Critical Thinking PDF Notes - NIET, Greater Noida

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, M Greater Noida Critical Thinking Unit: 4 Mrs.Aruna Vinod Kapse DESIGN THINKING-1...

Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology, M Greater Noida Critical Thinking Unit: 4 Mrs.Aruna Vinod Kapse DESIGN THINKING-1 Asst. Professor BCSE-0103 Department of B. Tech. 1stSem Chemistry ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 1  Content Fundamental concepts of critical thinking The difference between critical and ordinary thinking Characteristics of critical thinkers Critical thinking skills- linking ideas Structuring arguments Recognizing incongruence Five pillars of critical thinking Argumentation versus rhetoric Cognitive bias Tribalism, and politics Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 2  Prerequisite Fundamental concepts of Design thinking. Understanding of Good Design, Bad Design. Familiarize with basic concept of human values. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 3  Lecture 1 Objective Fundamental concepts of critical thinking five-step process of critical thinking skills A well cultivated critical thinker ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 4  Introduction to Critical Thinking (CO4) Critical thinking is an approach to thinking in which a person visualizes an idea and then goes about the task of taking the steps necessary to reach a conclusion It involves research, investigation, evaluation, conjecture and implementing. Utilizing the five-step process of critical thinking skills can eliminate much of the worry and anxiety of problem solving. Identify the Problem Gather Information Evaluate the Evidence Consider Solutions Choose and Implement ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 5  Become a better critical thinker (CO4) Thinking critically is vital for anyone looking to have a successful college career and a fruitful professional life upon graduation. Your ability to objectively analyze and evaluate complex subjects and situations will always be useful. Unlock your potential by practicing and refining the six critical thinking skills above. Most professionals credit their time in college as having been crucial in the development of their critical thinking abilities. If you’re looking to improve your skills in a way that can impact your life and career moving forward, higher education is a fantastic venue through which to achieve that. Critical Thinking: These five pillars include LOGIC, ARGUMENTATION, RHETORIC, BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE, and ATTITUDES AND VALUES. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 6  A well cultivated critical thinker (CO4) A well cultivated critical thinker: Raises vital questions and problems, formulating them clearly and precisely. Gathers and assesses relevant information, using abstract ideas to interpret it effectively comes to well-reasoned conclusions and solutions, testing them against relevant criteria and standards. Thinks open-mindedly within alternative systems of thought, recognizing and assessing, as need be, their assumptions, implications, and practical consequences. Communicates effectively with others in figuring out solutions to complex problems. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It entails effective communication and problem solving abilities and a commitment to overcome our native egocentrism and socio centrism. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 7  Difference between critical and ordinary thinking (CO4) Critical Thinking Ordinary Thinking Assuming Believing Evaluating Preferring Formulating Principles Associating Concepts Hypothesizing Supposing Offering opinions with reasons Offering Opinions Making judgement with criteria Making Judgements ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 8  Characteristics of Critical Thinkers (CO4) Albert Einstein, Henry Ford, Marie Curie, Sigmund Freud…these are just a few of the critical thinkers who have shaped our modern lives. Critical thinkers think clearly and rationally, and make logical connections between ideas -- they are crucial to exploring and understanding the world we live in. If you’re hoping to reach your full potential and make your mark on the world, cultivate the following 16 characteristics of critical thinkers. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 9  Characteristics of Critical Thinkers … (CO4) 16 characteristics of critical thinkers Determining relevance Observation Curiosity Inference Objectivity Compassion Introspection Humility Analytical thinking Willing to challenge the status Identifying biases quo. Open-mindedness Aware of common thinking errors. Creative thinking Effective communicators Active listeners ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design 10 Thinking-1 Unit-4  Five pillars of critical thinking (CO4) Critical thinking is a multidimensional human activity. Minimally one can distinguish five component areas that are necessary for successful critical thinking. These are: 1. logic 2. argumentation 3. rhetoric 4. background knowledge a. of subject matter b. of the history of debate on a topic c. of the psychology of human judgment 5. character (attitudes and values) ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 17  The Basic Structure of Argument (CO4) 1. Argument- Basically, argument is a claim defended with reasons. It is composed of a group of statements with one or more statements (premises) supporting another statement (conclusion). 2. Statement– A sentence declaring something that can be true or false. 