Engineer In Society Lecture Notes (University of Lagos) PDF

Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 1 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered Systems Engineer...

Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 1 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered Systems Engineer 1  Let’s Agree on our Rules 1. Lecture Day/Time: Monday 8:00am 2. 65% Attendance is compulsory. 10 minutes into the class is lateness. 3. Continuous Assessment: Assignments – Individual and Group Assignments. 4. If you are not in class, you cannot participate in the group assignments. 5. Don’t plagiarize. Do your own work.  Why Engineering? What inspired you to become an engineer, and how do you believe your work as an engineer will contribute to solving some of the world's most pressing problems? What sparked your passion for engineering, and how do you see this field contributing to the advancement of society in the future? How do you balance the desire to create new technologies and innovate with the responsibility to ensure that these technologies are ethical and beneficial to society as a whole? What is Engineering? 4  ENGINEER IN SOCIETY  The field of engineering has grown so much in recent years that a definition is not easy to come by  Engineering is a profession that involves the application of scientific, technical and mathematical concepts for utilization of natural laws and physical resources to attain practical ends such as the design, manufacture and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes and systems. 5  What is Engineering? The application of Science for the efficient utilization of natural resources to produce wealth 6  What is Engineering? The application of science in the planning, design, construction and maintenance of manufactured entity 7  Who is an Engineer? A person who has been trained in the design, construction, and use of engines or machines, or in any of various branches of engineering Engineers are problem solvers who search for quicker, better, less expensive ways to meet tough challenges. People who are qualified in or practice engineering are described as engineers, and may be licensed and formally designated as professional, chartered or incorporated engineers.  TOP REASONS TO BE AN ENGINEER 1. Engineers work to solve global problems such as world hunger, clean water, protecting the environment and improving the quality of everyday life. 2. Engineering allows you to use your creativity every day. 3. Engineering gives you the chance to collaborate with other professionals such as lawyers, doctors, government officials, scientists, statisticians and more. 4. Engineering is a global endeavour, frequently affording the opportunity for travel. 5. Engineers have the opportunity for rapid advancement in their companies.  TOP REASONS TO BE AN ENGINEER 6. Engineers frequently have a high level of responsibility and autonomy in their positions. 7. Engineering salaries remain high. 8. Engineering degrees provide excellent preparation for other professional degrees such as medicine, law or business. 9. While working as a scientist frequently requires advanced degrees, engineers are very employable with a bachelor’s degree. 10.Engineering has more impact on the world than any other profession.  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 1. Engineering is an art Aesthetics as well as function found in the Great Wall of China, Pyramid and other wonder of the world is truly an engineering genius in the form of art. 11  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 2. Engineering is an approximation Engineering problems are sometimes under-defined. There are many solutions, good, bad and indifferent. The art is to arrive at a good solution. 12  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 3. Engineering is measurement, estimation, forecast and projection River flow, noise and vibration from transport system, earthquake, traffic volume, pollution and others 4. Engineering is about modelling and simulation Validation and verification of an analysis can be tested through modelling and computer simulation 13  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 5. Engineering is a communication, technical report writing and presentation Making presentations, producing technical manuals, co-ordinating team of large scale project are all fundamental to engineering practice. 14  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 6. Engineering is finance Design, construction, operations, repair and maintenance costs, hiring, chartering and others determine the viability of the intended projects 15  ENGINEERING CONTENTS 7. Engineering is an invention and design processes New devices, material selection and viable processes are developed by engineers to meet the requirement that existing technology do not address. Engineers identify and apply the most suitable system to solve engineering related problems using appropriate decision making tools which were acquired through a number of circumstances. 16  THE ENGINEERING FAMILY The engineering profession in Nigeria is made up of the following cadres: 1. The Engineer (The Nigerian Society of Engineers -NSE) 2. The Technologist (National Association of Technologists in Engineering - NATE) 3. The Technician (The Nigerian Society Of Engineering Technicians - NISET) 4. The Craftsmen (The Nigerian Association Of Engineering Craftsmen - NAEC) 17  APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS INTO ENGINEERING CADRES (ENGINEERS) B.Sc., B.Eng., B.Tech. in Engineering HND in an Engineering field + COREN accredited PGD in the same field e.g. HND Civil Engineering + PGD Civil Engineering Diploma – Engineer from Continental Europe. Degrees in Engineering from the East Bloc translated as M. Sc. New B.Sc. in some countries in Eastern Bloc as degree East Bloc countries are - Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Soviet Union, Yugoslavia A registered engineer shall use the abbreviation “Engr.” before his name  APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS INTO ENGINEERING CADRES (ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGISTS) HND in Engineering from COREN accredited Polytechnics or Monotechnics. Degrees in Engineering from East Bloc translated as B.Sc in Engineering Diploma- Grad from Continental Europe. B. Tech in Engineering from some accredited American Universities as contained in Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology Inc. (ABET) list. A registered engineering technologist shall use the abbreviation “Engr. Tech.” after his name  APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS INTO ENGINEERING CADRES (ENGINEERING TECHNICIANS) ND in Engineering from accredited Polytechnics or Monotechnics. Full Technological Certificate (FTC). Advance Technician Diploma. A registered engineering technician shall use the abbreviation “Tech.” after his name  APPROVED SCHEDULE OF ENTRY QUALIFICATIONS INTO ENGINEERING CADRES (ENGINEERING CRAFTSMEN) WAEC Technical/NABTEB Trade Test Craft Certificate from City & Guilds. A registered engineering craftsman shall use his full title with his trade in bracket under his name ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL PYRAMID Engineers (1) Technologist (6) Technician (27) Artisans (33) 22  Technology Application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or, as it is sometimes phrased, to the change and manipulation of the human environment, Britannica (2008). It is the study, development and application of devices, machines and techniques for manufacturing and productive processes; the sum of a society’s practical knowledge, especially with reference to its material culture 23  Engineering vs. Technology Engineering is the process of putting things together to get a desired outcome, Technology is engineering that has been proven to work over and over again. Engineering uses scientific ideas to develop technology 24  Engineering vs. Technology Engineering is detailing and creating hence should include design, procurement, construction and start-up Technology is proprietary knowledge (know- how) once given the establishment/facility can be created with the help of engineering 25  Relationship between Science, Technology and Engineering in the Society 26  Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 2 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered Systems Engineer 1  Relationship between Science, Technology and Engineering 2  What is Technology? Information, techniques and tools with which people utilize the material resources of their environment to satisfy their needs. The ascent of man is a story of technology 3  Characteristics of Technology 1.It is present in all cultures. 