Biology Notes - Quiz Questions PDF

Module 1 1. A community of organisms along with their physical environment constitutes a(n) a. Ecosystem 2. When researchers test a new human cancer drug using mice, the mice constitute the b. Model 3. Since pure water is neutral, it contains c. an equal number of hyd...

Module 1 1. A community of organisms along with their physical environment constitutes a(n) a. Ecosystem 2. When researchers test a new human cancer drug using mice, the mice constitute the b. Model 3. Since pure water is neutral, it contains c. an equal number of hydrogen ions (H^+^) and hydroxide ions (OH^-^). 4. The body temperature in humans is maintained around 37 degrees C. Which characteristic of life does this statement represent? d. Living Things are Homeostatic 5. If neutral atoms become positive ions, they e. Lose Electrons 6. Which classification category includes the most species? f. Kingdom 7. Which sequence correctly lists the different levels of biological organization? g. Cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism 8. A piece of petrified wood was once part of a living organism, but its tissues have been replaced by minerals and it no longer exhibits most properties of life, except for h. Organization 9. A multicellular, photosynthetic organism with complex, specialized cells and tissues would most likely be assigned to i. Kingdom Plantae 10. The bones in a bird are hollow, reducing its weight for flight. This is an example of which characteristic of life? j. Living things are adapted 11. Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid and can therefore pose a problem to people who have ulcers. Bufferin uses a buffer to neutralize this effect by k. adding chemicals that take up excess hydrogen (H^+^) ions. 12. The atomic mass number is the mass l. of the nucleus 13. Organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. This is an example of which characteristic of life? m. Living things have levels of hierarchical organization. 14. If neutral atoms become positive ions, they n. Lose electrons 15. Two glucose molecules can combine to form a disaccharide molecule and \_\_\_ o. A water molecule Module 2 1. Which of these is mismatched? a. Mitochondria-stroma 2. If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to b. Synthesize proteins. 3. Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both c. Need ATP for energy. 4. If 0.9% NaCl were isotonic to a cell, then d. 1.0% would be hypertonic 5. The inside and the outside of the plasma membrane are e. Identical in phospholipid bilayer but have cytoskeletal filaments on the inside and carbohydrate chains of glycolipids and proteins on the outside.  6. According to cell theory, f. New cells arise only from preexisting cells 7. The cell membrane is composed of g. Lipids and proteins. 8. In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for h. Photosynthesis 9. Ribosomes i. Site for protein synthesis 10. Chromatin j. Contain DNA and protein, genetic material 11. Plasma Membrane k. Regulates entrance and exit of substances 12. Golgi Bodies l. Packages cellular secretions 13. Lysosome m. Contains enzymes for digestion and protection 14. Dead plants seen alongside a salted roadway died because the saline solution caused the cells to  n. Undergo Plasmolysis 15. A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will o. Gain water 16. A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park.  Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water.  If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?  p. Prokaryotic, archaea Module 3 1. Most enzymes are a. Protein molecules 2. Fermentation b. Produces a net of two ATP molecules 3. Why are plant leaves green? c. They reflect green wavelengths of light 4. Water is split and oxygen is released in the \_\_\_\_\_\_. d. Light dependent reactions 5. The first law of thermodynamics states that e. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed 6. If A-B-C-D represents a metabolic pathway, the letter D would be a(n) f. End product 7. Which of the following is N O T a part of the aerobic cellular respiration pathway g. Calvin Cycle 8. Most ATP of aerobic cellular respiration is directly produced by h. The electron transport system 9. Answer the following question with Photosynthesis, Respiration, Both, or Neither i. Occurs as a metabolic pathway i. Both j. Occurs in the chloroplast ii. Photosynthesis k. Occurs in all living things iii. Respiration l. Occurs in mitochondria iv. Respiration m. Requires enzymes v. Both n. Stores energy in organic molecules vi. Photosynthesis o. Produces oxygen vii. Photosynthesis p. Converts 100% of the available energy viii. Neither Module 4 1. If the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be a. 8 2. If the total number of chromosomes in a cell is six, then after mitosis there will be b. Six chromosomes in each of two daughter cells 3. When DNA is coiled, folded and twisted into short condensed strands it is called c. Chromosomes 4. During crossing-over d. Chromatids exchange segments of genetic material 5. In plants, cytokinesis occurs with the formation of \_\_\_ e. A cell plate 6. During which meiotic division do cells become haploid f. Anaphase II of meiosis II 7. Following a cut or scrape, which process repairs your skin? g. Mitosis 8. During interphase, h. Hereditary material duplicates itself 9. In which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the center of the cell? i. Metaphase 10. Meiosis results in a change in chromosome number indicated by j. 2n to n Module 5 1. A cross is made between two parents with genotypes AaBB and aabb. If there are 32 offspring, how many of them would be expected to exhibit both dominant characteristics? a. 16 2. A female that does not undergo puberty or menstruate or lacks breast development may have b. Turner Syndrome 3. Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called c. Alleles 4. Color-blindness is inherited as an X-lined recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman, What percent of their total children will be color-blind?\] d. 50% 5. For Mendel's law of segregation to occur, the alleles must be e. On a homologous pair of chromosomes 6. How many alleles are required to express a monohybrid trait f. 2 7. If an organism shows a recessive phenotype, such as short pea plants, its genotype can be g. Only tt 8. In a Mendelian monohybrid cross involving two homozygous genotypes, the \_\_\_ generation is always completely heterozygous h. F1 9. In guinea pigs, B=black, b=brown, S=short hair, s=long hair. A heterozygous black, shorthaired animal reproduces with a brown, longhaired animal. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of the offspring? i. 1 black short hair, 1 black long hair, 1 brown short hair, 1 brown long hair 10. In humans, assume red hair is recessive to dark hair. What are the chances of a dark-haired couple having a red-haired child if each had a red-haired parent? j. 25% 11. In which kind of cross would you expect to find a ratio of 9:3:3:1 among the F2 offspring? k. Dihybrid cross 12. Mendel carried out most of his research with l. Pea plants 13. Mr. X has been accused by Miss Z of fathering her child. The child's blood type is AB and Miss Z's blood type is A. Mr. X could NOT be the father if his blood type is m. Either A or O 14. The \_\_\_ indicates the gene combination of an individual n. Genotype 15. The location of a gene on a chromosome is called o. The locus 16. Traits that are controlled by several sets or pairs of alleles, such as skin color and height in humans are the result of what form of inheritance? p. Polygenic Module 6 1. Match the following: a. Used to create identical copies of DNA i. Polymerase chain reaction b. Organisms that has a foreign gene inserted into it ii. Transgenic c. Enzyme used in DNA replication iii. DNA polymerase d. Used to separate DNA fragments iv. Electrophoresis e. Used to fragment DNA v. Restriction enzyme f. Site of protein synthesis vi. Ribosomes g. Mutation in which one nucleotide is replaced with another vii. Substitution 2. Transcription of part of a DNA molecule with a nucleotide sequence of AAACAACTT results in a mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence of a. UUUGUUGAA 3. A nucleotide contains b. A sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base 4. Which of the following have nitrogenous bases correctly paired in DNA? c. Adenine-thymine; guanine-cytosine 5. Which series of relationships correctly shows the flow of inherited information? d. DNA\>RNA\>Protein 6. A codon consists of \_\_\_ bases that stand for one amino acid e. 3 7. In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the "sides of the ladder are composed of f. Sugar-phosphate molecules 8. Genetic markers show the presence of a predisposition to a disease or condition by g. Showing changes in the DNA that will cause the disease or condition 9. DNA segments called \_\_\_ are at the ends of chromosomes and eventually signal the cell to enter apoptosis h. Telomeres 10. Because one original strand of the double stranded helix is found in each daughter cell, the replication process is called i. Semi-conservative Unit 2 Exam Ch 5, 23-26 Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair Are distributed to separate gametes Which of the below is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? S-G2-M-G1 The amount of adenine is always equal to the amount of \_\_\_ in DNA Thymine The \_\_\_ indicates the gene combination of an individual Genotype All of the genes on a single chromosome are A linkage group If you had a black male guinea pig and a brown female guinea pig, but you didn't know which was the dominant characteristic, how would you find out the dominant color? Mate them and see what color the offspring are -- that will be the dominant color What are alleles? Alternative forms of a gene for a single trait, such as blue eyes or brown eyes PCR is often used in forensic analysis since Very small samples are frequently all that are available In the Watson-Crick model of DNA, the "sides" of the laadder are composed of Sugar-phosphate molecules Gene therapy may be used in the future to fight cancer by inserting genes that Cause cell death Following a cut or scrape, which process repairs your skin? Mitosis The hereditary material found in all cells is DNA Which of the following have nitrogenous bases correctly paired in DNA? Adenine-thymine; guanine-cytosine When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is termed Nondisjunction The fact that for a given species the amount of purines in the DNA always matches the number of pyrimidines was first determined by Chargaff A person who has an extra copy of a chromosome is said to have trisomy A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their male children will be color-blind? 