GEN BIO REVIEWER 2ND GRADING PDF

GEN BIO REVIEWER 2ND GRADING A. Forms of Energy Open System - Exchange Energy Flow & chemical Recycling in matter/energy (Example: Ecosystems Humans) - Energy flows into the ecosystem as...

GEN BIO REVIEWER 2ND GRADING A. Forms of Energy Open System - Exchange Energy Flow & chemical Recycling in matter/energy (Example: Ecosystems Humans) - Energy flows into the ecosystem as Closed System - Changed/no sunlight and ultimately leaves as matter (Earth) heat, while the essential chemical Isolated - No exchange elements to life are recycled. (Nitrogen Canister) - Electromagnetic Waves - Sunlight - Energy in universe is constant - Energy - The capacity to cause - Laws of Thermodynamics: change. The ability to rearrange a 1. 1st Law of Thermodynamics collection of matter. In the - The energy of the universe is environment, different forms of constant. Energy can be transferred energy exist. and transformed but it cannot be - Heat can be created thru mechanical created nor destroyed. energy to Electrical Energy - Changed has two types: Transfer & Transform Forms of Energy - Transfer can be subdivided into: - Kinetic Energy Conduction - Solid (Heat to - Thermal Energy - heat energy Solid) (Thermal - Random movement of Convection - Liquid (Heat to atoms) Liquid) - Light Energy - Main Energy is Sun Radiation - Gas - Potential Energy 2. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics - Chemical Energy - Type of potential - Every energy transfer or energy transformation increases the energy. - All living organisms are open Laws of Energy Transformations systems. Thermodynamics - Entropy - Disorder (Energy not used - “Therme” - Heat to perform work) - “Dynamis” - Change - Example: Plant material eaten by - Study of energy transformations that caterpillars. occur in a system (collection of - Food Chain: Production (99-100%), matter). 1st (10-15%), 2nd (8-10%), tertiary - Living systems are considered as (5%). open systems because energy and - Basically it explains that entropy matter are transferred between (energy not used to do work) work systems and the surroundings. will add to the surroundings. - Two Forms: System & Surroundings 3. Gibbs Free Energy - Universe - Both the System & - Energy is used to perform work. The Surroundings. more gibbs the more it increases - Types of Systems: work.  - Exergonic Reactions - Release pump). It uses ATP-reason to - Endergonic Reactions - Absorb opening and closing. Energy 3. Mechanical Work - Muscle contract Equilibrium and Metabolism because of ATP and Nervous - A cell that reaches the state of System ATP attaches to antenna. equilibrium is dead. Yung energy can make contractions. - Equilibrium - No work, this usually Main Source of energy is ATP. Too happens in isolated systems that much work = too much release of reach equilibrium. energy. B. ATP-ADP Cycle How Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work - ATP - is the energy currency used - Experiment of ATP to the beaker. throughout the cell. - After hydrolysis became heat. - GTP - Another form of energy - The Bodies Reaction to cold - It provides energy for the cell to do environment work. Shivering - ATP Expenditure - Composed of 3 components: three Heat generate = Decrease phosphate groups, a ribose and number of ATP adenine - ATP releases Energy - Structure - Sugar, Ribose, Nitrogen - Hypothalamus - regulate etc… temperature - 3 kinds of work - transport work, - Malamig ang temperature will cause mechanical work, and chemical cells death. work. - How ATP is created, used, and Regeneration of ATP regenerated: - Regenerate very fast )10 million of ATP (Charged Battery) - A molecules of ATP are and (Adenine) & TP regenerated per second) (Triphosphate). This is under - If ATP could not be regenerated by potential energy phosphorylation of ADP, humans Phosphorylation - (Removal). would use nearly their body weight. This are the 3 phosphate where it breaks down thru C. Importance of Chlorophyll and other hydrolysis to P-P (2 Pigments Phosphate) - The light being reflected is what we Hydrolysis (H2O) - a see. chemical reaction involving water (H₂O) to break bonds. Liquid Chlorophyll ADP - 2 phosphate. Polymer - Why is the mouse used for (2 monomer) experimentation (White)? Because Phosphate Groups/Atom of DNA similarity to humans 90-95% 1. Chemical Work & Behavior is also quite similar to 2. Transport Work - Pumping of the earliest human. substance (Sodium potassium - Small Clinical Trials only  - Not approved by FDA and US - Plant Cell, chloroplast, granum, and - 1 out of 1000 that has a negative thylakoid. effect is automatically disapproval. - Chlorophyll plays the most - Benefits: Brightening of skin, - Chlorophyll consists of: Chlorophyll anti-aging, acne scars, & weight Alpha & Beta loss. - Does it have Scientific Basis? Yes, it Carotenoids uses pure chlorophyll, mataas ang - Some carotenoids also contribute nutrients, but it didn’t undergo trials. energy to chlorophyll. Absorbs all except green. Scicubularoy - Made of chains. - Chromatography - Separation - Type of Pigments: Beta-carotene, technique of colors Alpha-carotene, Lycopene, - Pigments - Substances that absorb Phytoene and Phytofluene. visible light. - Helps for Anti-HIV, inflammatory, and - Chlorophyll - Found in thylakoid anti diabetic. membrane. - They absorb all visible lights. - Carrot - Orange (What the scientist Electromagnetic Spectrum think) - Encounters objects that are either - What makes an orange orange? reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Carotenoids - Every wavelength is used as energy - Chlorophyll reflects green and only with a wavelength of 380-750 NM absorbs blue and red, because of (Standard). Above its standard this, this is where carotenoids assist number is UV which is harmful to us. to absorb the other visible lights. - Furthermore, It supports our planet. - A Carotene, B Carotene and - Gamma Ray, X-Ray, Ultraviolet, Zenatheism Infrared, Microwave, and Radio - Energy, frequency, wavelengths. D. Photoexcitation - Pigments - Which pants capture sun’s energy to be used in 4 Steps (Pero Di ko Nakopya ambilis ni Sir) photosynthesis. 1. STEP 1 - (Photon) A chlorophyll - However, since each pigment molecule absorbs photons of light absorbs only a narrow range of energy. wavelength, there is usually a need 2. STEP 2 - (Ground State) An to produce several kinds of pigments electron of the molecule in its normal of different colors to capture more of orbital, said to be in its ground state, suns’ energy. will be elevated to an orbital of a - Green to yellow leaves - lack higher energy. The Molecule is now nutrients. in an excited state. The molecule - Another Pigment - Carotenoids only absorbs photons that have the (Since hindi sapat ang Chlorophyll energy that is equal to the energy lang) needed for it to be able to enter the excited state.  3. STEP 3 - Excited State - Fendoxin 4. STEP 4 - Release heat and photon - Lipids - Plastocyanin Photosystems - Lipids - An aggregate of pigments and - Reaction Receptor Complex proteins in the thylakoid membrane responsible for the absorption of photons and transfer of energy. - 2 Classification of Chlorophyll - Alpha & Beta 1. Light-Harvesting Complex - “Antenna” complex - When a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is passed on from one pigment molecule to another pigment molecule until it reaches the reaction center. - Interaction. - Chlorophyll A is higher to absorb light 2. Reaction-Center Complex - Compose of chlorophyll a and primary electron acceptor. - Primary electron acceptor - specialized molecule that is able to accept electrons from the pair of chlorophyll a. - The pair of chlorophyll a is also specialized because they are able to transfer. Photosystem II - Chlorophyll a is dominant. - P680 PhotoSystem I - Chlorophyll a is also dominant - P700 Parts of Photosynthesis - Photosystem II - Lipids - Plastocyanin - Photosystem I