2. It is knowledge based and involves application of knowledge to solve problems. 3. It is accumulative. 4. It is fundamental to humanity and survival. 5. It alters culture and society. 6. It is observable and future oriented. 7. It seeks a harmonious relationship between human life and nature. 8. It is an extension of human body and faculties 4  Levels of Technology 1. Low Level Technology (before 3200 BC) This level is characterized by basic primitive tools and machines be it natural, adapted or manufactured. The tools include bows, arrows, spears, stone hammer, store axe etc. The machines include lever, wedge, inclined plane, pulley, wheel and axle etc. 5  Levels of Technology 2. Intermediate Level Technology (3500 BC to date) This level is characterized by tools manufactured for multiple purposes in different sizes by use of different materials. Intermediate level machines differ from primitive ones by the role of prime movers such as wind, water and other natural forces as well as steam engines, the electric motor, steam turbines, internal combustion diesel engine etc. 6  Levels of Technology High Level Technology (1950 AD to date) This level is characterized by high level tools (usually automated) and machines. The emphasis is more on assisting the mind not the body. High level technology is further subdivided into ‘Fordism’ and ICT. This depends on the level of emphasis placed on standardization and automation on one part (Fordism) or information and communication technology on the other (ICT) 7  High Level Technology (Fordism vs ICT) Fordism(Old) ICT(New) Energy-intensive Information-intensive Standardised Customized Rather stable product mix Rapid changes in product mix Dedicated plant and equipment Flexible production systems Automation Systemation Single firm Networks Hierarchical management structures Flat horizontal management structures Departmental Integrated Product with service Service with products Centralization Distributed intelligence 8  High Level Technology (Fordism vs ICT) Fordism(Old) ICT(New) Specialized skills Multi-skilling Minimal training requirements Continuous training and re-training Adversarial industrial relations; collective Moves towards long-term consultative and agreements codify provisional armistices participative industrial relations Government control and planning and Government information, regulation, sometimes ownership coordination, and 'Vision' 'Full Employment' 'Active Society' Emphasis on full-time employment forMore flexible hours and involvement of adult (16-65) male workers part-time workers and post-retirement 9 people Periscope of Industrial Waves (1770 - 2020) Industrial Wave Period Technology & Main Products First Wave 1770 – 1830 Mechanization, iron, water, power, Textiles, (First industrial revolution) commerce Second Wave 1830 – 1880 Steam Power, Steam Engines, Rail, Ships, Victorian Prosperity cotton etc. Third Wave 1880 – 1945 Electricity, chemicals, internal combustion Great Depression/ Threshold engine, steel age Fordist Paradign of mass production; Fourth Wave 1945 – 1990 Standardisation and automation; elementary Golden age of Keynesian Full cybernetics; Nuclear Technology; Employment automobiles, aircraft, petrochemicals, Space (Cold War Era) technology Digital networks, software, Information and Fifth Wave 1990 – 2010 Communication Technology (ICT), (Post Cold War Era) biotechnology, Sixth Wave 2010-2020 Sustainability, Radical Resource productivity, whole system design, renewable energy, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, cloning 10 etc. Periscope of Industrial Waves 11  NIGERIA: HIGHLIGHTS OF THE POST-COLONIAL INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD (1961 – 1979) Active participation by Government in Economy; Infrastructural facilities Built factories Agric production (failed to locally source for its raw materials) * Nigerian Civil War -Active roles by Engineers on both sides of the divide 1. They ran utilities 2. They blew up and built bridges 3. They built local refinery in Biafra 4. Local manufacture of weapons (hand grenades, anti-aircraft rockets etc.) 12  Technology and Investment Technology and Investment: which drives the other? 13  Technology and Investment Technology and Investment which drives the other? Generally a symbiotic relationship exists but it also depends on the nature of the technology. To be sure, when technology is disruptive, it beckons at investment; otherwise investment rides on product demand to seek out the appropriate technology. 14  Assignment 2 (Individual) Top Engineering Technologies Search the internet and list 10 Engineering Technologies of the future. Compose one- page write-up to justify the inclusion of one(1) of them on the list. 15  Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 3 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu MNSE, Registered Systems Engineer 1  The Engineering Professional Organ WHAT IS A PROFESSION? This is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation. (Source - Wikipedia) 2 The Engineering Professional Organ CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION: EXPERTISE CODE OF ETHICS MONOPOLY AUTONOMY 3  Characteristics of a Profession  EXPERTISE Command over a body of systematized and standardized knowledge, developed and updated on behalf of society, transmitted through recognized channels of training and examining of new recruits.  CODE OF ETHICS Which governs the performance of the professional and defines his relationship with his clients in particular and society in general. 4  Characteristics of a Profession (cont.)  MONOPOLY Granted by society through laws that reserve defined functions solely to members licensed by the profession’s own institutions as possessing the requisite training and qualifications of expertise referred to above.  AUTONOMY A measure of independence granted by society through law to enable the profession to regulate itself, discipline its members, and control the practice of the profession without undue interference from the employer or clients or government. 5  Acquisition of Engineering Expertise  Distilled from historical underpinnings: (Hybrid of Scientist and Craftsman) Scientific know how Professional practice tutelage. 6  Engineering Code of Ethics  Supported by Professional Tripod: Fundamental Canons Rules of Practice Professional Responsibilities / Obligations 7  Fundamental Canons of Engineering Practice. 1. Hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. 2. Perform services only in the areas of their competence. 3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. 4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. 5. Avoid deceptive acts. 6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and usefulness of the profession. 7. Continue their professional development throughout their careers, and provide opportunities for the professional development of those under their supervision. 