Genetics - The Science of Heredity and Variation PDF

GENETICS Prepared By: Julie Ann D. Ocfemia Instructor I ❏ Definition of Genetics ❏ History of Genetics ❏ Scope of Genetics ❏ Evolution of Genetics from Mendelian to Molecular ❏ Application of Genetics  It is a field of biology that studies how traits are passed from parent...

GENETICS Prepared By: Julie Ann D. Ocfemia Instructor I ❏ Definition of Genetics ❏ History of Genetics ❏ Scope of Genetics ❏ Evolution of Genetics from Mendelian to Molecular ❏ Application of Genetics  It is a field of biology that studies how traits are passed from parents to their offspring. The study of heredity and genetic variation.  GENETICS Heredity – Passing of traits or characters from parents to their offspring. (Ex: Character-Eye Colour; Trait-Black/Brown) Variation – differences that make one organism different from its parents. Simply uniqueness of an individual to others. https://scienceofhealthy.com/history-genetics/ HISTORY OF GENETICS Gregor Mendel (1865-1866) The Father of Genetics. First to hypothesize that there are “factors” which pass from parents to offsprings through its experiment in peas.  Walter Sutton & Theodor Boveri (1902-1904) Helped prove the Mendelian genetics through Chromosomal theory of Inheritance.  Thomas Morgan (1908-1911) Frederick Griffith (1928) Father of experimental genetics Reported for the first time that Work on fruit fly which is the tiny organisms like the very instrumental in proving bacteria are also capable of the fact that genes are transferring genetic located on the chromosomes. information. His experiments helped His famous “Transformation” explain the location of eye experiment ignites the colour genes on the “X” curiosity regarding genetic chromosomes in Drosophila material. melanogaster.  Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Hershey and Chase (1952) (1944) Experiment of these two scientist Figured out that the transforming help prove that it is DNA and not principle, or the unit of heredity, the proteins that form the core is actually DNA. of genetic material. This theory was supported by the Franklin, Watson and Crick work of: (1953-1958) Hershey and Chase (1952) The structure of DNA was built Franklin, Watson and Crick through the efforts of these (1953-1958) three scientists. It formed a strong foundation for modern day of genetics  BRANCHES OF GENETICS 1. Transmission genetics ∙ Classical or Mendelian genetics ∙ Dealing with the study of inheritance in people. 2. Molecular genetics ∙ chromosomes, DNA, regulation of gene expression ∙ recombinant DNA, biotechnology, bioinformatics, genomics, proteomics 3. Population, evolutionary genetics ∙ allelic frequencies in populations ∙ effects of migration ∙ study relatedness of taxa via DNA and protein analysis 4. Quantitative genetics ∙ effects of many genes  BRANCHES OF GENETICS 5. Biochemical genetics ∙ the study of the fundamental relationships between genes, protein, and metabolism. This involves the study of the cause of many specific heritable diseases 6. Cytogenetics ∙ branch of genetics that is concerned with the study of the structure and function of the cell, especially the chromosomes. 7. Behavioral genetics ∙ field of study that examines the role of genetics in animal (including human) behavior. 8. Developmental genetics ∙ study of the process by which organisms grow and develop.  BRANCHES OF GENETICS 9. Metagenics ∙ practice of engineering organisms to create a specific enzyme, protein, or other biochemicals from simpler starting materials. The genetic engineering of E. coli with the specific task of producing human insulin from starting amino acids is an example. 10. Genomics ∙ discipline in genetics that applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes (the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism) 11. Human genetics ∙ study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics and genetic counselling.  BRANCHES OF GENETICS 12. Medical genetics ∙ specialty of medicine that involves the diagnosis and management of hereditary disorders. Medical genetics differs from Human genetics in that human genetics is a field of scientific research that may or may not apply to medicine, but medical genetics refers to the application of genetics to medical care. 13. Microbial genetics ∙ This involves the study of the genotype of microbial species and also the expression system in the form of phenotypes. It also involves the study of genetic processes taking place in these microorganisms i.e., recombination etc.  APPLICATION OF GENETICS MEDICINE FOOD ANIMALS AND PLANTS CONSERVATION ENVIRONMENT PSYCHOLOGY/ FORENSICS SOCIAL SCIENCE END OF LESSON