GEED 10083 Module 2 Historical Antecedents of STS PDF

07/10/2024 2 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF STS...

07/10/2024 2 MODULE 2: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS OF STS Today’s Agenda: MODUL E 2: ❑ Interac tion between Sci enc e HISTORICAL a n d Te c h n o l o g y i n t h e S o c i e t y t h r o u g h o u t h i st o r y ANTECEDENTS OF STS ❑ Sci entific and technological develop m ents affect th e soci ety G E E D 1 0 0 8 3 – S C I E N C C E , T E C H N O L O G Y, A N D S O C I E T Y and the environment ❑ Pa ra d i g m s h i f t s i n h i st o r y © McGraw Hill 2 © McGraw Hill 3 2 3 In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages T h e F i rst I n k l i n g s o f S c i e n c e ( F ro m A n c i e n t T i m e s t o 6 0 0 B. C. ) T h e F i rst I n k l i n g s o f S c i e n c e ( F ro m A n c i e n t T i m e s t o 6 0 0 B. C. ) Papyr us- anci ent for of paper (3000 BC | Egypt) © McGraw Hill 4 © McGraw Hill 5 4 5 1  07/10/2024 In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages In the World: Ancient, Middle, and Modern Ages T h e F i rst I n k l i n g s o f S c i e n c e ( F ro m A n c i e n t T i m e s t o 6 0 0 B. C. ) T h e F i rst I n k l i n g s o f S c i e n c e ( F ro m A n c i e n t T i m e s t o 6 0 0 B. C. ) M e s o p o ta m i a n s - p o tte r y u s i n g t h e f i r st k n o w n p o tte r ’s w h e e l C h i n e s e u s i n g c o m p a s s e s t o a i d i n t h e i r t r av e l ( 1 0 0 0 B. C. ) © McGraw Hill 6 © McGraw Hill 7 6 7 True Science Begins to Emerge (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.) True Science Begins to Emerge (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.) A n c i e n t G re e k s - t h e f i rst t r u e s c i e n t i st s A n c i e n t G re e k s - t h e f i rst t r u e s c i e n t i st s Anaximander Thales of Miletus ❑ pre-Socratic Greek philosopher ❑ pupil of Thales ❑ st u d i e d h e av e n s ❑ i n te r e st : st u d y o f l i f e ❑ d e v e l o p u n i f y i n g t h e m e ex p l a i n i n g t h e m o v e m e n t o f h e av e n l y b o d i e s ❑ f i r st s c i e n t i st w h o t r i e d t o e x p l a i n th e origin of hum an rac e (withou t ❑ c o r r e c t l y p r e d i c te d s o l a r e c l i p s e reference to a creator) ❑ bel ieved th at all life b egan i n th e sea ~evolution (Charles Darwin) © McGraw Hill 8 © McGraw Hill 9 8 9 2  07/10/2024 True Science Begins to Emerge (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.) True Science Begins to Emerge (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.) A n c i e n t G re e k s - t h e f i rst t r u e s c i e n t i st s A n c i e n t G re e k s - t h e f i rst t r u e s c i e n t i st s Anaximenes Leucippus ❑ a s s o c i a te o f A n a x i m a n d e r ❑ G r e e k s c i e n t i st ❑ air as th e most b asic sub stanc e in ( 1 0 0 - 1 5 0 ye a r s a f te r A n a x i m e n e s ) nature ❑ built on the concepts of Anaximenes ❑ when air thinned out → fire ❑ all m atter is composed of littl e uni ts ❑ w h e n a i r t h i c ke n e d → l i q u i d → s o l i d called “atoms” ❑ attempts to expl ai n that all th ings ❑ Fa t h e r o f a t o m i c t h e o r y in natu re are m ad e of a singl e s u b sta n c e ❑ ~introduced concept of atoms. © McGraw Hill 10 © McGraw Hill 11 10 11 True Science Begins to Emerge (600 B.C. to 500 A.D.) Three Other Notable Greek Scientists A n c i e n t G re e k s - t h e f i rst t r u e s c i e n t i st s A r i st o t l e – fa t h e r o f l i fe s c i e n c e s Democritus A r i st o t l e ❑ the laughing philosopher ❑ w r o t e v o l u m e s o f w o r k s ( p h i l o s o p h y, ❑ bel ieved th at al l matter was sim il ar mathematics, logic, and physics) to sand. ❑ g r e a te s t w o r k : st u d y o f l i v i n g t h i n g s ❑ One of th e two founde rs of ancient ❑ f i r st t o m a ke a l a r g e - s c a l e a t t e m p t a t o m i st t h e o r y. at th e cl assification of ani mal s and ❑ e l a b o r a t e d a sy s t e m o r