GEN BIO NOTES L1&L2 PDF

**[GEN BIO NOTES:]** **[Lesson 1:]** **[History of Cell]** **Robert Hooke (1665)** - - **Anton Van Leeuwenhoek(1670-1683)** - - - **Robert Brown(1833)** - **Mattias Jakob Schledeiden (1838)** - - **Theodor Schwann (1839)** - - - **Albrecht Von Roeliker (1840)*...

**[GEN BIO NOTES:]** **[Lesson 1:]** **[History of Cell]** **Robert Hooke (1665)** - - **Anton Van Leeuwenhoek(1670-1683)** - - - **Robert Brown(1833)** - **Mattias Jakob Schledeiden (1838)** - - **Theodor Schwann (1839)** - - - **Albrecht Von Roeliker (1840)** - - **Carl Heinrich Braun (1845)** - **Rudolf Virchow** - **[Cell]-** most basic unit of life A. B. **[Prokaryotic Cell]** A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. **[Gram Positive and Gram Negative Cell Walls]** **Gram Positive-** Thick, several layers, stains purple/ blue **Gram Negative-** Thin, single layer, stains pink/red A. a. b. c. d. B. C. a. b. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. K. L. M. N. O. P. **[Cell Modification]** A. a. b. c. d. B. a. C. a. b. c. d. **[Specialized Cells]** 1. 2. 3. **Lesson 2:** **[Cell Division]-** multiplication & division of cells, used for the growth of a multicellular organism and to replace old or damaged cells **Chromosomes-** structure found inside the nucleus, carries genetic information. **Ploidy-** set of chromosomes in a cell A. B. **Homologues-** identical chromosome set **Centrosome-** small organelle found in nucleus-- produces microtubules **Spindle fibers-** microtubules separate chromosomes to form 2 daughter cells **Centrisoles-** cylindrical organelles involved in cell organization **[Cell Cycle:]** **Interphase-** divided into 3 stages: G1, synthesis, G2-- DNA is uncondensed **Miotic/M phase-** 4 stages + cytokinesis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and cytokinesis). Nucleus and cytoplasm divides-- DNA becomes condensed **[Stages of Interphase:]** 1. - - 2. - - 3. - - - - **[Stages of Mitotic Phase:]** 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - - 4. - - - - 5. - - - **CDKs(Cyclin-dependent kinase)-** a type of protein kinases that regulate transcription and mRNA processing **Cylins-** proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating CDK enzymes **[Uncontrolled Mitosis]** **Cancer cells-** cells divide even with a mutation and keep on dividing, bypassing the checkpoints (G1 and G2). Two types: A. B. **Oncogenes-** proteins that increase the chance of forming cancer cells **[Meiosis-]** uses sexual reproduction to multiply. Sex cells are haploid chromatids. Once an egg is fertilized, it combines forming 2n **Stages of Meiosis 1:** 1. - - - - - 2. - - 3. - - - 4. - - 5. - **Stages of Meiosis 2:** 1. - 2. - 3. - 4. - 5. - 6. - **[Nondisjunction-]** A pair of homologous chromosomes failed to separate during anaphase A. B. **[Structural Chromosome Abnormalities]** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **[Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities]** 1. 2. 3.