General Biology PDF

GENERAL BIOLOGY NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE - Explores the understanding of life 37°C (normal) processes at the cellular and molecular ADEQUATE NUTRIENTS level...

GENERAL BIOLOGY NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE - Explores the understanding of life 37°C (normal) processes at the cellular and molecular ADEQUATE NUTRIENTS level Steady supply of nutrients - Covers the transformation of energy in ADEQUATE OXYGEN organisms Produce energy through the process of cellular ALIVE respiration - Made up of very tiny structures called cells PROPER WASTE REMOVAL To get rid of waste products CELL PROPER PRESSURE - The basic unit of life Shape and function normally PROPER CONCENTRATIONS ORGANISM Of ions for cell signaling - A living thing that is made up of cells ACQUISITION AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY EXAMPLES OF CELLS CHEMICAL ENERGY 1. BLOOD CELLS - Needed by various cells to perform their Carry nutrients and oxygens functions throughout the body Examples: Remove carbon dioxide ▪ Heart cells – pump blood 2. EPITHELIAL CELLS ▪ Intestinal cells – digest food Protect the surface of the body ▪ Skeletal cells – initiate motion Covers the organ and body cavities ▪ Nerve cells – conduct information within it ENERGY CURRENCY - Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF CELL 1. Regulation of the Internal Environment RESPONSIVENESS TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT 2. Acquisition and Utilization of Energy RESPONSIVENESS 3. Responsiveness to their Environment - A cell must first be able to determine the 4. Protection and Support changes that have taken place before deciding the necessary responses REGULATION OF THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT HOMEOSTASIS PROTECTION AND SUPPORT - An organism’s ability to keep a constant IMMUNE CELLS internal state - Impart protection against pathogens and - Maintenance of these conditions, is other foreign bodies important TYPES OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS Most cell of an organism require a - M3BLEN2D specific set of conditions to MAST CELLS function normally MONOCYTES - Optimal levels: MACROPHAGES OXYGEN LEVEL BASOPHILS 96% to 100% (normal) LYMPHOCYTES (b and t cells) BLOOD’S PH LEVEL NEUTROPHILS 7.4 (neutral) NATURAL KILLER CELLS ✓ Acidic DENDRITIC CELLS ✓ Basic CELL THEORY RUDOLF VIRCHOW SCIENTIST - (1821-1902) 1. Zacharias Janssen - Proposed that all cells come from pre- 2. Robert Hooke existing cells 3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Credited with the final part of cell theory 4. Matthias Schleiden - He published his own famous aphorism in 5. Theodor Schwann 1885 6. Rudolf Virchow “omnis cellula e cellula” “Every cell stems from ZACHARIAS JANSSEN another cell” - (1585-1632) - Invented the first primitive microscope PRINCIPLE OF CELL THEORY 1. Every living organism consists of one or ROBERT HOOKE more cells - (1635-1703) 2. The cell is the fundamental unit of life - Observed cork cells under a microscope 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells - An English polymath Active as a scientist, natural MODERN TENETS philosopher, and architect 1. All known living things are made up - Credited to be one of the first two scientist 2. The cell is the structural and functional to discover microorganism unit of all living things in 1665 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells by using a compound microscope that division he built himself 4. Cells contain hereditary information that is passed from cell to cell during cell division ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK 5. All cells are basically the same in chemical - (1632-1723) composition - Observed microorganisms by using his own 6. All energy flow of life occurs within cells practical microscope - Commonly known as “The Father of COMMON COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS Microbiology” 1. Plasma Membrane - Discovered protists and bacteria 2. Cytoplasm Unicellular 3. DNA Live in water, damp, terrestrial 4. Ribosome environment PLASMA MEMBRANE MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN - A phospholipid bilayer with embedded - (1804-1881) proteins that separate the internal contents - Proposed that all plants are composed of of the cell from its environment cells - Controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water, and