8  Engineering Rules of Practice. 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. If engineer’s judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents that are in conformity with applicable standards Engineers shall not reveal facts, data or information without prior consent of the client or employer except as authorised or required by law or this Code 9  Engineering Rules of Practice. 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. (cont’d) Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business venture with any person or firm that they believe are engaged in fraudulent or dishonest enterprise. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall report thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such information or assistance as may be required. 10  Engineering Rules of Practice. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence. Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education or experience in the specific technical fields involved. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents dealing with subject matter in which they lack competence, nor to any plan or document not prepared under their direction and control. 11  Engineering Rules of Practice. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence. (cont’d) Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for coordination of an entire project and sign and seal the engineering document for the entire project, provided that each technical segment is signed and sealed only by the qualified engineers who prepared the segment. 12  Engineering Rules of Practice. 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements, or testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements or testimony, which would bear the date indicating when it was current. Engineers may express publicly technical opinions that are founded upon knowledge of facts and competence in the subject matter. 13  Engineering Rules of Practice. 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. (cont’d) Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on technical matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they have prefaced their comments by explicitly identifying the interested parties on whose behalf they are speaking, and by revealing the existence of any interest the engineers may have in the matters. 14  Engineering Rules of Practice. 4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees.  Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.  Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.  Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable consideration, directly or indirectly, from outside agents in connection with the work for which they are responsible. 15  Engineering Rules of Practice. 4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. (cont’d) Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or employees of a governmental or quasi-governmental body or department shall not participate in decisions with respect to services solicited or provided by them or their organisations in private or public engineering practice. Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a governmental body on which a principal or officer of their organisation serves as a member. 16  Engineering Rules of Practice. 5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit misrepresentation of their or their associates’ qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments. Brochures or other presentations incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, associates, joint ventures, or past accomplishments. 17  Engineering Rules of Practice. 5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts. (cont’d)  Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit or receive, either directly or indirectly, any contribution to influence the award of a contract by public authority, or which may be reasonably construed by the public as having the effect of intent to influencing the awarding of a contract. They shall not offer any gift or other valuable consideration in order to secure work. They shall not pay a commission, percentage, or brokerage fee in order to secure work, except to a bonafide employee or bonafide established commercial or marketing agencies retained by them. 18  ENGINEER’S PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES / OBLIGATIONS. 1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not distort or alter the facts. Engineers shall advice their clients or employers when they believe project will not be successful. Engineers shall not actively participate in strikes, picket lines, or other collective coercive action. 2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest. 3. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the public. 19  Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities / Obligations. 4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential information concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any present or former client or employer, or public body on which they serve. 5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by conflicting interests. 6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement or professional engagements by untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by other improper or questionable methods. 20  Engineer’s Professional Responsibilities / Obligations. 7. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, practice, or employment of engineers. – Engineers who believe others are guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall present such information to the proper authority for action. 8. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom credit is due, and will recognize the proprietary interests of others. 21  Group Assignment I Engineering Profession INSTRUCTION: Form a group of 5 members within your department. Each group must have at least 1 female. Send the list of your group members and indicate the group leader to the email latest by Saturday August 31, 2019. QUESTION In your own understanding, describe your discipline. In what area is the discipline relevant in Nigeria? What are the opportunities available for young engineers in practice in Nigeria. List five (5) skill set that will be required to be relevant in your discipline by year 2024 Deadline for Submission of Assignment: Wednesday September 4, 2019 To: [email protected] 22  Group Assignment I Engineering Profession INSTRUCTION: Form a group of 5 members within your department. Each group must have at least 1 female. Send the list of your group members and indicate the group leader to the email latest by Friday April 28, 2023. QUESTION In your own understanding, describe your discipline. In what area is the discipline relevant in Nigeria? What are the opportunities available for young engineers in practice in Nigeria. List five (5) skill set that will be required to be relevant in your discipline by year 2027 Deadline for Submission of Assignment: Wednesday May 3, 2023 To: [email protected] 23  Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 4 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered Systems Engineer 1  ENGINEER IN SOCIETY WHERE DO WE STAND TODAY?  To define Today’s Agenda: Review the past Assess the present Project into the future 2  The Question of Tomorrow Some of Mankind’s obsessions from time immemorial have been concerned with: predicting the future and planning for it. 3  Voice of the 21st Century Century of Miracles Metaphor of Biology New Engineering Materials New Energy Sources Symbiosis of Engineering & Biology (biotechnology, genetic engineering, etc) Dramatic change in quality and mode of life Virtual companies Inter Planetary holiday trips Spare parts of human organs Cloning of humans Auto-piloted Vehicles (Cars, Planes, Ships and other Crafts) etc. 4  The Message At the epicenter of the new world of miracles stands the Engineer! 