50% The location of a gene on a chromosome is called A locus If you were to breed a black male guinea pig to a brown female guinea pig in an attempt to determine which one was homozygous dominant and which one was homozygous recessive, how could you be certain that the guinea pigs are truly homozygous? The guinea pigs would be homozygous for black (or brown) coat if each strain could be bread for may generations and only black (or brown) colored offspring were produced. Mendel carried out most of his research with Pea plants Karyotyping can be used to diagnose which of the following genetic disorders? Down Syndrome Color-blindness is inherited as an X-linked recessive trait. A male who is color-blind marries a heterozygous woman. What percent of their total children will be color blind? 50% The X-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence Indicating that DNA has a double helix structure A nucleotide contains A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base The purpose of PCR is to create Billions of copies of a segment of DNA If an organism shows a recessive phenotype, such as short pea plants, its genotype can be Only tt Information from X-ray crystallographic data collected by \_\_\_ was used by Watson and Cric in their development of the model of DNA. Franklin In semi-conservative DNA replication, each new double helix formed will have One new and one old strand in each helix Because one original strand of the dounle-stranded helix is found in each daughter cell, the replication process is called Semi-conservative Which of the following is not a use of DNA fingerprinting? All of the above a uses of DNA Fingerprinting Which of the following represents the physical characteristics of the individual? Phenotype Chargaff's rules of DNA structure states that A+G=T+C In humans, brown eyes (B) is a simple dominant trait over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed woman whose child is blue-eyed would have the genotype Bb If a species contains 23% A in its DNA what is the percentage of guanine it would contain? 27% During Interphase, Hereditary material duplicates itself During which stage of the cell cycle do the chromosomes duplicate? Interphase Alternative forms of a gene that influence the same trait and are found at the same location in homologous chromosomes are called Alleles The cell cycle consists of Mitosis and interphase Upon examination, a cell is found to have twice as much DNA as the normal diploid state but is no longer in the process of replicating the DNA. All of the DNA is found within a single nucleus. Which stage of the cell cycle is the cell in? G2 Phase Module 8 The lub heart sound is due to the Closing of the atrioventricular valves Which of the following are not considered lymphoid organs? Kidneys Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of White blood cells Villi serve to Absorb nutrients Digestion is the Chemical and mechanical breakdown of food The part of the skin that has adipose tissue to help insulate the body is the Hypodermis (subcutaneous) Simple squamous epithelium has A single layer of flat cells The pacemaker of the heart is termed the SA node Dendrites and axon are parts of a(n) Neuron In humans, the superior vena cava Carries blood to the right atrium In the processing of food through the digestive tract, what is the correct order? Bolus \> chyme \> feces Blood flow in the capillaries is Slower because there are more capillaries and they represent more flow volume Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the Epiglottis Simple squamous epithelium has A single layer of flat cells Simple means that there is a single layer. Squamous means that the cells are flat Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as Exocrine glands Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of White blood cells Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of white blood cells Muscles are connected to bones by Tendons Tendons connect muscle to bone. Ligaments connect bone to bone Contraction of the right ventricle forces blood initially into the Pulmonary artery The right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs through the pulmonary artery The source of energy for bonding between myosin and actin is ATP Which respiratory organ normally allows both air and food passage? Pharynx During muscular contraction Actin filaments move but not myosin Classification of joints is based on Movability Which of the following would not be found in the appendicular skeleton? Sternum The type of bone tissue that has lacunae, concentric circles around osteons and is found in the middle portion of a long bone Compact bone The microscopic functional unit of excretion found in the kidney is the Nephron Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous waste product? Bile pigments The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs is called \_\_\_. Breathing (ventilation) Which of the following is not one of the tree steps (processes) involved in urine formation Countercurrent mechanism