oxygen into and out of the THEODOR SCHWANN cell - (1810-1882) Wastes (carbon and ammonia) - Proposed that all animals are composed of leaves the cell by passing through the cells plasma membrane PHOSPHOLIPID - A lipid molecule with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate-containing group  HYDROPHILIC HEAD In eukaryotes: Water loving Contained within a separate HYDROPHOBIC TAIL membrane-bound structure Water fearing called the nucleus PROTEINS In prokaryotes: CARBOHYDRATES Not separated by CHOLESTEROL membranes from the rest of the cell’s interior Located in the nucleoid CYTOPLASM - The entire region of a cell within the plasma membrane In eukaryotes: Made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol ▪ Cytoskeleton RIBOSOME ▪ Various chemicals - The cellular organelles responsible for - Consists of 70 to 80% of water protein synthesis - Has a semi-solid consistency that comes An essential function of all cells from the proteins within it Enzymes Hormones Antibodies Pigments Structural components Surface receptors - Appeared either as clusters or single, tiny dots that float freely in the cytoplasm - Maybe attached to the: Cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane Cytoplasmic side of the endoplasmic DNA reticulum - Deoxyribonucleic Acid Outer membrane of the nuclear - The genetic material of a cell that serves as envelope a hereditary blueprint - Stores instructions for making all the other parts of the cell and for producing new cells  PROKARYOTIC CELLS - Definition: Any unicellular organism that does not contain a membrane bound nucleus or organelles - Examples: Bacteria Archaea - Nucleus: Absent (nucleoid region) - Cell size: DIFFENCE OF EUKARYOTES AND PROKARYOTES Small (less than micrometer to 5 EUKARYOTIC CELLS micrometers) - Definition: - DNA replication: Any cell that contains a clearly Replicates entire genome at once defined nucleus and membrane - Organism type: bound organelles Unicellular - Examples: - Chromosomes: Animal One long single loop of DNA and Plant plasmids Fungi - Ribosomes: Protist Small - Nucleus: - Growth rate: Present Faster - Cell size: - Organelles: Large (10-100 micrometers) Absent - DNA replication: - Ability to store hereditary information: Highly regulated with selective Present origins and sequences - Cell wall: - Organism type: Complex Usually multicellular - Plasma membrane: - Chromosomes: Present More than one - Cytoplasm: - Ribosomes: Present Larger - Growth rate: Slower - Organelles: Present - Ability to store hereditary information: Present - Cell wall: Simple (plants and fungi) - Plasma membrane: Present - Cytoplasm: Present STRUCTURE OF CELLS ANIMAL CELLS ✓ Cell Membrane ✓ Cytoplasm ✓ Centrosome ✓ Golgi Apparatus ✓ Lysosome ✓ Mitochondria ✓ Nucleus ✓ Nucleolus ✓ Nuclear Membrane ✓ Ribosome ✓ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ✓ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ✓ Vacuole BACTERIAL CELLS ✓ Capsule ✓ Cell Membrane ✓ Cell wall ✓ Cytoplasm ✓ Flagellum ✓ Nucleoid ✓ Plasmid ✓ Pili ✓ Ribosome PLANT CELLS ✓ Amyloplast ✓ Cell Wall ✓ Cell Membrane ✓ Cytoplasm ✓ Chloroplast ✓ Druse Crystal ✓ Golgi Apparatus ✓ Golgi Vesicle TYPES OF CELLS ✓ Large Central Vacuole ANIMAL CELLS ✓ Mitochondria 1. Nerve cells ✓ Nucleus Have elongated structure which ✓ Nucleolus allows them to coordinate ✓ Ribosome information from the brain and ✓ Raphide Crystal spinal cord with the rest of the body ✓ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Conduct electrical impulses ✓ Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ✓ Vacuole Membrane  2. Muscle cells Also known as “myocytes” PARTS OF THE CELLS Contains layers of fibers which 1. Amyloplast allows them to contract 6. Produces, breaks down, and stores 3. Skin cells starches Cells that make up the skin or 7. A plastid epithelial tissues Stores and/or synthesizes 4. Fat cells starch Also known as “adipocytes” Converts glucose into starch Cells of the adipose tissues 5. Blood cells 2. Capsule Cellular elements of the blood Outer protective cover ▪ Red Blood Cells Helps prevent the cell from drying ▪ White Blood Cells out 6. Sex cells Protect the cell against the immune The only haploid cells system Cells involve in sexual reproduction 3. Cell Membrane ▪ Sperm cell Consists of a lipid bilayer that is ▪ Egg cell semipermeable Separates the interior of the cell PLANT CELLS from the outside environment 