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Questions and Answers
What is the main purpose of immune cells in an organism?
What is the main purpose of immune cells in an organism?
What pH level is considered neutral for blood?
What pH level is considered neutral for blood?
Which scientist proposed that all cells originate from pre-existing cells?
Which scientist proposed that all cells originate from pre-existing cells?
What is homeostasis in the context of an organism?
What is homeostasis in the context of an organism?
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Which of the following cell types is NOT classified as an immune cell?
Which of the following cell types is NOT classified as an immune cell?
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Which scientist is credited with the invention of the first primitive microscope?
Which scientist is credited with the invention of the first primitive microscope?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
Which of the following is NOT a type of white blood cell?
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What is the optimal percentage range for oxygen levels required for most cells to function normally?
What is the optimal percentage range for oxygen levels required for most cells to function normally?
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Which type of cells are known to contain layers of fibers that allow contraction?
Which type of cells are known to contain layers of fibers that allow contraction?
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What is the primary function of red blood cells?
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
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Which cells are categorized as haploid and involved in sexual reproduction?
Which cells are categorized as haploid and involved in sexual reproduction?
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What does the cell membrane primarily consist of?
What does the cell membrane primarily consist of?
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Which type of cells provides support to plants and are characterized as hard or rigid?
Which type of cells provides support to plants and are characterized as hard or rigid?
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Which organelle is responsible for producing, breaking down, and storing starches?
Which organelle is responsible for producing, breaking down, and storing starches?
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What kind of cells are skin cells classified as?
What kind of cells are skin cells classified as?
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What is the main purpose of the cell wall in plant cells?
What is the main purpose of the cell wall in plant cells?
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What is the primary function of Golgi vesicles in a cell?
What is the primary function of Golgi vesicles in a cell?
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Which type of plastid is primarily involved in synthesizing and storing starch?
Which type of plastid is primarily involved in synthesizing and storing starch?
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What is the role of the large central vacuole in a plant cell?
What is the role of the large central vacuole in a plant cell?
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What characterizes lysosomes in a cell?
What characterizes lysosomes in a cell?
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What is the primary composition of cytoplasm in a cell?
What is the primary composition of cytoplasm in a cell?
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Which statement about chlorophyll is true?
Which statement about chlorophyll is true?
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What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
What is the role of the cytoskeleton in a cell?
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How do chromoplasts differ from other plastids?
How do chromoplasts differ from other plastids?
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What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
What is the primary function of sclerenchyma cells in plants?
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Which type of cells are responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants?
Which type of cells are responsible for transporting water and minerals in plants?
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What distinguishes parenchyma cells from sclerenchyma cells?
What distinguishes parenchyma cells from sclerenchyma cells?
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Which of the following describes a key characteristic of bacterial cells?
Which of the following describes a key characteristic of bacterial cells?
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What role does the centrosome play in a cell?
What role does the centrosome play in a cell?
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Which component is primarily associated with chloroplasts?
Which component is primarily associated with chloroplasts?
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Which of the following cell types is involved in the transportation of food within a plant?
Which of the following cell types is involved in the transportation of food within a plant?
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Bacilli are which shape of bacteria?
Bacilli are which shape of bacteria?
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What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?
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Which structure serves as a barrier separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
Which structure serves as a barrier separating the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
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What does the nucleolus primarily produce?
What does the nucleolus primarily produce?
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What unique function do plasmids provide to bacteria?
What unique function do plasmids provide to bacteria?
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What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cellular processes?
What role does the Golgi apparatus play in cellular processes?
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In prokaryotic cells, what is the function of the nucleoid?
In prokaryotic cells, what is the function of the nucleoid?
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How do flagella contribute to a cell's functionality?
How do flagella contribute to a cell's functionality?
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What is primarily stored in the form of calcium oxalate in plants?
What is primarily stored in the form of calcium oxalate in plants?
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Study Notes
Cell Theory
- Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope
- Robert Hooke was the first to observe and name cells
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells
- Matthias Schleiden proposed that all plants are made of cells
- Theodor Schwann proposed that all animals are made of cells
- Rudolf Virchow proposed that all cells come from pre-existing cells
- Final part of cell theory: "omnis cellula e cellula" meaning "every cell stems from another cell"
Cell Types
- Nerve cells: elongated structure, coordinates information from brain and spinal cord with the rest of the body, conduct electrical impulses
- Muscle cells: also known as myocytes, contain layers of fibers allowing them to contract
- Skin cells: make up the skin or epithelial tissues
- Fat cells: also known as adipocytes, cells of the adipose tissues
- Blood cells: cellular elements of the blood, include red blood cells and white blood cells
- Sex cells: the only haploid cells, cells involved in sexual reproduction, include sperm and egg cells
Plant Cells
- Collenchyma cells: hard or rigid cells, provide support to plants
- Sclerenchyma cells: more rigid than collenchyma cells, found in all plant roots, provide support
- Parenchyma cells: living cells of plants, involved in the production of leaves, more flexible than other cells
- Xylem cells: transport water and minerals from the roots
- Phloem cells: transport food prepared by the leaves to different parts of the plants
Bacterial Cells
- Cocci: spherical bacteria
- Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria
- Spirilla: spiral bacteria
Cell Structure
- Amyloplast: produces, breaks down, and stores starches, a plastid, stores and/or synthesizes starch, converts glucose into starch
- Capsule: outer protective cover, helps prevent cell from drying out, protects cell against the immune system
- Cell membrane: lipid bilayer, semipermeable, separates the inside from outside of the cell, regulates transport of materials
- Cell wall: acts as a skeleton for plants, provides shape, support and protection, main component is cellulose, layers include primary wall, middle lamella, secondary wall
- Centrosome: organizes microtubules, aids in distribution of chromosomes, component is centrioles
- Chloroplast: produces energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release process, green pigment is chlorophyll which absorbs sunlight, warm pigment is chromoplast which synthesizes and retains carotenoid pigments, non-pigmented is leucoplasts which synthesize starch, produce oils, or proteins
- Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid inside the cell, medium for chemical reactions, 80% water, holds organelles in place
- Cytoskeleton: long slender protein tubes and fibers, extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane, elements include microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
- Druse Crystal: high capacity calcium control and herbivory resistance, allows plants to store calcium in the form of calcium oxalate
- Flagella: aids in locomotion, acts as sensory organs to detect temperature and pH changes
- Golgi Apparatus: helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, prepares, modifies, and sorts proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi Vesicle: sealed droplets formed by budding off of the Golgi apparatus, migrate to and combine with the cell membranes, pumps important proteins out of the cell
- Large Central Vacuole: acts as storage for water and other molecules, exerts pressure on surrounding components of the cell and the cell wall
- Lysosome: digestive system of the cell, known as "suicidal bags of the cell", degrades material taken up from outside the cell and digests obsolete components of the cell, contains powerful enzymes
- Mitochondria: known as the "powerhouse of the cell", produces energy necessary for cell survival, breaks down glucose into ATP
- Nuclear Membrane: barrier that separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, made up of two lipid bilayer membranes
- Nucleoid: region inside prokaryotes containing bacterial chromosomes, primary location of genetic material in prokaryotes
- Nucleolus: spherical structure found in the nucleus, produces and assembles the cell's ribosomes
- Nucleus: repository of genetic information, cell's control center
- Plasmid: carry genes for replicating their DNA, provide bacteria with genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental principles of cell theory, including the contributions of key scientists such as Robert Hooke and Rudolf Virchow. Additionally, it explores various types of cells including nerve, muscle, skin, fat, and blood cells. Test your knowledge on these essential biological concepts!