Chemical that increases the amount of urine Diuretic Connects kidneys to urinary bladder Ureters Thick myofilament protein Myosin Thin myofilament protein Actin Neurotransmitter found at axon terminals Acetylcholine The type of respiration in which ATP is produced is called Cellular respiration The tube that transports urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder is the Ureter Which of the following is not a function of bones? Provide a means of excretion Action and myosin filaments are both present in the dense region of a sarcomere called the A band The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged between the blood and the tissue fluid is termed Internal respiration Module 10 In the axon, the nerve impulses travel Away from the cell body Muscle spindles Proprioceptors Retina Photoreceptor Taste buds Chemoreceptors Semicircular canals Equilibrium Organ of Corti Hearing Which of the following is not an endocrine gland Salivary glands Taste buds and olfactory cells are considered Chemoreceptors The part of the brain controlling the anterior and posterior pituitary gland secretion is the Hypothalamus Regulates body temperature, heartbeat, blood pressure Medulla oblongata Connects higher brain centers with the spinal cord Pons Controls hormone production and homeostasis Hypothalamus Relay and processing center Thalamus Refines motor movements and muscular coordination Cerebellum Controls intelligence, learning and emotion Cerebrum The bones in the middle ear Transmit sound waves from tympanic membrane to oval window The master gland of the body is the Anterior pituitary Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision? Occipital The division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for fight or flight is the Sympathetic The condition that results when there is an increased production of human growth hormone in an adult is termed Acromegaly Name the neuromuscular transmitter that is released at the axon bulb Acetylcholine The vision receptor(s) found in the retina are Rods and cones The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called Meninges Module 11 The variations that occur in a population are useful because the Allow the species to survive if the environment changes Sac fungi take their name from the shape of The structure that produces the spores Miller's laboratory experiments showed that Primitive gases can react together to produce small organic molecules Fungi are not photosynthetic because they lack Chlorophyll Spirogyra practice a type of sexual exchange called Conjugation Prokaryotic Monera Paramecia Protista Diatoms Protista Cyanobacteria Monera Hyphae Fungi Molds Fungi Euglenoids Protista Molds and mushrooms belong to the kingdom Fungi The taxonomic category that has the most closely related organisms is the Genus Which of the following is not correct regarding lichens Are comprised of bacteria and fungi Which of the following lists the classification categories in the correct sequence from general to most specific Kingdom \> phylum \> class \> order \> family \> genus \> species The tree shapes of bacteria are Bacillus, coccus, and spirillum According to the Hardy-Weinberg law, in a population in which 1% does not have freckles (recessive), what percentage of the next population is likely to not have freckles? 1% The \_\_\_ algae share most of the characteristics of plants Green Which of the following is not considered to be cellular? Viruses Module 12 A region of active cell division where primary growth occurs is the Apical meristem A monocot stem differs from the eudicot stem in that, in the monocot stem Xylem and phloem are in bundles scattered throughout the stem The main function of leaves is to Absorb sunlight During secondary growth, the tree adds more xylem and phloem through the activity of the Vascular cambium A cross section through the zone of maturation of a root would show Transport tissues The zone of maturation would contain vascular tissue endodermis, and root hairs A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The barbed wire of the fence is embedded in the tree bark at Still five feet high since the lengthening of the trunk occurs at the apical meristem A friend complains that all of her houseplants have bent stems. You examine the plants and find that their stems all curve toward the light. What would you recommend to your friend to correct the problem? Turn each plant occasionally A fruit is a Mature ovary A fruit develops from the ovary of the flower A leafy plant with no true roots, no stem, rhizoids that grow into the soil from the leaf like structure is a Liverwort A lily (a monocot) would have Flower parts in threes A megasporocyte would be found in the Ovary A megasporocyte is found in the ovary which is inside the carpel of the flower Botanically, a seed is a structure developed from a(n) Ovule For water transport to occur there must be A continuous column of water in xylem and transpiration of water at the leaves Fertilization in flowering plants occurs In the ovule Double fertilization in an angiosperm produces A diploid zygote and a triploid endosperm In roots, which structure increases surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil? Root hairs Root hairs on the plant roots increase the surface area