5  What Is The Issue? The primary issue of our times is Development  Universal search for development is the human condition be it –the longing for joy, support and comfort; or –the violent reaction against fear and anguish  What is development (i.e. sustainable development)? –the choosing of welfare enhancing objectives, achieving them and doing so progressively on one’s own and at little cost to the environment 6  THE CHALLENGES FOR A DEVELOPING COUNTRY The main issue is that of finding an appropriate strategy for Development In developing countries governments are regarded as main actors Development by technology substitution 7  ISSUES AT STAKE Population Growth Projections Malthus Theory: Increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence Demographic Transition Theory (4- stages) Historical trends and statistics 8 THE CHALLENGE OF POPULATION EXPLOSION POPULATION EXPLOSION  CRISIS Population when unchecked increases in a geometrical ratio. Subsistence only increases in an arithmetical ratio. Thomas Malthus 1798 Man tends to increase at a greater rate than his means of subsistence; consequently he is occasionally subjected to a severe struggle for existence. Charles Darwin 1898 9 THE CHALLENGE OF POPULATION EXPLOSION Humanity is approaching a crisis point with respect to the interlocking issues of population, environment and development. Statement from 60 Science Academies led by The U.S National Academy of Sciences and Britain’s Royal Society, October 1993. The decisions that the international community takes over the next several years, whether leading to action or inaction, will have profound implications for the quality of life for all people, including generations not yet born, and perhaps for the planet itself.” Statement made at The International Conference on Population and Development, Cairo, 1994. 10 World Population Growth Projections 11 World Population Growth Projections 12  Population Growth Projections http://countrymeters.info/en/Nigeria Accessed on 04-05-2023 : 10:20:02 pm 13  ISSUES AT STAKE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION THEORY Stage 1: The Pre-Industrial Stage ( High Birth and Death Rates) Stage 2: The Industrial Revolution ( birth rates remain high while death rates drop, leading to population growth) Stage 3: Post-Industrial Revolution (birth rates fall, death rates remains low) Stage 4: Stabilization(population growth stabilizes as birth rates fall into line with death rates) 14  ISSUES AT STAKE Energy requirements of enlarged population Ecological implications Food production challenges Limitations of earth’s natural resources for food production. Problem of oceanic fisheries yield Fresh water produced by hydrological cycle Amount of fertilizer input that crop varieties can effectively use. 15  Reading Assignment At the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit held on 25-27 September, 2015 in New York, Member States adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which includes a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 1. Read up on the 17 goals 2. Consider the state of Nigeria with respect to the goals. 3. As an engineer, in which of these goals do you think you can find relevance in providing solution? 16  Department of Systems Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Lagos. Course Code: GEG 228 Course Title: ENGINEER IN SOCIETY Course Unit: (1,0) Lecture 5 Academic Session: 2021/2022 Lecturer Engr. (Dr.) Kehinde. O. Orolu (MNSE), Registered Systems Engineer 1 THE QUEST FOR ADEQUATE SUPPLY OF ENERGY Sources of Energy  Fossils Fuels (Coal, Oil & Gas)  Hydroelectric  Nuclear  Solar  Geothermal  Biomass  Wind  Electrochemical 2 WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION 2018 3  THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY The global electric energy generated in 2018 was 26,590 Terawatt-hours with a yearly average growth rate of 3.7% out of which Africa generated 855Tw-h constituting 3.20% of the global generation. South Africa – 256Twh Egypt - 207Twh Algeria - 87Twh Nigeria - 33Twh Source: https://yearbook.enerdata.net/renewables/renewable-in- electricity-production-share.html 4  THE CHALLENGES OF RISING DEMAND FOR ENERGY Primary energy consumption grew at a rate of 2.9% in 2018, almost double its 10-year average of 1.5% per year, and the fastest since 2010. By fuel, energy consumption growth was driven by natural gas, which contributed more than 40% of the increase. All fuels grew faster than their 10-year averages, apart from renewables, although renewables still accounted for the second largest increment to energy growth. China, the US and India together accounted for more than two thirds of the global increase in energy demand, with US consumption expanding at its fastest rate for 30 years. 5 PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS AND THE CHALLENGES 1. Energy efficiency and conservation Elimination of obvious waste Higher energy conversion efficiency Substitution for lower energy intensity products and processes Recycling More energy-modest lifestyles 6 PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS 2. Renewable sources of energy Share of renewables in electricity production in 2018  World – 25.6%  Africa - 17.78% South Africa – 5.29% Egypt - 8.21% Algeria - 0.65% Nigeria - 16.72% 7 PLANS TO MEET ENERGY NEEDS 2. Renewable sources of energy Share of WIND and SOLAR in electricity production in 2018  World – 7.47%  Africa - 2.61% South Africa – 3.19% Egypt - 1.63% Algeria - 0.45% Nigeria - 0.00% 8  Wind Energy Advantages Disadvantages Continuous energy For most locations, wind power source density is low. Clean sources( no Wind velocity > 11.2km/hr before emission into it can be harnessed and utilized atmosphere) successfully Does not add to the Intrinsic variable nature of power thermal burden of the density even when the wind is earth present. Demand for land and will affect real estate market 9  SOLAR ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Continuous Average power is not steady but source of depends on cloud cover, season, energy latitude and time of day Not available at night Clean source Extraterrestrial solar energy will of energy increase heat burden of the biosphere Safe Shading of land by solar panel has negative impact on the habitat Storage system is costly 10  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE High power and long Exploration negative term generation environmental potential impact(dispose of It is more than undesirable geothermal fluids 200,000-fold of , Land subsidence) current world energy Drilling technology is demand expensive low impact on the Few sites are economical environment land use is very low 11  HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE No environmental High construction cost pollution Limited sites for dam Low production cost construction Water reservoir can Drought may affect power provide flood protection production for down stream Dam construction causes loss currents of agricultural land 12  HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY contd Advantages Disadvantages Ground water reserves Dam structure impact on are increased by ecological cycle of the river recharging from the and the surrounding landscape down water reservoir Silt accumulation and sedimentation changes flow and drainage pattern 13  HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY contd Advantages Disadvantages Dams water reservoir can store large volume Water store in dams reservoir is of water for long period low in oxygen thus affect the of time,thus,downstream species of water streams flow can be control for Dam construction prevents water quality and