Introduction To Genetics PDF

INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM Although scientific evidence for HISTORY, SCOPE, AND APPLICATION...

INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM Although scientific evidence for HISTORY, SCOPE, AND APPLICATION genetic inheritance remarkably OF GENETICS doom after Mendel’s work, history shows that humankind have been OVERVIEW interested in heredity long before the dawn of civilization. Their curiosity on human family resemblances, such as similarity in body structure, voice, gait, etc. serve as instrument in the establishment of family and royal dynasties. Early nomadic tribes who herded and domesticated Greek word GEN animals undoubtedly bred them "to become or to grow" by William Bateson Genetics is the science of heredity selectively. and variation. Heredity is the transmission of traits from Year Event generation to generation while theory of used/disused variation deals with genetic 1801 French biologist, Jean Baptiste differences between organisms. As Lamarck proposed the “Theory a scientific discipline, it stemmed of Inheritance of Acquired from the work of Gregor Mendel in Characteristics”. As per his ideology, the acquired the mid of 19th century, suspecting characteristics by living in a that traits are inherited as discrete particular environment are units (Mendelian Factor) and transferred over to the later became the basis for the generations. -short giraffe: trait - type of neck long vs. short x short = all short, Long x short = development of present Long:short, Long x Long = long short understanding of heredity. Although 1865 Austrian botanist, Gregor development in genetics was greatly Father of Genetics Mendel published the results of - Mendelian his experiments with pea plants. contributed by Mendel’s discovery of Factor His work later provided the laws governing inheritance of trait, it = genes = hereditary mathematical foundation of the was William Bateson, an English characteistics science of genetics. gene is composed of were determined alleles which makes up the biologist in 1905, who coined the by these genotype of a person term Genetics. 1866 German zoologist, Earnst Haeckel proposed the idea that the hereditary material resides in nucleus HISTORY OF GENETICS 1868 English biologist, Charles Robert Darwin proposed his pangenesis theory to describe the units of inheritance between parents and offspring and the processes by which those units control development in offspring. 1869 Swiss biochemist, Johann Friedrich Miescher became the first to isolate nuclein. Further experiments (1874) revealed Hippocrates & Aristotle "Theory of Pangenesis" (384-322BC) "nuclein" that can be - semen. gemmules - the one that's produced in the different parts of the body that will give characteristics isolated from pus cells which might be 1 responsible for transmission of trait ex. earlobe attached or not attached  INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM homo&hetero = types nuclein consisted of a nucleic 1902 English biologist, William of alleles acid and protein. Bateson used the terms one type of allele genetics, homozygote, dom TT or recessive tt 1879-189 German biologist, Walther heterozygote, epistasis, F1, F2 1st filial gen. dominant & recessive Ttmasking = Tt: tall 2nd filial gen 2 Flemming, German cytologist and allelomorph (allele). siblings Eduard Strasburger and German cytologist Edouard van Beneden 1905 English biologist, William observed the chromosomes Bateson and British geneticist during cell division. Terms Reginald Punnett experimented chromatin, mitosis, cytoplasm, on sweet pea and demonstrated nucleoplasm, prophase and the concept of linkage. They metaphase are coined. also observed that several genes alter or modify the action 1888 German anatomist, Heinrich of other genes. modifier genes = the one who alters AA TT = Tall giant Wilhelm Gottfried von aa tt = dwarf Waldeyer-Hartz described the 1905 French biologist Lucien Claude term chromosome as condensed genes that harm Cuenot discovered the presence form of material found in the the organism of lethal genes in mouse. sickle cell anemia SCA = rbc becomes sickle shaped which nucleus. chromosome = composed of darkly stained layer causes clog 1905 American geneticist, Nellie 1893 German evolutionary biologist, Stevens and American biologist, opposes the August Weismann introduced Edmund Wilson independently theory of pangenesis the germplasm theory wherein discovered the X-Y one who determined X-Y inheritance (in a multicellular determination system. XX=female XY=male organism) only takes place by means of the germ cells—the 1908 English mathematician, Godfrey gametes such as egg cells and Harold Hardy and German OB, sperm cells. Germplasm Theory = mouse Wilhelm Weinberg formulated germ cells = carrier of traits the Hardy-Weinberg principle of 1900 Mendel's experiments were genetic equilibrium. This is a rediscovered independently by unifying theory that underlies supported the work of Mendel Dutch botanist and geneticist population genetics characteristics changed due to factors ex. migration used Maize, Primrose, Hugo de Vries, German botanist Poppies and other flowering plants and geneticist Carl Erich 1909 Danish geneticist, Wilhelm Correns, and Austrian botanist Johannsen coined the terms Erich Tschermak von gene, genotype and phenotype. Seysenegg, giving rise to the GENE composed of alleles modern science of genetics. 1910 American evolutionary geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan use 1902 American zoologist Clarence Drosophila to demonstrate sex 1,2,3 = homologous chromosome Erwin McClung introduced the linkage. use of fly. eye color & abdominal pattern chromosome 1-22 autosomal concept that specific "body chromosome" chromosomes are responsible 1913 American geneticist, Alfred 23rd sex chromosome for determining sex in animals. chr 21 baldness Henry Sturtevant developed first specific chromosomes are responsible for determining sex in animals (girl/boy) genetic map in Drosophila. 