for absorption In the life cycle of a fern, the zygote Becomes the sporophyte generation Plant vascular tissue contains Xylem and phloem Vascular tissue is composed of xylem and phloem Stomata Allow gas exchange Module 13 The cartilaginous fishes include all EXCEPT Lampreys Which of these is NOT a characteristic of a shark? A sucker used to attach to prey Ectothermic adimals with three-chambered hearts would include Amphibians The chief distinguishing characteristic of all mammals is the presence of Hair and mammary glands A major characteristic of the arthropods is the presence of Jointed appendages The respiratory advantage provided by a four-chambered heart over a three-chambered heart in vertebrates is Separation of oxygen rich blood and oxygen-poor blood Planaria feed by Tearing and sucking food particles via a muscular pharynx Which statement about the chordates is NOT correct Clams, snails, sea slugs, and octopuses belong to the phylum Mollusca Which type of organism is characterized by having jointed appendages, ability to molt, and tree sets of fused segments Arthropods Which of the following organisms exhibit radial symmetry as adults? Cnidarians Which statement about cnidaria is NOT true? The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with both mouth and anus Planaria move by Secreting a film of mucus and pushing against it with epidermal cilia The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the Placenta The molluscs look so different, and yet we can tell they are related because they all Have a mantle, visceral mass, and a foot Sometimes biologists are alleged to have said that "man comes from monkeys." The correct way for a modern biologist to explain the apparent sequence of human evolution is Humans and monkeys share a common ancestor The stinging cells of nematocysts are characteristics of Cnidarians The duckbill platypus is an exception to many mammals because it Doesn't give birth but lays eggs Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments; thus mating consists of "parallel parking" in opposite directions and cross-fertilizing. Given this, which of the following is/are true? Jawless fish that is a parasitic, attaching itself to and sucking fluids from the tissues of a living fish, is the Lamprey Module 14 1. Approximately what percentage of the energy in one trophic level becomes incorporated into the next level? a. 10% 2. The maximum population that the environment can support for an indefinite period of time is called the b. Carrying capacity 3. Animals that feed on both plants and other animals are called c. Omnivores 4. The ultimate source of energy, even for humans is d. Sunlight 5. As the latitude increases (moving away from the equator), which biome sequence would be present? e. Tropical forest, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra 6. What happens to the amount of energy while going up the food pyramid f. The amount of energy decreases 7. Which of the following do not help determine a biome g. Types of native birds 8. Most accurately shows the flow of energy through an ecosystem h. Food web 9. Which kind of organism would be most likely to perform photosynthesis i. Autotroph 10. The primary consumers that feed directly on green plants are called j. Herbivores 11. A number of populations in a given area k. Community 12. Members of the same species in a given area l. Population 13. Classification based on feeding relationships m. Trophic level 14. Population of organism and the physical environment n. Ecosystem 15. An organism's "address" o. Habitat 16. An organism's role in the community p. Niche 17. Type of symbiosis where both benefit q. Mutualism 18. Energy flow in an ecosystem begins with r. Autotrophs 19. Which of the following food chains is most accurate s. Grain \> mice \> snake \> hawk 20. In the biosphere, which of the following is not constantly recycled? t. Energy Unit 3 Exam 1. A cell that is responsible for the ability of an organism to produce a rapid antibody response against a foreign protein when it is encountered years after the first encounter is a(n) a. Memory B cell 2. In the processing of food through the digestive tract, what is the correct order? b. Bolus \> chyme \> feces 3. The reason red blood cells only live about 120 days is because red blood cells c. lack a nucleus and therefore cannot defend themselves from pathogen attack. 4. Bacteria living in the large intestine d. can produce vitamins. 5. During a football game an offensive lineman is hit in the legs from the side. Upon examination by the physical trainer it was determined that the player has a dislocated knee. There was a significant amount of damage to the entire knee joint. What are the main tissues and membranes that would have been damaged? e. skeletal muscle, connective tissues, and the synovial membrane 6. To which system do the kidneys and bladder belong? f. Urinary 7. The systemic circuit circulates blood from the g. Left ventricle to right atrium 8. Platelets h. Initiating clotting 9. Which of the following proteins is found in abundance within red blood cells? i. hemoglobin 10. Glands that secrete their products into ducts are classified as j. Exocrine glands 11. Collagenous and elastic fibers are found in what type of tissue? k. Connective 12. Which type