upstream migration of fish seasonal extreme conditions 14  NUCLEAR ENERGY Advantages Disadvantages Environmental risk are Economic cost are high low in normal operation-no Accident are potentially greenhouse effect danger catastrophic Passively stable i.e. Uncertainty about radioactive inherently safe waste disposal High energy output and Vulnerable to human error size ratio and institutional failure Very cheap 15  BIOMASS Advantages Disadvantages Very cheap source Exhaustible reserve Wide applicability Serious environmental Greater efficiency consequences Less labour intensive High political cost No net greenhouse effect Possibility of devastating ecological changes Residue are used as fertilizer High land mass and labour intensive Increase in food price 16 ENERGY STORAGE In implementing renewable energy, the major challenges include storage of the energy. Usually expensive and complex Direct storage of large amount of electricity is uneconomical because batteries are at present very expensive and bulky 17 Energy Sustainability Sustainable Activities describe a logical process that takes carefully into account all relevant consequences within time and space boundaries that are large enough to ensure satisfactory existence for us and other humans, and of our and their descendants. The way to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs 18  Energy Sustainability The quantification of energy project sustainability metrics is admittedly very difficult because the systems are large and very complex, having technical, ecological, economic and societal components In order to achieve energy sustainability, there is a need for new generation of engineers and scientists who are trained to adopt a holistic view of processes as embedded in larger systems 19  THE NIGERIAN SOCIETY OF ENGINEERS (NSE) Website: http://nse.org.ng/ The Nigerian Society of Engineers is the umbrella organization for the Engineering Profession in Nigeria. The Society looks after the professional needs of members through well-structured programmes and regular interactions among the different cadre of membership, enhancing high professional standard and ethical practices. Founded on 16th February, 1958 by a group of young Nigerian graduate engineers and students in the UK, the Society was inaugurated at the Nigerian House in London. The NSE is registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as a company Limited by guarantee. It was incorporated as a Company limited by guarantee and not having a share capital in 1967. The original Memorandum and Articles of Association were amended on 1st December 1998. VISION: The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall be one of the very best Engineering Professional bodies in the World MISSION: The Nigerian Society of Engineers is dedicated to providing quality service aimed at enhancing professional competence and development of its members at all times. The Nigerian Society of engineers is committed to focus collaboration with, influencing and providing quality advice to the various arms of Government, Industry, Commerce, academia and the Society at large, for the purpose of uplifting the country as a whole. The Nigerian Society of Engineers shall make meaningful contributions to the advancement of technology worldwide. OBJECTIVE The objective of the Society is to promote the advancement of engineering education, research, and practice in all its ramifications. Naturally, this is with a view to maintaining and enhancing the professional capabilities of its members so as to better equip them to fulfil the needs of the profession for the good of the public and the nation of large. The objectives for which the Society is established are: 1. To provide a central organisation for engineers in Nigeria and to generally to such things as may for time to time be necessary to maintain a strict standard or professional 1  ethics among its members and to advance the interest of the engineering profession in Nigeria. 2. To promote, protect, encourage and maintain a high standard of engineering study and practice and to encourage greater efficiency therein. 3. To present to the Government of Nigeria the views of the Society on any subject of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria and if considered advisable to join with any other bodies in submitting such representation. 4. To represent to any other individual or bodies or organisation the views of the society on any subject of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria or any appropriate subject on which the views of the Society may be invited. 5. To provide a body to which the Government or other official or unofficial authority or organisation in Nigeria can have recourse for advice, assistance or the expression of views on any subjects of concern or interest to engineers in Nigeria. 6. To facilitate the development and acquisition of technology by conducting visits to places of engineering interest, reading technical papers, holding meetings, conferences, publishing books journals and periodicals on engineering matters. 7. To subscribe or guarantee or otherwise use monies of the Society for charitable or benevolent objects or scholarships on bursaries or for any exhibitions for any public general or useful objects. 8. To provide for the training and examination of students in engineering as well as the continuing professional update and development of its members. 9. To nominate any member of members as arbitrators, panelists, investigators, auditors expert witnesses or specialist advisers, when called upon to do so. 10. To assist necessitous members and any of the dependent kindred of deceased members including the widows and widowers of members and to appoint treasurer and distributor of any benevolent fund or funds which may be contributed by members or others for these purposes or any of the them and subject to the provisions of paragraph four (prohibiting payments being made to members), to make any contributions out of the surplus assets or income of the Society from time to time to any benevolent fund or funds. 2  11. To purchase, hold, lease, let, mortgage, sell, improve, or otherwise acquire and dispose of any movable or immovable property and any rights or privileges, which may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the Society. 12. To invest and deal with the monies of the Society not immediately required in any manner. 13. To borrow money where necessary to promote any of the objects set out herein upon such securities as may be determined. 14. To apply or petition for any legislation, parliamentary or otherwise that would further any of the objects of the Societies. 15. To do all or any such Lawful things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the object and generally to further the profession of engineering in Nigeria as well as enhance the status of engineers in Nigeria. Provided that the Society shall not support with its funds and objects nor endeavour to impose on or procure to be observed by its members or others any regulation, restriction or condition which if an object of the Society would make it a trade union. 16. To maintain and enhance links with national, international and multinational organizations and bodies to promote any of the objects of the Society. 17. To collaborate with Industry, Commence, Academia, and other such national bodies as may be necessary or convenient for the advancement of any of the objects of the Society. 18. To promote and enforce a high standard of performance and professional ethics among its members. 19. To promote and enforce a high standard of performance and professional ethics among its members. 