3 phosphoglycerate, ADP turns into ATP. 7. 3 phosphoglycerate reacts to phosphoglycerate mutase and converts to 2 phosphoglycerate 8. It will then react to Enolase then becomes Phosphoenol pyruvate 9. ADP then turns to ATP and it becomes a Pyruvate. Krebs Cycle (Citric/Citrase Acid Cycle) – series of chemical reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen inside the matrix of the mitochondrion. -Hans Krebs: German-British biochemist Glucose Transporters (GLUT) GLUT 1 – B.B.B: blood(RBC), fetus, brain GLUT 2 – Kids Lips: Kidneys, Liver, Pancreas GLUT 3 – PINK: Placenta, Kidneys GLUT 4 – Muscles & Fats > Insulin dependent Process: 1. Glucose enters the GLUT and catalyzed/reacts to the enzyme Hexokinase(other organs)/Glucokinase(liver) and turns into Gluco-6-phosphate, ATP turns into ADP. 2. Gluco-6-phosphate then gets rearranged by the enzyme phospohexo-isomerase into Fructo-6- phosphate. 3. Fructo-6-phosphate then gets converted to Fructo 1,6 Bisphosphate by the enzyme Phospho fructo Kinase 1(PFK 1): adds or subtract, ATP turns into ADP 4. Next, Fructo 1,6 Bisphosphate will react to Aldolase then will split into 2, Dihidroxyacetone phosphate(DAHP) & Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P). If DAHP reacts to trios-p-phosphate it will turn to GA3P. Process: 1. Krebs cycle starts of with a Pyruvate then gets converted into an Acetyl coa. In this step CO2 and NAD+ which then turns into NADH gets generated. 2. Acetyl coa then combine with Oxaloacetate then reacts to an enzyme called citrate synthase which results to Citrate. 3. Citrate then reacts to Accocintase then turns into Isocitrate 4. Isocitrate then reacts to Isocitrate D.H. which releases 1 carbon and where NAD+ turns into NADH, then becomes a-ketogluterate. 5. A-ketogluterate then was added a coa, a carbon was removed, NAD+ then turns into NADH, then reacts to a-ketogluterate D.H. then becomes Succinyl coa 6. Succinyl coa then reacts to succinyl coa synthethase which removes the coa, and where GTP was generated and converted to either GDP or ATP then turns into ADP, which then becomes Succinate/Succinyl 7. It then meets Succinyl D.H, then FAD+ was converted to FADH, which then turn to Fumerate 8. Fumerate then meets the enzyme that causes it to SUMMARY turn into Malate, which is Fumerase: adds water then removes it. Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction 9. Malate then meets Malate D.H and NAD+ turns to -happens in the thylakoid NADH which then turns to Oxaloacetate. Input: Sun, H2O ANABOLISM – small – large Output/Goal: ATP, NADPH - Making a smaller molecule Light Independent Reaction (Photosynthesis) -also known as Calvin Cycle, Dark Reaction Catabolism – large – small -happens in the stroma - breaking Inputs: CO2, ATP, NADPH (Glycolysis) Outputs/Goal: Glucose ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC) Cellular Respiration Glycolysis - Where electrons travels to carrier to carrier Output: Glucose to Pyruvate Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle) Output: Pyruvate to Acetyl coa, Acetyl coa to ATP, NADPH, FADH2, ATP, NADPH, FADH2 to CO2 Electron Transport Chain(ETC) Inputs: NADH, FADH2 Outputs: ATP’s, H2o