General Biology Notes PDF

**BIOLOGY** - **LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **CELL THEORY** **CELL THEORY** - - - **ZACHARIAS JANSSEN** - **TYPES OF MICROSCOPE** ------------------------- ---------------------------------- **LIGHT** structures that ar...

**BIOLOGY** - **LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **CELL THEORY** **CELL THEORY** - - - **ZACHARIAS JANSSEN** - **TYPES OF MICROSCOPE** ------------------------- ---------------------------------- **LIGHT** structures that are 200 nm apart **ELECTRON** structures that are 0.2 nm apart **ROBERT HOOKE** - - - **ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK** - - - **ROBERT BROWN** - - **ROBERT REMAK** - - **PASTEUR** - - **MATTHIAS JAKOB SCHLEIDEN** - - **THEODOR SCHWANN** - - ---------------------------------------------------------------- ***"Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory in 1839"*** ---------------------------------------------------------------- **RUDOLF VIRCHOW** - - **CELL THEORY IS A GREAT EXAMPLE OF THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS** **-CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION-** **PROKARYOTIC CELL** - - - - - - **STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA** - - - - - - - - - - - **PARTS OF BACTERIA CELL** ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- **RIBOSOME** Site of protein synthesis **CELL WALL** Supports the shape Protect cell **PLASMA MEMBRANE** Regulates entrance & exit of molecules Sheath around cytoplasm **CONJUGATION PILUS** Elongated Used for DNA transfer to other bacteria cells **CAPSULE** Outer protective covering in bacteria cell **GLYCOCALYX** Gel-like coating outside cell wall Outer protective covering in bacteria cell **FLAGELLUM** Rotating filament **NUCLEOID** Location of the bacterial chromosome **FIMBRIAE** Hairlike bristles **EUKARYOTIC CELL** - - - - - - - **PARTS OF ANIMAL CELL** --------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ **PLASMA MEMBRANE** Outer surface that regulates in and exit of molecule **CYTOSKELETON** Maintains cell shape **LYSOSOME** Digests macromolecules **VESICLE** Small-membrane bound sac **CYTOPLASM** Semifluid matrix **NUCLEUS** Command center of call **NUCLEAR ENVELOPE** Double membrane with nuclear pores **CHROMATIN** Diffuse thread containing DNA and protein **NUCLEOLUS** Region that produces subunits of ribosomes **ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM** Protein in lipid synthesis Transports **ROUGH ER** Synthesizes proteins **SMOOTH ER** Synthesizes lipid **PEROXISOME** Breakdown of fatty acids **RIBOSOMES** Carry out protein synthesis **MITOCHONDRIA** Powerhouse of the cell Produces ATP **GOLGI APPARATUS** Packages and modify proteins ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ***all the parts that are in the animal cell, are also in the plant cell. the following are parts of a plant cell that are not found in an animal cell (except vacuole)*** ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **PARTS OF ANIMAL CELL** -------------------------- --------------------------------- **VACUOLE** Water, food storage of the cell **CELL WALL** Supports and protect the cell **CELL CYCLE** - - - - **INTERPHASE** - - - - - **PHASES** 1. **GAP 1 (G1)** - - - 2. **SYNTHESIS (S)** - - 3. **GAP 2 (G2)** - - - - 4. **MITOSIS (M)** - - - - - ***Four Mitotic Stages*** I. II. III. IV. **EARLY PROPHASE** - - **LATE PROPHASE** - - - - **SPINDLE FIBERS** - - - - **METAPHASE** - - **ANAPHASE** - - **TELOPHASE** - - - - - - **DAUGHTER CELLS OF MITOSIS** - - - **Review of Mitosis**  5. **CYTOKINESIS** - - - - +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **SUMMARY** | | | | - - - | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **Chromosomes in Dividing Cells** - **Karyotype** - - - - **CELL REPRODUCTION** **TYPES** 1. - - 2. - - **PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION** - - - **EUKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION** - - - **MEIOSIS** ***FORMATION OF GAMETES*** - - - - - **SPERMATOGENESIS** - - - - **OOGENESIS** - - - - - **TETRAD** - **CROSSING OVER** - - -  **Comparing of Divisions** ---------------------------- ------------------- --------------------- **Mitosis** **Meiosis** Number of divisions 1 2 Number of daughter cells 2 4 Genetically identical? Yes No Chromosome number Same as parent Half of parent Where Somatic cells Germ cells When Throughout life At sexual maturity Role Growth and repair Sexual reproduction **CELL TRANSPORT** - - - **HOMEOSTASIS** - **CELL MEMBRANE** - - - - - - - **FLUID** - **MOSAIC** - ***What molecules are the cell membranes composed of?*** 1. - - 2. - 3. - 4. - **TYPES OF CELL TRANSPORT** 1. - - 2. - - - **Simple Diffusion** - - - **Facilitated Diffusion** - **TONICITY** - **TYPES OF TONICITY** 1. - 2. - 3. - **OSMOSIS** - - **EXOCYTOSIS** - - **ENDOCYTOSIS** - - **PHAGOCYTOSIS** - **Solute** a substance dissolved in solvent, forming a solution -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Solvent** is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution **Solution** Solute + Solvent **MUTATION** - **Types of Mutation** 1. - - 2. - - **Types of chromosomal mutation** A. -  B. - C. -  D. -  **The characteristics of a person with Down Syndrome include:** - - - - **The characteristics of a person with Turner's Syndrome include:** - - -  **The characteristics of a person with Cri-du-chat Syndrome include:** - - - - ✨✨GOODLUCK MGA NAKSHIEEE KO✨✨ KAYA NYO YAN🫶✨