20. To watch over, promote, and protect the mutual interests of its members and to give advice to members. LIAISON WITH GOVERNMENT The Society liaises with Government on the NSE matters affecting the engineering progression on the Boards of some government bodies and organisations. 3 LIAISON WITH THE COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA, (COREN) The Society is represented on COREN and arranges registration interviews for COREN. It maintains close relations with the body on all issues relating to the Engineering Profession. These include Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM), Mandatory Continuing Professional Development, (MCPD), and remuneration for Engineers. STRUCTURE AND LEADERSHIP The President of the Society is the Chief Executive, and directs the programme and mandate of the Society on behalf of the members. The President is the Chairman at every General Meeting, meeting of the Council and Executive Committee of the Society. The President holds for a period of two years and is succeeded by the Deputy President. The Deputy President is elected every two years, who automatically becomes the President after the expiration of the two-year tenure of the predecessor. The Council is the governing body of the Society. The Council meets bi-monthly to consider memo from the executive committee and others to make policies touching on the conduct and business of the Society. The Council is made up of statutory members and reports to the Annual General Meeting which is an expanded gathering of members once every year. The Executive Committee (EXCO) of the Society is responsible for overseeing the management and administration of the affairs of the Society and reports to Council of the Society. EXCO is made up of the President, Deputy President, Vice Presidents, members who were elected by other members at the Annual General Meetings every year and nominated representatives of the Divisions. The Secretariat of the Society is staffed by professionals with different skills and discipline. The Secretariat implements policies of the Society and the overall co-ordination of its activities. The Executive Secretary is the head of the Secretariat and oversees the day-to-day management of the Secretariat. The National Engineering Centre NEC Abuja houses the Secretariat. MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION Any person who desires to be admitted into the Society shall make a formal application to the Society on the prescribed NSE form and shall state under what grade he seeks admission. Each application must be supported by recommendation of two financial CORPORATE MEMBERS in good standing. The Council may require any person seeking admission to pass such examination as the Council may prescribe or specify. The Council if satisfied that the candidate is not disqualified for any reason, shall consider the application and shall decide whether the membership is granted. 4 MEMBERSHIP GRADES 1. FELLOW (FNSE) Eligibility  Person must have undergone a regular course of study in Engineering Science of a duration not less than three years in a University or Technical Institution whose curriculum is approved by the Council, and completed such a course successfully, or satisfied the requirements of other Engineering Societies approved by the Council in respect of Engineering Education.  Person must have satisfied the requirements of Corporate Membership of any of the Engineering Institutions approved by the Council.  Person is as at the time of admission engaged in the profession of engineering.  Person shall be required to satisfy the Council in a professional interview. Admission Criteria (a) Election by Invitation: Person must have had not less than twenty (20) years experience in the practice of engineering science. (b) Election by Direct Application: Person must have been a corporate member for a minimum of ten years (10 years). In addition, meet one or all of the following conditions: Submit a dissertation containing valuable statistics on engineering practice in this country; Submit a dissertation or thesis on original solution to a particular engineering problem in Nigeria; Submit a dissertation adjudged by Council to be a worthwhile contribution to engineering knowledge in the Country. 2. MEMBER (MNSE) Eligibility Person must have had at least four years practical experience subject to the approval of the Council OR he shall have satisfied the requirements of Corporate Membership of any of the Engineering Institutions approved by the Council. A remission not exceeding two years for successfully completed post-graduate studies may be granted to a candidate in respect of the requirements of practical experience. Person is as at the time of admission engaged in the profession of engineering. 5 Admission Criteria Person is required to satisfy the Council in a professional interview and written examination. 3. GRADUATE Eligibility Person must have undergone a regular course of study in Engineering Science of a duration not less than three years in a University or Technical Institution whose curriculum is approved by the Council, and completed such a course successfully, or satisfied the requirements of other Engineering Societies approved by the Council in respect of Engineering Education. Person is as at the time of admission engaged in the profession of engineering. Admission Criteria Application only. 4. ASSOCIATE Eligibility Person must possess an academic qualification at the level of a University degree in the Sciences allied to engineering science, or other qualifications approved by the Council of the Society. Person must have been engaged on work related to the practice of engineering for a minimum period of five years. Admission Criteria Person is required to satisfy the Council in a professional interview and written examination. 5. STUDENT Person must be undergoing a regular course of study in Engineering Science of duration not less than three years in a University or Technical Institution whose curriculum is approved by the Council in respect of Engineering Education. Admission Criteria Application only. 6 NSE PRESIDENTS S/N Name Year of Service 1. Engr. Chief G. O. Aiwerioba, FNSE 1958 2. Engr. Adeniyi Williams, FNSE 1959-1962 3. Engr. S.O. Williams, FNSE 1963-1964 4. Engr. J.C. Egbuna, FNSE 1965-1967 5. Engr. Chief S. O. Fadahunsi, FNSE 1968-1969 6. Engr. Obi Obembe, FNSE 1970-1971 7. Engr. Dr. S. O. Meshida, FNSE 1972-1973 8. Engr. C. S. O. Akande, FNSE 1974-1975 9. Engr. 'Teju Oyeleye, FNSE 1976-1977 10. Engr. I. Igiehon, FNSE 1978-1979 11. Engr. O. Olugbekan, FNSE 1980-1981 12. Engr. Rev. P.B. Oyebolu, FNSE 1982-1983 13. Engr. M. N. A. Manafa, FNSE 1984 14. Engr. A. O. Faluyi, FNSE 1985-1986 15. Engr. Ife Akintunde, FNSE 1987-1988 16. Engr. I. K. Inuwa, FNSE 1989-1990 17. Engr. Dr. F. A. Shonubi, FNSE 1991-1992 18. Engr. V. I. Maduka, FNSE 1993-1994 19. Engr. Dr. O. Ajayi, FNSE 1995 20. Engr. Dr. E. J. S. Uujamhan, FNSE 1996-1997 21. Engr. C. A. Mbanefo, FNSE 1998-1999 22. Engr. H.A. Gumel, FNSE 2000-2001 23. Engr. F.A. Somolu, FNSE 2002-2003 24. Engr. M. Bulama, FNSE 2004-2005 25. Engr. E. M. Ezeh, FNSE 2006-2007 26. Engr. K. A. Ali, FNSE 2008-2009 27. Engr. O. A. Ajibola, FNSE 2010-2011 28. Engr. Mustafa B. Shehu, FNSE 2012-2013 29. Engr. Ademola I. Olorunfemi, FNSE 2014-2015 30. Engr. Otis Anyaeji, FNSE, FAEng 2016-2017 31. Engr. Adekunle Mokuolu, FNSE 2018 - 2019 32. Engr. Babagana Mohammed, FNSE 2020-2021 33. Engr. Tasiu Saad Gidari - Wudill, 2022 - 2023 FNSE 7 COUNCIL FOR THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERING IN NIGERIA (COREN) COREN DECREE COREN is empowered by decrees, No 55, 1970 and No 27, 1992 (amendment) to accredit training institutions and regulate the practice of engineers, Technologists, Technicians and Craftsmen in Nigeria. By these decrees, it is illegal for the following to practice or be employed, except for the purpose of training and apprenticeship, without being registered by COREN: 1. Engineers 2. Engineering Technologists 3. Engineering Technicians 4. Engineering Craftsmen and 5. Engineering Consulting firms Anybody corporate or individual employer who engages the services of unregistered engineering personnel or consulting firms commits an offence against the law of the land as stipulated in clause 13(6), page 14 of the COREN decrees. Engineering regulations monitoring (ERM) inspectors have been appointed all over Nigeria to fish out offenders. The Structure of COREN The Council is the highest policy making body. Members of the Council must be registered Engineering Personnel. The Council consist of 26 members in accordance with the Act, as follows:  The President - elected by the Council.  