3. Argument in Critical Thinking – In Critical Thinking, argument is an act of presenting reasons to support individual’s position or point of view. It is not quarrel or dispute. Or simply, as Bassham’s definition of an argument: “A claim defended with reasons.” Non-arguments are descriptions, explanations & summaries, command, etc. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 18  The Basic Structure of Argument (CO4) 4. Main components in argument. (a) Premises (b) Conclusion: A simple argument must have a conclusion and at least two premises. Premises or propositions are statements that directly support the conclusion. Conclusion is what an author or an individual wants me to believe, accept or do. Example: “If you want to find a good job, you should work hard. You do want to find a good job. So you should work hard.” The first two sentences here are the premises of the argument, and the last sentence is the conclusion. To give this argument is to offer the premises as reasons for accepting the conclusion. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 19  The Basic Structure of Argument (CO4) 5. Implicit conclusion & implicit premise: An implicit conclusion is when the conclusion is not stated outright and the arguer assumes that you will know it. An implicit premise is when the premise is not stated outright and the arguer assumes that you will know it. "Race or Chase on 11.16.2010", Implicit premise -They are trying to persuade gamers to buy the game so that they can play the role as a cop or as a street racer in the game. Implicit conclusion -The game will be available or it will be release on November 16, 2010 – “suppose a biologist argues that there is nothing ethically wrong in the fact that about thirteen animals per day are killed in her laboratory, because the deaths further her scientific research” – In this argument, she uses the unstated premise that, if something done to animals furthers someone’s scientific research, then it is not ethically wrong.” ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking- 20 1 Unit-4  Recognizing Incongruence (CO4) Incongruence is a humanistic psychology concept developed by Carl Rogers which suggests that unpleasant feelings can result from a discrepancy between our perceived and ideal self. – The perceived self is how an individual views themselves and – the ideal self is how an individual wishes they were. When these overlap then congruence occurs. It is impossible for a person to be completely overlapped- we always have something with ourselves that we wish was different. Individuals seek congruence and when the distance between the perceived self and ideal self is too far it is called incongruence and it can lead to discomfort, anxiety, stress, and frustration. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 21  Argumentation versus Persuasion (CO4) Argument : the act or process of forming reasons and of drawing conclusions and applying them to a case in discussion, debate, discussion. – Example: you and a friend argue about the best city in the world Persuasion: The act of persuading somebody to do something or to believe something – Example: Tom has great powers of persuasion; now I also think that Paris is the best city Argumentation and persuasion are rhetorical modes used to convince others of an opinion, belief, or the merits of a course of action. – An argument explains what someone believes, – persuasion attempts to change someone else’s opinion. Arguments usually look at both sides of an issue and then form a final opinion based on the evidence. Persuasion is more one-sided because you want others to believe that your idea is the best ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 26  Argumentation versus Rhetoric (CO4) Rhetoric- the art of speaking or writing effectively. Rhetoric will insist that the argument takes account of the human environment and that it as well connected with human sentiment. – It helps them to be effective. Examples : – Political speeches often use rhetoric to evoke emotional responses in the audience. One famous example would be Martin Luther King, Jr.'s I Have a Dream speech. "Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream." Argument : the act or process of forming reasons and of drawing conclusions and applying them to a case in discussion, debate, discussion. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 27  Cognitive Bias (CO4) A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them and affects the decisions and judgments that they make. Cognitive Biases are our mind's shortcuts that play out in our everyday lives. – They save our brain's energy and prevent us from having to critically think about every action we take. Example: when you are driving your car and see a red light, your foot automatically goes to the brake. You don't have to consciously think, "Red light means stop so I need to take my right foot off the gas pedal, place it on the brake pedal, and slowly apply pressure until the car comes to a complete stop." Your brain is on autopilot, completing the steps for you based on previous experiences. Some of these biases are related to memory Other cognitive biases might be related to problems with attention 32 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  12 Cognitive Biases Anchoring Bias Availability Bias Bandwagon Effect Choice-supportive Bias Confirmation Bias Fundamental Attribution Error Halo Effect Ingroup Preference Bias The “Jerk” Factor Ostrich Effect Recency Effect Zero-risk Bias 33 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  12 Cognitive Biases Anchoring Bias Over-relying on the first piece of information obtained and using it as the baseline for comparison. For example, if the first applicant has an unusually high test score, it might set the bar so high that applicants with more