of muscle is involuntary and lacks striations? l. smooth 13. Simple squamous epithelium has m. A single layer of flat cells 14. A home heating system is an example of a positive feedback mechanism. n. false 15. The pulmonary semilunar valve prevents blood from re-entering the o. Right ventricle 16. The tissue that has a white, translucent appearance and is found at the ends of long bones is called p. Hyaline cartilage 17. Lymph is q. Returned to the circulatory system at the subclavian vein 18. A person who is blood type AB has r. Antigens A and B on the surface of RBCs 19. Which of the following is an example of homeostasis? s. Human oral body temperature is always close to 37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F) 20. What is the correct sequence in which a drop of blood returning from the body encounters the heart chambers? t. Right atrium \> right ventricle \> left atrium \> left ventricle 21. A correct function of the human stomach is u. Storage of food and mixing with digestive fluids to allow chemical digestion 22. Which blood vessels will have walls only one cell thick? v. capillaries 23. An example of a negative feedback system is when there is too much of a particular chemical in the body, a sensor detects it and brings about a response that causes the levels to drop. w. true 24. Which organ is not part of the digestive system? x. kidneys 25. Water is absorbed primarily by the y. Large intestine 26. Name the tissue in which the cells are separated by a liquid. z. blood 27. In humans, the superior vena cava a. Carries blood to the right atrium 28. The part of the circulation involved with pumping blood to and from the lungs is the b. Pulmonary circuit 29. Starting from the inside of the esophagus and going to the outside, the layers of the digestive tract in sequence are c. Mucosa \> submucosa \> serosa \> smooth muscle 30. Muscles are connected to bones by d. tendons 31. Dendrites and an axon are parts of a(n) e. neuron 32. Which of the following is true concerning a comparison of arteries and veins? f. Both contain 3 layers in their walls 33. Which of the following is NOT a basic type of tissue? g. urinary 34. The pacemaker of the heart is termed the h. SA node 35. Until recently, we only described neurons as cellular units of the nervous system. Which is a probable reason science overlooked the importance of neuroglial cells? i. Neuroglial cells were thought to merely support neurons and their complex chemical role was not yet detected 36. Which of the following is considered an accessory gland in the digestive system? j. pancreas 37. A vaccine contains k. Antigens that are no longer virulent 38. Bone l. Is laden with blood vessels and canaliculi to deliver nutrients 39. \"Artery\" and \"vein\" are defined by whether they leave or enter the heart. If they were defined by whether they carried oxygenated or deoxygenated blood, we would have to change the name(s) of m. The pulmonary artery and vein (they would have to be switched) 40. In humans, fats are absorbed n. Primarily into the ducts of the lacteal of the small intestine 41. Name the structure and organ of the digestive tract that contain microvilli and maltase, and absorb nutrients. o. Villus, small intestine 42. A heart murmur that sounded \"lub-dup-shush\" would indicate which of the following? p. Semilunar valve is not closing properly 43. What type of epithelium contains thin, flat cells stacked upon each other? q. Stratified squamous 44. The pH of the stomach is usually about r. 2.0 45. Neutrophils and lymphocytes are types of s. Whit blood cells 46. Why would it make sense to have the birthing process controlled by a positive feedback loop? t. Because there is a definite cutoff point to be reached 47. Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the u. epiglottis 48. Oxygenated blood enters the heart at the v. Left atrium 49. The muscle group in your upper arm is composed of what type of muscle tissue? w. Skeletal muscle 50. Which feature(s) helps distinguish the subcutaneous layer from the epidermis and dermis? x. The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue 51. Jack broke his right leg in a football accident. He has had a cast on for about 2 months. Now that the cast is off, Jack has found that his right calf is significantly smaller than his left calf. Why is this? y. The unused right calf atrophied 52. Which of these bones is found in the pelvic girdle? z. coxal 53. In contraction the a. Neither of the filaments change length 54. Which of the following attach muscle to bone? b. tendons 55. The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged between the blood and tissue fluid is termed c. Internal respiration 56. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the d. Rib muscles and diaphragm contract 57. What problems would occur if an individual were to tear their biceps brachii? e. They would be unable to flex the forearm 58. A structure that reduces the weight of the skull and drains into the middle ear would be f. A sinus 59. In young persons who are still developing, what is the band of cartilage called that remains between the primary ossification center and each secondary ossification center? g. Growth plate 60. Which part of the respiratory system is composed of C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia? h. trachea 61. Which of the following is the main difference between the urinary system of males and females? i. The urethra is shorter in females 62. The type of bone tissue that has lacunae, concentric circles around a central canal, and is found in the middle portion of a long bone is j. Compact bone 63. A maximal sustained muscle contraction is called k. tetanus 64. Which is NOT a major function of the respiratory tract? l. Transferring and extracting nutrients 65. You are looking at a structure in the respiratory tract that is filled with small sacs or air pockets. What structure are you looking at? m. alveoli 66. Which one of the following is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? n. ribs 67. Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? o. scapula 68. The correct order of regions of vertebrae, from superior to inferior, is p. Cervical \> thoracic \> lumbar \> sacrum \> coccyx 69. The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs is called q. ventilation 70. Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels about the nephron? r. Afferent ateriole \> glomerulus \> efferent ateriole \> peritubular capillary network \> renal vein 71. When you look at an image, it is inverted on the back of the retina and yet appears right-side-up when perceived in the brain. What part of the body is responsible for inverting the image? s. The brain 72. During a 28 day uterine cycle, ovulation usually occurs on the t. 14^th^ day 73. In the human female, the uterine cycle is on the average u. 28 days 74. HIV has a high rate of mutation because v. HIV reverse transcriptase is likely to make errors when transcribing viral RNA into DNA 75. A Pap smear is used to detect w. Cervical cancer 76. The egg is propelled down the oviduct by x. Oviduct cilia and tubular muscle contractions 77. Menstruation begins because y. Progesterone and estrogen levels are both declining 78. Generally, nerve impulses do not move \"backward\" along a series of neurons. What is the reason for this? z. There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards 79. Days 6-13 of a 28 day uterine cycle is called the a. Proliferative phase 80. The production of hormones is usually controlled in what two ways? b. Negative feedback and other hormone actions 81. In the axon, the nerve impulses travel c. Away from the cell body 82. Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS? d. Motor neuron 83. Pregnancy occurs when e. The developing embryo implants itself in the endometrium 84. What two structures are associated with gravitational equilibrium? f. Utricle and saccule 85. Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System? g. interneurons 86. The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the h. Resting potential 87. Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via i. Passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron 88. Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are directly maintained by the hormone j. testosterone 89. HIV attacks k. Helper T lymphocytes 90. The bones of the middle ear l. Transmit sound waves 91. Although estrogen is primarily produced by ovaries, it is also produced by the adrenal glands and in fat tissue. Young female athletes who train strenuously often find that their menstrual cycle shuts down. What would be a reasonable direct cause of this shutdown? m. The cycle requires minimal threshold of estrogen and although the ovaries produce their regular levels, the loss of body fat would lower the estrogen level to below the threshold, thus shutting down the menstrual cycle 92. Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)? n. Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands 93. In the human male, the tube used to carry both sperm and urine is the o. Urethra 94. What causes \"loudness\"? p. The fluid in the cochlea vibrates with more force and this causes the basilar membrane to move more up and down with greater force 95. Which correctly traces the path of a sound vibration until the signal is sent to the brain? q. Auditory canal \> tympanic membrane \> malleus \> incus \> stapes \> oval window \> cochlea \> cochlear nerve 96. Sperm mature within the r. epididymis 97. Sperm mature within the s. Carry impulses toward a cell body 98. Changes in which organ system can lead to erectile dysfunction (ED)? t. The cardiovascular system because it can lead to an inadequate blood supply to the penis 99. What is the cascade of events that follows a stress or trauma to produce adrenal reaction? u. Hypothalamus (ACHT-releasing hormone) \> anterior pituitary (ACTH) \> adrenal cortex glucocorticoids 100. Which of the following is not an endocrine gland? v. Salivary glands 101. LH stimulates the w. Corpus luteum to produce progesterone 102. Which of the following birth control methods is effective in preventing pregnancy as well as the spread of STDs? x. Male condom 103. The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called y. Meninges 104. The energy source for sperm to swim comes from z. Fructose sugar in the surrounding seminal fluids added by the seminal vesicles 105. Generally, the senses of the skin are somewhat specialized with a. Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel's disks detecting fine touch