General Anatomy PDF

General anatomy prepared by Fatma M. Abdelmaksoud Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology Fac. of Vet. Medicine Assiut University  What is Anatomy? Anatomy (= morphology): is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure...

General anatomy prepared by Fatma M. Abdelmaksoud Dept. of Anatomy and Embryology Fac. of Vet. Medicine Assiut University  What is Anatomy? Anatomy (= morphology): is a branch of biological science which deals with the form and structure of organism. The study of form, structure and the relations of different parts of the body. Latin means to cut and see. - Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy the study of structures of body parts with the unaided eye or with a hand lens. -Microscopic anatomy (Histology) is the study of structure of cells and tissues with microscope. - Cytology deals with structure of individuals cells. -Developmental anatomy studies structural changes from fertilization until maturity. -Embryology is usually limited to the changes which occur from the time of conception till birth. - Special Anatomy is the description of the structure of a single species e.g. Equine anatomy and human anatomy e.g. Anthropotomy (human anatomy). -Comparative Anatomy is the description and comparison of the structure of animals  Methods of studying Anatomy: -Systematic anatomy: studying the body of the animal by systems, such as the nervous and digestive systems. -Topographic (regional) anatomy: studying the body of the animal by regions, for example, the thorax and abdomen. Surface anatomy is a part of regional anatomy. -Applied (clinical) anatomy: deals with the structure and function and relate them to the medical practice  Systematic anatomy includes: Osteology: is the study of bones & cartilages of the skeleton. Syndesmology: the study of joints. Myology: the study of muscles and their accessory structures. Splanchnology: the study of the viscera including organs of digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems. Angiology: the study of organs of circulatory system which include the heart, arteries, veins, lymphatics and spleen. Neurology: the study of the nervous system & sense organs. Common integument: the study of the skin and its associated structures, such as nails, hoof, horn,.... etc  Topographic terms In order to indicate the position and direction of parts of the body, certain descriptive terms are employed. Dorsal structures : lie toward the back (dorsum) of the trunk.. Ventral structures: lie toward the belly (ventrum) of the body.. Cranial structures: lie toward the head (cranium).. Rostral structures: lie toward the muzzle (only used in the head).. Caudal structures: lie toward the tail. Medial structures: lie toward the median plane of the body.. Lateral structures: lie toward the sides of the body.. External & Internal, Superficial & Deep refer to the structures that lie near the surface or the depth of the body. Topographic terms in the limbs: Proximal : Structures near the body, while distal refers to structures that lie at greater distance Below the carpal joint (knee joint) and tarsal joint (hock joint) structures that lie in the front are dorsal (dorsum of the hand and foot), on the other hand, structures toward the rear are palmar (palm of the hand) in the forelimb, planter (planta or sole of the foot) in the hind limb.  Planes of the body: Planes: They are imaginary planes that divide the animal body in different direction. - Median Plane: it divides the body into equal right and left halves. - Sagittal Plane any plane parallel to the median plane and divides them unequally. -Transverse Plane any plane cuts the trunk or limbs perpendicular to its long axis.(i.e cuts the trunk into cranial & caudal parts). -Dorsal (Frontal) Plane runs at right angles to the median and transverse planes and thus divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral portions.