normal scores seem less qualified than they otherwise would Availability Bias Making decisions based on immediate information or examples that come to mind. If search committee members hear about a candidate from Georgia who accepted a job and then quit because of the cold weather, they might be more likely to assume that all candidates from the southern U.S. would dislike living in Minnesota. Bandwagon Effect A person is more likely to go along with a belief if there are many others who hold that belief. Other names for this are “herd mentality” or “group think. In a search, it may be difficult for minority opinions to be heard if the majority of the group holds a strong contrary view 34 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  12 Cognitive Biases Choice-supportive Bias Bias Once a decision is made, people tend to over-focus on its benefits and minimize its flaws Search committee members may emphasize rationale that supports decisions they have made in the past. “We hired someone from a prestigious university last time and it worked out really well. Confirmation Bias Bias Paying more attention to information that reinforces previously held beliefs and ignoring evidence to the contrary A search committee member who believes that women are more intelligent might selectively focus on aspects of resumes that highlight the intelligence of female applicants Fundamental Attribution Error Overemphasizing personal factors and under-estimating situational factors when explaining other people’s behavior For example, if an applicant is late to an interview the committee might conclude he is irresponsible or lazy, rather than remember that a major campus access road was closed unexpectedly 35 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  12 Cognitive Biases Halo Effect Judging others similarly on all traits, assuming that because someone is good or bad at one thing they will be equally good or bad at another During a search, if a candidate has strong educational credentials the committee might conclude that she is also a strong leader Ingroup Preference Bias People tend to divide themselves into groups, and then attribute positive attributes to their own group/community Search committee members who perceive commonalities with applicants are more likely to view them favorably The “Jerk” Factor It’s not a cognitive bias, but research has shown an academic tendency to over-value individuals who display “brilliant but cruel” behavior and to attribute less intelligence to people with “nice” behavior Search committee members can be unduly impressed by an academic star that builds himself up at the cost of behaving disrespectfully toward others 36 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  12 Cognitive Biases Ostrich Effect Avoiding bad news about a decision by ignoring data that might be negative For example, a committee may choose not to pay attention to data about how their choice affects diversity goals or minority employment rates Recency Effect Recent events are easier to remember, and can be weighed more heavily than past events or potential future events. In a search, candidates that were interviewed early in the process may be evaluated less favorably. A similar bias is the proximity effect, in which candidates interviewed in person are viewed more favorably than those interviewed via distance technology Zero-risk Bias Preferring the choice that provides certainty of a smaller benefit as opposed to an alternative with more risk and greater potential benefit Search committees may seek to avoid risk by hiring a “safer” candidate with a greater perceived likelihood of success rather than taking a reasonable amount of risk 37 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  Tribalism Tribalism is the state of being organized by, or advocating for, tribes or tribal lifestyles. Tribalism can also mean discriminatory behavior or attitudes, based on loyalty. A high school valedictorian recently gave a graduation speech in which he shared an inspirational quote: “Don’t just get involved. Fight for your seat at the table. Better yet, fight for a seat at the head of the table.” The student attributed the quote to a beloved political figure. The audience cheered. Then he corrected himself and attributed the quote to a leader from the other political party. The cheering “quickly died” (accompanied by “some collective groaning”) (Novelly, 2018). 41 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios (CO4) 1. A high school senior is caught cheating on an exam. A passing grade on this exam is essential, since the exam grade will be applied to the senior’s overall GPA. The teacher respects the student and counts the student as a favorite, especially since the student was accepted to attend Harvard. The teacher decides to ignore the policy and does not report the student’s cheating, and allows the grade to be averaged with the student’s GPA. – What are the implications of the teacher not reporting the cheating? – How would you have handled this situation differently? ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 47  Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios (CO4) 1. You are on campus late one night working on paperwork when you hear laughter and loud talking down the hall. As you approach the source of sound, you enter a classroom to find three teachers and their spouses drinking beer. What do you do next and is your decision based on ethics or fear? ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 48  Recap Case study on applying critical thinking Elaborate Case Study One- to Two-Sentence Case Study Video/News Story Case Study ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 49  QUIZ For this entire semester, I've been playing and having fun every day. My studies are not doing well. However, I believe I can score an A for the exam next week'. What is the mistake that the person has committed here, with respect to critical thinking? A. Wishful thinking B. Egocentrism C. Self-confident thinking D. Moral subjectivism Lecturer: You all should focus on this section. It's a critical section that requires a lot of thought and review. Peter: Ah, I know everything. This section is not a problem for me. I don't need to learn this. What mistake has Peter committed here, with respect to critical thinking? A. Group bias B. Stereotype C. Moral subjectivism D. Self-serving bias E. Relativistic thinking ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 50  Weekly Assignment 1. Elaborate Recognizing incongruence. 2. List the five pillars of critical thinking. 3. Compare Argumentation versus rhetoric. 4. Illustrate Cognitive bias. 5. Explain Tribalism and politics. 6. Analyze Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 51  Video Links Critical Thinking https://youtu.be/zQlwNrug6y4 Fundamental concepts of critical thinking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cum3k-Wglfw Characteristics of critical thinkers https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/321660 Cognitive Biases, Tribalism and Politics (Part 1 of 3): We Can Value More Than One Kind of Thing https://youtu.be/2NjOzvM41zM ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 52  QUIZ The statements (reasons) given in support of another statement are called… a. An argument b. The conclusion c. The premises d. The complement Statements given in support of another statement are called. a. Conclusions b. Premises c. Arguments d. Summaries ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 53  QUIZ The statement that premises are intended to support is called. a. A related premise b. An argument c. A description d. The conclusion The process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises is known as. a. Extended reasoning b. Subordinate premise c. Dialectic d. Inference 54 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  QUIZ Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present is called. a. Inference words b. Premise indicators c. Indicator words d. Equivalent words A word that is not a premise indicator word is. a. Therefore b. As c. Since d. For ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 55  Expected questions for Exam 1. Define Fundamental concepts of critical thinking 2. What is the difference between critical and ordinary thinking? 3. Elucidate Characteristics of critical thinkers 4. Explain Critical thinking skills- linking ideas 5. What do you mean by Structuring arguments ? 6. Elaborate Recognizing incongruence. 7. List the five pillars of critical thinking. 8. Compare Argumentation versus rhetoric. 9. Illustrate Cognitive bias. 10. Explain Tribalism and politics. 11. Analyze Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 56  Summary Introduction to design thinking Traditional problem solving versus design thinking History of design thinking, wicked problems Innovation and creativity Role of innovation and creativity in organizations Creativity in teams and their environments Design mindset Introduction to elements and principles of design 13 Musical Notes for Design Mindset Examples of Great Design Design Approaches across the world Understanding humans as a combination of I (self) and body Basic physical needs up to actualization Prosperity The gap between desires and actualization ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 57  Case Study Case study on Amazon (design thinking) ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 58  Case Study Introduction: Design thinking is a problem-solving approach that places the needs of users at the center of the design process. Amazon, the global e-commerce giant, has successfully utilized design thinking principles to continuously innovate and enhance its customer experience. This case study examines how Amazon has employed design thinking to drive its business growth, improve customer satisfaction, and shape the future of online shopping. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 59  Case Study Empathize: Amazon’s commitment to customer-centricity is evident from the outset. The company invests significant resources in understanding its customers’ needs, pain points, and desires. Through extensive market research, user feedback, and data analysis, Amazon gains deep insights into customer behaviors and preferences. For instance, Amazon constantly gathers data on customer purchase patterns, browsing habits, and search queries to identify areas for improvement. The company's obsession with customer satisfaction drives its decision-making processes, allowing it to empathize with customers and address their evolving needs effectively. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 60  Case Study Define: ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 61  Case Study Once Amazon has a clear understanding of its customers, it defines the problem areas and sets specific objectives for improvement. These objectives align with its overarching goal of making online shopping more convenient, efficient, and personalized. Amazon identifies pain points such as complex checkout processes, delivery delays, and product discovery challenges. It also recognizes emerging trends and technologies that have the potential to reshape the e-commerce landscape, such as voice assistants and artificial intelligence. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 62  Case Study Ideate To generate innovative solutions, Amazon fosters a culture of creativity and encourages employees to think outside the box. The company organizes brainstorming sessions, design sprints, and hackathons, involving cross-functional teams from various departments. During these ideation sessions, Amazon explores ideas to streamline its operations, enhance product recommendations, optimize logistics, and improve the overall shopping experience. The company encourages experimentation and welcomes diverse perspectives, ensuring a robust pool of ideas to select from. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 63  Case Study Prototype: Amazon employs a rapid prototyping approach to quickly validate and refine ideas. The company develops minimal viable products (MVPs) or prototypes, which are tested internally and with a select group of customers. This iterative process allows Amazon to gather feedback and make necessary adjustments early on. For instance, before launching Amazon Prime, the company conducted pilot tests and gathered feedback from a subset of customers. This feedback informed the development of Prime’s subscription model, benefits, and pricing, resulting in a successful and widely adopted service ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 64  Case Study Test and Iterate: Amazon’s commitment to experimentation enables it to continuously test and refine its offerings based on user feedback. The company conducts A/B testing, where different variations of features, layouts, and algorithms are presented to users to determine the most effective solutions. By analyzing customer behavior and feedback, Amazon identifies areas for improvement and iterates upon its products and services. This iterative process ensures that the final solutions meet customers’ needs and expectations while keeping pace with changing market dynamics. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 65  Case Study Conclusion: Amazon’s success can be attributed, in part, to its relentless application of design thinking principles. By placing customers at the centre of its design process, the company consistently delivers exceptional user experiences, leading to customer loyalty and continued growth. Through empathy, problem definition, ideation, prototyping, testing, and iteration, Amazon continually innovates and evolves its services to meet the evolving demands of the digital marketplace. The case study of Amazon serves as a testament to the transformative power of design thinking when applied with a customer- centric mind-set. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 66  QUIZ For this entire semester, I've been playing and having fun every day. My studies are not doing well. However, I believe I can score an A for the exam next week'. What is the mistake that the person has committed here, with respect to critical thinking? A. Wishful thinking B. Egocentrism C. Self-confident thinking D. Moral subjectivism Lecturer: You all should focus on this section. It's a critical section that requires a lot of thought and review. Peter: Ah, I know everything. This section is not a problem for me. I don't need to learn this. What mistake has Peter committed here, with respect to critical thinking? A. Group bias B. Stereotype C. Moral subjectivism D. Self-serving bias E. Relativistic thinking ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 67  Weekly Assignment 1. Elaborate Recognizing incongruence. 2. List the five pillars of critical thinking. 3. Compare Argumentation versus rhetoric. 4. Illustrate Cognitive bias. 5. Explain Tribalism and politics. 6. Analyze Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 68  REVISION WEEK 12 Lecture 5 Lecture 7 Five pillars of critical thinking What is Tribalism Argumentation versus Rhetoric How Tribalism and Politics are related. Lecture 6 Lecture 8 Cognitive bias Case study on applying critical thinking 12 Cognitive Biases Elaborate Case Study One- to Two-Sentence Case Study Video/News Story Case Study ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design 69 Thinking-1 Unit-4  Video Links Critical Thinking https://youtu.be/zQlwNrug6y4 Fundamental concepts of critical thinking https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cum3k-Wglfw Characteristics of critical thinkers https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/321660 Cognitive Biases, Tribalism and Politics (Part 1 of 3): We Can Value More Than One Kind of Thing https://youtu.be/2NjOzvM41zM ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 70  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2021-2022, MCQ A belief is worth accepting if: (a) We have good reasons to accept it (b) It is consistent with our needs (c) It has not been proven wrong (d) It is accepted by our peers 'Avoiding bad news about a decision by ignoring data that might be negative.' The Bias represented here is: (a) Ostrich Effect (b) Optimism Bias (c) Halo Effect (d) Anchoring Bias ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 71  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE JUNE 2022-2023 MCQ Your dad read that using cell phones can cause brain cancer. He refuses to buya cell phone because he is afraid of contracting brain cancer from using one.No matter how much you try to persuade him with other information,he will not listen. This is an example of? (a) Confirmation Bias (b) Outcome Bias (c) Blindspot Bias (d) Anchoring Bias.............is essentially is the polar opposite of inductive reasoning. (a) Inferential (b) Deductive (c) Conductive (d) Assumptive ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 72  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, 2021-2022 QUESTIONS Contrast between critical thinking and ordinary thinking. (CO4) (2 Marks ) Describe confirmation bias and fundamental