Bio 107 Final Review (1) PDF

Final review Bio 107  final 50 Questions Multiple Choice Cumulative Chocolate Microscopy Rules Carry and pick up from the base. The lowest power objective should be in position at both the beginning and end of use. Use only lens paper for cleaning lenses. Do not tilt the micr...

Final review Bio 107  final 50 Questions Multiple Choice Cumulative Chocolate Microscopy Rules Carry and pick up from the base. The lowest power objective should be in position at both the beginning and end of use. Use only lens paper for cleaning lenses. Do not tilt the microscope. Keep the stage clean and dry. Always use oil for mag greater than 100x. Scientific method O Observation Q Question H Hypothesis E Experiment A Analysis C Conclusion  Variables Dependent Independent Variable that changes based on the Variable that is intentionally changed by manipulation of the independent the researcher. variable. Examples: amount of water given to Examples: height of plants, exam score. plants, number of hours studied.  Controls Postitive Negative Contains the substance Does NOT contain the being tested; positive results substance; negative results are expected are expected prokaryotes Consists of Bacteria and Archaea Do NOT have membrane bound organelles Has a localized nucleoid region but no nucleus.  Eukaryotes Includes all other cell types including plant and animal cells Has membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes  Diffusion The movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved and the molecules are distributed evenly. Diffusion is spontaneous and requires no chemical energy. In general, small, uncharged molecules can cross a membrane by simple diffusion.  osmosis The diffusion of water across the plasma membrane of a cell. Moves DOWN a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration.  tonicity Isotonic Solution: Hypotonic Solution: 01 The concentration of the solute (and water) has the same concentration of the cell. No net 03 The solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell; water moves from the outside movement. in. Hypertonic Solution: Remember! Water and all other 02 The concentration of the solution is higher than the concentration 04 molecules move from a HIGH to a LOW concentration gradient of the cell. Water moves out of the during osmosis and diffusion. cell and into the solution. pH Indicates the hydrogen ion concentration [H+]. Organisms must maintain pH at a constant level. Acidic : 0-6 Neutral: 7 Basic: 8-14 Buffer: a system of chemicals that takes up excess H or OH ions as appropriate. Biomolecules Lipids Lipids are insoluble in water Include fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and Carbohydrates cholesterol Carbohydrates include sugars and molecules that are chains of sugars. Fat: long-term energy stored in the human body Glucose - one sugar unit; a monosaccharide Maltose - two sugar units; a Proteins disaccharide Proteins are made up of amino acids. Peptides - a chain of two or more Glucose is used by all organisms as amino acids an energy source. Energy is released Polypeptide - very long chain of when glucose is broken down to amino acids; proteins can contain carbon dioxide and water. one or more polypeptide chains  Tests Starch Test for starch: Iodine Positive: Blue-Black Proteins Negative: Yellowish-Brown Test for proteins: Biuret reagent Positive (Proteins): Purple Positive (Peptides): Pink Sugars Negative(No proteins or peptides): Test for sugars: Benedicts Light blueish No sugar: Blue Very Low: Green High: Orange Very High : Red  Enzymes Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up metabolic reactions. Active site is where the enzyme and the substrate from a complex; the reaction occurs here. Enzymes are SPECIFIC becuase they have a shape that accomodates the shape of their substrates. Enzymes are regenerative!  Enzymatic Reactions 01 DEGRADATION 02 SYNTHESIS A substrate is broken down to the product(s). Substrates are joined to form a product.  Catalase Catalase speeds the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Peroxisomes contain catalase, which they use to help protect cells from the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide. H2O2 is an oxidizer, that can attack and denature DNA; when catalase breaks H2O2 down, water and oxygen are released. Cellular respiration provides organisms with the ATP they need to produce many of the molecules necessary for growth. Fermentation by animal cells produces lactate instead of ethanol and carbon dioxide.  cellular respiration Oxygen and glucose enter the cells Mitochondria use energy from Both plant and animal cells have and release water and carbon glucose to form ATP from ADP and a mitochondria and can carry out dioxide. lone phosphate. cellular respiration. An ATP generating process that involves the complete breakdown most often of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. In eukaryotes, glucose breakdown begins in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria. C H O + 6 O --> 6 CO + 6 H O + ATP 6 12 6 2 2 2  Fermentation Fermentation is an anaerobic form of cellular respiration which also generates ATP. When an organism, such as yeast, breaks down glucose to ethanol and carbon dixoide, only two ATP result. Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondria are not involved. C H O ---> 2 CO + 2 C H OH + 2 ATP 6 12 6 2 2 5  photosynthesis The process by which plants use light in the form of solar energy to synthesize food, water, and carbon dioxide. solar energy CO2 + H2 O -----------------------> (CH2 O) + O2 Takes place in the chloroplasts where thylakoid membranes absorb solar energy, split water, and release oxygen. cellular overview  Calvin cycle During the Calvin Cycle, the plant takes up CO(2) and reduces it to a carbohydrate. Solar energy is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments during the light reactions and energy is used during the Calvin Cycle reactions to reduce carbon dioxide to a carbohydrate.  light White light is the best for photosynthesis because it contains ALL wavelengths of visible light. Chlorophylls absorb predominantly violet-blue and orange-red light and reflect green light. Carotenoids absorb mostly blue- green light and reflect yellow-red light.  Animal organization Muscle Epithelial Epithelial Skeletal Named based on cell shape + number Striated cells with multiple nuclei of layers. Voluntary Simple squamous epithelium Cardiac Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Branching, striated cells with a epithelium single nucleus Simple cuboidal epithelium Involuntary Simple columnar epithelium Smooth Spindle shaped cells with a Epithelial tissue works to protect the single nucleus organism, produce and release sections Involuntary and sometimes absorb nutrients.  Animal organization Nervous Connective Neurons Connective tissue proper Transmit messages Bone Neuroglial Cells Cartilage Support and nourish Blood neurons Nervous tissue receives and Function to join different integrates incoming stimuli parts of the body together. before conducting nerve Consist of cells surrounded impulses to control the body. by a fibrous matrix.  Anatomical terms Anterior: near the Dorsal: relating to or front (towards the situated near the back head) Ventral: relating to Posterior: near the the underside back (towards the rear end) Cardiovascular system heart: a pump for the cardiovascular system lungs: organs of the respiratory system where gas exchange occurs Blood flow  sheep heart - external anatomy sheep heart - internal anatomy Urinary system Components Kidneys Ureter Bladder Urethra Function to filter and remove waste from the blood via urine production. kidneys Produce urine, regulate volume and composition of blood. ureter Transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder Stores urine received from the ureters until its ready for excretion via the urethra. Urethra Transports urine to the outside.  Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Spinal Cord N er ve s Brain Central nervous system Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system sheep brain  Eyes + Ears Rods: processes black and white light Hair cells vibrate which Cones: processes colorful light transmits information to Rods & Cones work together to receive the temporal lobe where visual information which gets transmitted auditory information is to the occipital lobe where visual processed. information is processed.  Organ - Function Testis - Produces sperm and sex hormones Epididymis - Stores maturing sperm Vas deferens - conducts and stores sperm Seminal vesicle - contributes secretions to semen Prostate gland - contributes secretions to semen Bulbourethral glands - contriute secretions to semen Urethra - conducts sperm Penis - organ of copulation female reproductive system Organ - Function Ovary - Produces egg and sex hormones Oviduct (Fallopian Tube) - conducts egg toward uterus Uterus - houses developing fetus Vagina - receives penis during copulation and serves as birth canal Questions? good luck!