1. Collenchyma Cells Regulates the transport of materials hard or rigid cells, entering and exiting the cell provides support to the plants 4. Cell Wall 2. Sclerenchyma Cells Acts as a skeleton for plants more rigid compared to collenchyma Provides shape, support, and cells protection to plant cell usually found in all plant roots ▪ Main component: provide support to the plants ✓ Cellulose 3. Parenchyma Cells ▪ Layers: the living cells of plants ✓ Primary wall involved in the production of leaves ✓ Middle lamella more flexible than others (thinner) ✓ Secondary wall 4. Xylem Cells 5. Centrosome transport the water and minerals Organize the microtubules from the roots Aiding the distribution of 5. Phloem Cells chromosomes to the newly forming transport food prepared by the cells leaves to different parts of the ▪ Component: plants ✓ Centrioles o Rod-like BACTERIAL CELLS structures 1. Cocci 6. Chloroplast Spherical bacteria Produce energy through 2. Bacilli photosynthesis and oxygen-release process Ros-shaped bacteria 3. Spirilla Spiral bacteria  ▪ Green pigment: 12. Golgi Vesicle ✓ Chlorophyll Sealed droplets formed by “budding o Absorbs off” of the Golgi apparatus sunlight Migrate to and combine with the cell ▪ Warm pigment: membranes ✓ Chromoplast Pumps important proteins out of o Synthesize the cell for the rest of the body to use and retain 13. Large Central Vacuole carotenoid Acts as a storage space for water pigments and other molecules in the cell ▪ Non-pigmented: It exerts pressure on the surrounding ✓ Leucoplasts components of the cell and the cell o Synthesize wall starch 14. Lysosome o Produce oils The digestive system of the cell or proteins Known as the “suicidal bags of the 7. Cytoplasm cell” Gel-like fluid inside the cell Degrade material taken up from Medium for chemical reaction outside the cell and digest obsolete 80% water components of the cell itself Holds the organelles in place Contains powerful enzymes that are 8. Cytoskeleton capable of breaking down Long slender protein tubes and fibers molecules of nutrients or foreign Extend from the nucleus to the particles that enter cells plasma membrane 15. Mitochondria ▪ Elements: Known as the “powerhouse of the ✓ Microfilaments cell” ✓ Microtubules Produce the energy necessary for ✓ Intermediate the cell’s survival and functioning filaments Break down glucose into energy 9. Druse Crystal molecule (ATP) Include high capacity “calcium 16. Nuclear Membrane control” and “herbivory resistance” Acts as a barrier that separates the Allow plants to store calcium in the contents of the nucleus from the form of “calcium oxalate” cytoplasm 10. Flagella Made up of two lipid bilayer Aids in locomotion membranes Acts as sensory organs to detect 17. Nucleoid temperature and pH changes A region inside the prokaryotes that 11. Golgi Apparatus contains the bacterial Helps process and package proteins chromosomes and lipid molecules Serves as the primary location of Prepares, modifies, and sorts proteins genetic material in prokaryotes from the endoplasmic reticulum 18. Nucleolus A spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus Produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes 19. Nucleus Serves as the repository of genetic information The cell’s control center 20. Plasmid Carry genes for replicating their DNA Often provide bacteria with genetic advantages ▪ Antibiotic resistance 21. Pili Short, hair-like structure on the cell surface of prokaryotes Initiate contacts between mating pairs Facilitates the transfer of genetic material Draw mating cells into a close contact which increase the fertility of the union 22. Raphide Crystal Allow the plants to store excess calcium in the form of calcium oxalate 23. Ribosome Cellular machinery responsible for making proteins Read information from RNA and translate it into polypeptide chains (proteins) 24. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Studded with millions of ribosomes Involve with the production, folding, quality control, and dispatch of some proteins 25. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Responsible for the synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones Involve in detoxification and storage of drugs and toxins 26. Vacuole Help sequester waste products Help maintain water balance 27. Vacuole Membrane The cytoplasmic membrane surrounding a vacuole Separates the vacuolar contents from the cell’s cytoplasm