1902 American geneticist Walter physical location of genes in chromosomes Sutton and German zoologist 1914 American scientist, Calvin Theodor Boveri proposed the Bridges observed nondisjunction chromosomal theory of in sex chromosomes. He also inheritance identifying the observed the presence of chromosomes as the carriers of deficiencies (1917), duplication genetic material. (1919) and translocation (1923) in Drosophila. nondisjunction = may happen naturally if it fails to move on another side in anaphase and moves on one side only deficiencies = deletion in chromosomes 2 duplication = self explanatory translocation = portion of chromosome will be transferred to another chromosome. ex ch1 to ch 3  INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM cell capsule - slimy layer found outside of peptidoglycan cell wall molecular genetics 1928 English bacteriologist Frederick provided images of the helical use of bacteria strain. cell capsule: Griffith conducted experiments structure of DNA strand. suggesting that bacteria are smooth: has presence of capsule = pathogenetic rough: negative for capsule = non pathogenetic RS - mouse lives, SS - mouse dies capable of transferring genetic 1953 Using Chargaff's data and the information and that such Heat killed SS - mouse lives, nawala yung capsule &heat-killed smooth strain - mouse dies X-ray images recorded by transformation is heritable. Franklin, Wilkins, and Gosling, British biophysicists James 1931 American scientists, Harriet B. Watson and Francis Crick Creighton and Barbara determined the molecular McClintock published a paper structure of DNA. Watson, Crick, demonstrating that new allelic and Wilkins shared the 1962 combinations of linked genes Nobel Prize for Physiology or are correlated with physically Medicine for their discovery. exchanged chromosome parts. Their findings suggested that 1957 British biophysicists, Francis DNA (genetic information) RNA chromosomes form the basis of (intermediate messenger) Crick introduced the central Protein (functional genetics. product). dogma of molecular biology. original copy + duplicate copy DNA transcription & RNA translation 1941 American geneticists, George 1958 American molecular geneticists, Beadle and Edward Tatum Matthew Meselson and Franklin demonstrated the one gene, one Stahl hypothesized that DNA enzyme concept in Neurospora. replication follows a semiconservative mode. 1944 Canadian-born American bacteriologist, Oswald Avery, 1961 French biologists, Jacques DNA would be responsible for capsule Digesting Enzymes: American biologists, Maclyn Monod and Francois Jacob Protease-lives McCarty, and Colin MacLeod published the “Genetic Lipase-lives RNAse-lives reported that the transforming Regulatory Mechanism” / Lac DNAse-lives substance—the genetic material operon controlling network in E. of the cell—was DNA. This fact coli. was lost, and this discovery is often afforded to Hershey and 1966 American biochemists, Marshall Chase (1953) – The Blender Nirenberg, Har Khorana, Severo Experiment. Ochoa, Robert Holley cracked the genetic code showing how 1948 American scientist, Barbara nucleic acids with their 4-letter jumping genes. corn na maraming kulay McClintock discovered the alphabet determine the order of concept of transposable genes. the 20 kinds of amino acids in proteins. 1950 Austrian-born American biochemist, Erwin Chargaff 1960’s Swiss microbiologist, Werner A-T C-G discovered that the components Arber and American of DNA are paired in a 1:1 ratio. microbiologists Hamilton Thus, the amount of adenine (A) cutting scissors Othanel Smith and Daniel is always equal to the amount of Nathans discovered restriction thymine (T), and the amount of enzymes, which cleave DNA into guanine (G) is always equal to fragments. The discovery, for the amount of cytosine (C). which the three men shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for Physiology 1951 British scientists, Rosalind or Medicine, enabled scientists Franklin, Maurice Wilkins, and to manipulate genes by Raymond Gosling conducted removing and inserting DNA X-ray diffraction studies that sequences. 3  INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM 1970’s American molecular biologists, identify genetic variations Allan M. Maxam & Walter Gilbert contributing to human disease and English biochemist through the development of a Frederick Sanger developed haplotype (haploidgenotype map some of the first techniques for of the human genome), began. DNA sequencing. Gilbert and By completion of Phase II of the Sanger shared the 1980 Nobel project in 2007, scientists had Prize for Chemistry for their data on some 3.1 million work. variations in the human genome. 1972 American biochemist, Paul Berg 2008 The 1000 Genome Project, an presented the first recombinant international collaboration in DNA molecule by splicing the which researchers aimed to bacterial and viral DNA. This sequence the genomes of a was described as a general large number of people from approach for mixing together two different ethnic groups different DNA molecules worldwide with the intent of creating a catalog of genetic 1982 GenBank established to be a variations, began. The project database of all DNA sequences. was completed in 2015. donor gene inserting to host gene insulin production Initially housed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, it 2011 was transferred to National Center for Biotechnology Kingdo Comple Ongoin Information (NCBI) in 1988. m ted g 1983 American biochemist, Kary Viruses 2,688 Mullis invented the polymerace chain reaction (PCR), a simple Microbe 1,710 6,085 technique that allows a specific s stretch of DNA to be copied billions of times in a few hours. Fungi 208 205 Mullis received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his Animals 182 256 invention. Plants 47 107 1990 The 15-year Human Genome (+algae Program is launched. The goal ) is to "find all the genes on every chromosome in the body and to determine their biochemical nature." SCOPE AND APPLICATION OF 2001 The human genome sequence GENETICS (2900 Mbp) is published. It is estimated that the genome contains between 35,000 and The following areas are the scope and 40,000 genes. Later (2002) applications of genetic studies and estimates place the number at researches: 30,000 genes. Plant and Animal Improvement Selective breeding involves 2002 The International HapMap choosing parents with particular Project, which was designed to characteristics to breed together and 4 INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS S-BIOL327A | MS. JONNACAR SAN SEBASTIAN MODULE 1 | MIDTERM produce offspring with more desirable traits. Medicine This includes studies of inheritance, mapping disease genes, diagnosis and treatment, and genetic counseling. developing personalized medicine Legal Applications Genetics can be applied in legal situations such as criminal investigation and paternity disputes. Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth hormones, follistim (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies, antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs. 5