Six (6) Representatives of the Nigerian Society of Engineers  Four (4) Representatives of the Universities with Engineering Faculties  One (1) Representative of the Polytechnics  One (1) Representative of the Technical Colleges  Six (6) Representatives from states of the Federation  Four (4) Representatives of the Minister  One (1) Representative of NATE  One (1) Representative of NISET  One (1) Representative of NAEC REGULATION AND CONTROL 1 INTRODUCTION 8 (I) Functions of Regulation and Control Committee COREN is mandated by Decree 55 of 1970 Section 1 (i)(e) to regulate and control the practice of the engineering profession in all its aspects and ramifications. To do this Council set up a department and a Committee of Council (the Regulation and Control Committee) and endorsed certain programmes (as Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM) through which it can fulfill its mandate. To achieve its objectives of ensuring that the practice of engineering in Nigeria is in accordance with relevant codes of practice, in the interest of public safety, and carried out by qualified engineering personnel, the following are Terms of Reference of the Regulation and Control Committee: (a) to organize and supervise the ERM programme of COREN. (b) to determine the qualification for appointment as an ERM inspector. (c) to approve the list of ERM Inspectors recommended by the Registrar from among Registered Engineers and Registered Engineering Technologists. (d) to recommend appropriate action to impose appropriate penalty on persons, group of persons, establishments and organizations who are in directed by ERM Inspectors as violators of Council Regulation or provisions of Decrees 55 of 1970 and 27 of 1992. (e) to recommend to Council on withdrawal of registration due to violation of ERM codes and deletion of names from the Registers due to any other violations. (f) to execute the Continuing Professional Development Programme. (g) to carry out preliminary investigations, as may be directed by the Registered Engineering Personnel Investigation Panel, on allegation of professional misconduct brought against any registered engineering personnel or consulting firms as may be referred to it by Council or the President, and advise Council as appropriate. (ii) Functions of Regulation and Control (R & C) Department The R & C department provides secretarial services to the R & C Committee. Other functions are:- - Correspondences with stakeholders on Regulation and Control matters. - Provides secretarial services to the investigating panel and Registered Engineers Disciplinary Tribunal. - Collates ERM reports from zones for processing by R & C Committee to Council. - Inaugurates ERM zones and conducts Training programmes for ERM Inspectors. - Investigation of failed infrastructures i.e. building collapse. - The R & C department conveys Council decisions on reports to concerned organizations. 2.0 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE “ENGINEERING REGULATION MONITORING” (ERM) To ensure sanity in the practice of engineering in Nigeria, in 1997, COREN established, the Engineering Regulation Monitoring (ERM). Through the machinery of ERM, Council monitors and enforces compliance with the COREN Act. A team of COREN appointed inspectors who are seasoned engineering personnel, move from one establishment to the other, to ensure among other things, that engineering is practised in Nigeria in accordance with the relevant codes and ethics of engineering practice, in the interest of public safety and for the protection of national development and economic investment. 2.1 The Aims and Objectives of the ERM Programme The ERM is designed with the under listed aims and objectives: 9 - Monitor the registration of engineering personnel and consulting firms. - Ensure that engineering is practised in Nigeria in accordance with relevant codes of engineering practice, in the protection of her development and economic investment. - Enforce maintenance of discipline and strict standards of ethics in the practice of the engineering profession in Nigeria. - Foster the speedy acquisition of all relevant engineering and technological skills by Nigerians required to accelerate development efforts and effect speedy modernization of Nigeria. - Minimize and with time, eliminate engineering and technological dependence of Nigeria on other countries. - Minimize the enormous foreign exchange leakage from Nigeria, resulting from existing domination of engineering activities, particularly in the Petroleum and Construction sectors of the economy by foreigners. - Facilitate and expedite the positioning of the Nigerian engineering family to join in the global competition for incomes accruable to Nigeria from International Engineering Consultancy and Construction practice. - Monitor and enforce compliance with the Engineers’ (Registration etc.) Act of 2004 by all practitioners of engineering. 2.2 ERM Management System The ERM Management System consist of all processes, procedures, activities, instruments, agents etc. that are efficiently and effectively related in such a manner, as to bring about a successful ERM programme. The system has been designed to be efficient and robust enough, to withstand the adversarial system of Nigeria. Details are as follows; 2.2.1 Inspection Inspection activities are carried out by COREN Inspectors and coordinated by the Regulation and Control Department at COREN Headquarters Abuja. COREN Inspectors are experienced engineers, technologists, technicians and craftsmen, who have been duly selected, trained and certified competent to serve as COREN Inspectors. They are usually issued the COREN Inspectors identity cards. 2.2.2 Mandate of ERM Inspectors The mandate of the COREN Inspectors is spelt out in the COREN documents CP11 as follows:- 1. Locate, document establishments and personnel and reports to the Registrar. 2. Verify and monitor the professional competence of building approval officers. 3. Act as COREN watchdogs on maintenance and upholding engineering codes of practice in public works, and prohibit default, and ensure that all such works are in accordance with Engineering Design prepared by Registered Engineer. 4. Verify that all organizations working in the area of Engineering contracting have a least, an active Registered Engineer on their Board of Directors. 5. Observe and report cases of non-adherence to approved engineering codes of practice in respect of public and private works to the Registrar. 6. Report all defaults and contravention to COREN Decrees to the Registrar. 2.2.3 Guideline for Operating the ERM Programme Guidelines for operating the ERM programme (Inspection) are as follows; 1. ERM is to be inaugurated in Zones spread across Nigeria and operated by ERM Inspectors appointed in those zones. 2. ONLY registered engineering personnel, in good financial standing with the branches 10 which nominated them and financial members of NSE, NATE, NISET and NAEC (National), are to be appointed Inspectors of the ERM programme by COREN. 