attribution error with example for each. (CO4) ( 6 Marks) Describe the features of critical thinking. Discuss it's significance in obtaining the solution of problems. (CO4) ( 10 Marks) Describe the skills required for critical thinking. Can these skills be acquired or they are innate? Opine for both. (CO4) ( 10 Marks) ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 73  NIET, AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE, JUNE 2022-2023 QUESTIONS Define rhetoric and its use. (CO4) (2Marks) Explain the Halo Effect and Ingroup Preference Bias. Explain both with examples. (CO4) ( 6 Marks) "Linking the ideas in design thinking helps in creating the feasible solutions." Explain. (CO4) ( 10 Marks) Describe the methods and tips for overcoming cognitive bias. (CO4). ( 10 Marks) ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 74  QUIZ The statements (reasons) given in support of another statement are called… a. An argument b. The conclusion c. The premises d. The complement Statements given in support of another statement are called. a. Conclusions b. Premises c. Arguments d. Summaries ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 75  QUIZ The statement that premises are intended to support is called. a. A related premise b. An argument c. A description d. The conclusion The process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises is known as. a. Extended reasoning b. Subordinate premise c. Dialectic d. Inference 76 ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4  QUIZ Words that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present is called. a. Inference words b. Premise indicators c. Indicator words d. Equivalent words A word that is not a premise indicator word is a. Therefore b. As c. Since d. For ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 77  Expected questions for Exam 1. Define Fundamental concepts of critical thinking 2. What is the difference between critical and ordinary thinking? 3. Elucidate Characteristics of critical thinkers 4. Explain Critical thinking skills- linking ideas 5. What do you mean by Structuring arguments ? 6. Elaborate Recognizing incongruence. 7. List the five pillars of critical thinking. 8. Compare Argumentation versus rhetoric. 9. Illustrate Cognitive bias. 10. Explain Tribalism and politics. 11. Analyze Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios. ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 78  Important short answer questions for Exam 1. What do you mean by Structuring arguments ? 2. Elucidate Characteristics of critical thinkers 3. What is Tribalism ? 4. Contrast between critical thinking and ordinary thinking. 5. What is confirmation bias and fundamental attribution error with example. 6. Define rhetoric and its use. 7. What is the Halo Effect and In group Preference Bias? 8. List the five pillars of critical thinking ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 79  Important long answer questions for Exam Describe the features of critical thinking. Discuss it's significance in obtaining the solution of problems. Describe the skills required for critical thinking. Can these skills be acquired or they are Innate ? Opine for both. "Linking the ideas in design thinking helps in creating the feasible solutions." Explain. Describe the methods and tips for overcoming cognitive bias. Explain Tribalism and politics Analyze Case study on applying critical thinking on different scenarios Elaborate Recognizing incongruence ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design 80 Thinking-1 Unit-4  Syllabus Links: Unit I https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://nptel.ac.in/courses/109/104/109104109/ https://designthinking.ideo.com/ https://blog.hypeinnovation.com/an-introduction-to-design-thinking-for- innovation-managers https://www.creativityatwork.com/design-thinking-strategy-for-innovation/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GFffb2H-gK0 Unit II https://aktu.ac.in/hvpe/ http://aktu.uhv.org.in/ https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_mg60/preview Unit III https://nptel.ac.in/courses/110/106/110106124/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_mg60/preview https://www.udemy.com/course/design-thinking-for-beginners/ https://www.designthinking-methods.com/en/ https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/personas-why-and-how- ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 81 you-should-use-them  Syllabus Unit III https://www.designthinking-methods.com/en/ https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/personas-why-and-how-you-should- use-them Unit IV https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2016/08/25/innovation-with-design-thinking-demands- critical-thinking/#340511486908 https://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/defining-critical-thinking/766 Unit V https://www.udemy.com/course/critical-thinker-academy/ https://swayam.gov.in/nd2_aic19_ma06/preview ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 82  Summary Introduction to design thinking Traditional problem solving versus design thinking History of design thinking, wicked problems Innovation and creativity Role of innovation and creativity in organizations Creativity in teams and their environments Design mindset Introduction to elements and principles of design 13 Musical Notes for Design Mindset Examples of Great Design Design Approaches across the world Understanding humans as a combination of I (self) and body Basic physical needs up to actualization Prosperity The gap between desires and actualization ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design Thinking-1 Unit-4 83  Thanks ARUNA KAPSE BCSE-0103 Design 84 Thinking-1 Unit-4