3. Chief Inspectors of the programme are to be appointed by COREN from among Zonal Inspectors. 4. Each Chief Inspector in a zone will be responsible for determining the engineering establishments in that zone to be visited and inspected. However such establishments must receive the approval of COREN before a visitation takes place. 5. An ERM visitation is not to be confrontational in nature. Rather it should be approached with a view to correct wrong practices or point out omissions or commissions that violate Engineering Regulations. 6. Preceding all visitations should be an enlightenment programme conducted through Workshops, Seminars or Television and Radio programmes by each zone for not only the Chief Executives of Companies but Zonal Inspectors also. 7. The procedure adopted for each visitation is as follows; a) The Chief Inspector will forward the list of Companies/Establishments (not more than four at a time) to be visited, together with the names of Inspectors (at least four in number including where possible one Technologists and one Technician) to visit each Company/Establishment to the Registrar of COREN at least, six weeks before the proposed date of visitation. b) The Registrar will approve/modify the list and inform the Chief Inspector accordingly. c) The Registrar will then write the Chief Executive of the Company to be visited, and copy the Chief Inspector alerting him about the Impending visit, the exact date of which is to be fixed by the Chief Inspector, and send him the questionnaire to be completed and returned to the Chief Inspector, at least, one week before the visitation date. d) The Chief Inspector, on receiving approval for the visitation will write to inform the Chief Executive of the Company to be visited of the exact date of visitation and thereafter notify his visitation team and get them in readiness for the visit. e) Completed questionnaires submitted by the Companies to the Chief Inspectors should be given to the leaders of the visitation teams, at least a day before the visitation so that the visitation team can study the questionnaire before the visitation exercise. f) The Visitation Team will visit the Company taking along with them the questionnaires and cross-checking information supplied on the questionnaire with oral Interview of company personnel. g) After visiting the company, the team scores the company using the COREN approved score booklet. h) The result of the visitation together with, appropriate assessment of the Company and recommendation of the team are submitted to the Chief Inspector who forwards same to the Registrar of COREN. i) The Registrar considers the reports and reports to Council through the R & C Committee for approval as appropriate. j) The R & C Department conveys Council decisions to concerned establishments and copies the chief Inspector. 2.2.4 Enforcement This is the heart and soul of the ERM programme. The outcome of Inspection activities will be received by the Registrar in the form of reports. The efforts of the INSPECTORS would come to nothing, if there is no enforcement by the REGISTRAR. Simply put, enforcement as applied in this paper means to make people obey the provisions of the Engineers (Registration, etc.) Act Cap E11, 2004 of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. 2.2.3 Compliance Monitoring Compliance monitoring entails watching and checking the “practice of engineering” over a period of time, in order to see how it develops, so that COREN can make any necessary changes. Compliance monitoring is incorporated in the mandate of COREN inspectors. 11 After a successful inspection of a company organization, accompanied by an effective enforcement by the Registrar/Council, Inspectors would return to such companies every two years for compliance monitoring using the stipulated Questionnaire and score sheets. The data bank obtained from the questionnaires and score sheets over time, will enable COREN to establish whether any company or organization in question, is improving or degenerating over time, vis-à-vis, the “practice of engineering”. 3.0 Instruments for Regulation and Control COREN currently has a number of instruments in place for regulation and control of the “practice of engineering”. More instruments will be created or put in place as the need arises and in accordance with the provision of the Engineers Act CAP E11 (2004). The instruments currently in use are the Board Membership Form (BMF), the Project Control Form (PCF)/Project Responsibility form, the Questionnaire (CP11) and score sheet (CP12). 3.1 Board Membership Form (BMF) The aims and objectives of the BMF are:- (i) The elimination of false declaration of engineers on Board of Directors of Companies/Institutions involved in the “practice of engineering” in Nigeria. (ii) To emphasize the appointment of qualified engineers to positions of appropriate engineering responsibility. (iii) To assure the compliance with the provisions of the Engineers Act. CAP E11 (2004) by Companies/Institutions involved in the “Practice of engineering”. The “BMF” forms are administered as follows: (i) To be completed only by active Registered engineers on Board of Companies/Institutions involved in the “Practice of engineering”. (ii) COREN-ERM Inspectors are to demand for verification, copies of completed “BMF” form, of active registered engineers on the Board of Directors of Companies/Institutions, during visitation. (iii) Any default, offences or irregularities observed with regards to the use of the BMF are to be reported to the Registrar for necessary action/enforcement. 3.2 Project Control Forms (A&B) /Project Responsibility Form These forms are designed to ensure that only engineering personnel, qualified and registered, in accordance with the Engineers Act, CAP E11 (2004) are used for the execution of engineering projects, in the interest of public safety. The existing forms are currently undergoing some review by COREN. Meanwhile, the existing forms remain valid, and will continue to be in use until they are replaced by COREN. 3.3 Questionnaire (CP11 and Score Sheet CP12) These instruments are used by the inspectors in the ERM programme. They are to also provide useful information/data bank, for assessment of the compliance status or progress of companies/institutions. 3.4 The Investigative Panel In response to some of the abuses in the practice of the Profession, Council inaugurated the COREN Investigating Panel in March, 2006. The Panel has had more than seven sittings since its inauguration and has handled some cases ranging from the collapsed buildings across the country and non- compliance with the Laws of the Land by oil multinationals, forgeries of COREN professional stamps, stamp seals, and other misconduct. The situation report at present is that a number of persons are being investigated and interrogated while others will soon be charged to court. The cases involving registered 12 engineering personnel are referred to the Disciplinary Tribunal. 3.5 The COREN Disciplinary Tribunal It is not the duty of inspectors appointed by COREN to impose any penalty on any professional/company for the contravention of the provisions of the COREN Laws as this is the prerogative of the Law Courts after due legal proceedings. The COREN Act made provision for the establishment of a Registered Engineers tribunal which is constituted by the Chief Justice of the Federation to try engineering personnel who are involved in professional misconduct. The COREN Tribunal was inaugurated on 20th October, 2007. This is to ensure that the standard of engineering practice is desirable and quacks are excluded from practicing the profession and to discipline in an appropriate manner, any engineering personnel found guilty of professional misconduct. Some engineers had been tried by the tribunal and sanctioned. 13