i g i n a t e d b y plants. h i s te a c h e r L e u c i p p u s ❑ bel ieved in th e id ea of spontane ous ❑ h e wa s n o t w e l l r e c e i v e d i n h i s t i m e ge n e ra t i o n. ❑ S c i e n t i st s l a t e r p i c ke d u p o n h i s ideas and refined them. © McGraw Hill 12 © McGraw Hill 13 12 13 3  07/10/2024 Three Other Notable Greek Scientists Progress of Science Stalls for a While (500 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) A rc h i m e d e s – g re a t e st m a t h e m a t i c i a n o f a n c i e n t h i st o r y R o m a n E m p i re ❑ Great influence throughout the world. A rc h i m e d e s ❑ D i s l i ke o f s c i e n c e , d i d n o t m i n d i n v e n t i o n s ❑ R e a l S c i e n c e wa s a c t i v e l y d i s c o u r a g e d ❑ u s e d m a t h t o a d va n c e d s c i e n c e ❑ ALCHEMY- passed for science ❑ one of the first s c i e n t i st s to - A l c h e m i st s w i l l f i n d a m e a n s b y w h i c h l e a d c o u l d d e m o n st r a t e h o w c l o s e l y m a t h e m a t i c s be transformed into gold. a n d s c i e n c e a r e l i n ke d. - c o n c e p t o f m i x i n g s u b sta n c e s → c h a n g e d s u b sta n c e ❑ B e st k n o w n f o r h i s w o r k s w i t h f l u i d s. - r e c o r d e d o b s e r va t i o n s ( r e c i p e o f u s e f u l s u b sta n c e ) ❑ Inven ted a metho d for d eter mini ng volume of an object (density=m ass/vol ) - t r i a l a n d e r ro r ❑ “ E u r e ka ! ” - I h av e f o u n d i t ! ❑ R o m a n E m p i re b e ga n t o c r u m b l e -trade and large-scale communication became harder - r o a d b l o c k i n t h e way o f s c i e n t i f i c p r o g r e s s - DA R K AG E S ( l i tt l e wa s l e a r n e d ) © McGraw Hill 14 © McGraw Hill 15 14 15 Progress of Science Stalls for a While (500 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) Progress of Science Stalls for a While (500 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) A ra b s a n d C h i n e s e ❑ st u d i e s o f t h e h e av e n s R o b e r t G ro s s e t e st e ❑ mad e more d etai led and p recise observati ons th an Greek s c i e n t i st s b e f o r e t h e m. ❑ bisho p in th e Rom an Catho lic c hurc h ❑ C h i n e s e r e c o r d s ( 1 0 5 4 A. D. ) ( e a r l y 1 2 0 0 s A. D. ) - d e ta i l e d o b s e r va t i o n o f “g u e st sta r ” i n t h e h e av e n s ❑ laws that God had set in motion - c o n st e l l a t i o n s a n d s u p e r n o v a ❑ Purpose of inqui ry- l earn th e reason s behind facts. - n e b u l a - f o r m e d b y t h e ex p l o s i o n o f sta r ( M o d e r n s c i. ) ❑ Fa t h e r o f t h e s c i e n t i f i c m e t h o d ❑ commen tator an d transl ator of A r i st o t l e a n d G r e e k p h i l o s o p h e r s © McGraw Hill 16 © McGraw Hill 17 16 17 4  07/10/2024 The Renaissance: The “Golden Age” of Science (1500 A.D.-1600 A.D.) The Renaissance: The “Golden Age” of Science (1500 A.D.-1600 A.D.) N i c o l a u s C o p e r n i c u s – C o p e r n i c a n Sy st e m A n d re a s Ve s a l i u s – re v o l u t i o n i ze d b i o l o g y & m e d i c i n e Nicolaus Copernicus A n d re a s Ve s a l i u s ❑ P t o l e m y ’s v i e w o f t h e u n i v e r s e w a s ❑ B o o k o f h u m a n a n a t o my ( 1 5 4 3 ) wrong. ❑ F i r st b o o k t h a t i l l u s t r a t e d a l l o f t h e ❑ Cop ern icus p l ac ed sun in stead as th e “ i n s i d e s ” o f t h e h u m a n b o d y. cente r of ev ery thi ng and ass um ed t hat ❑ Revol uti onized how me di cine was p l a n e t s t r av e l e d a r o u n d t h e s u n. ta u g h t. ❑ H e l i o c e n t r i c sy st e m / C o p e r n i c a n sy st e m © McGraw Hill 18 © McGraw Hill 19 18 19 The Renaissance: The “Golden Age” of Science (1500 A.D.-1600 A.D.) The Era of Newton (1660 A.D. to 1735 A.D.) B l a i s e Pa s c a l – Pa s c a l ’s l a w Isaac Newton –Principia Newton B l a i s e Pa s c a l ❑ Pri ncipi a- three-vol um e set of wri tten ❑ a d va n c e s i n b o t h g e o m e t r y & a l g e b r a revolutionary scientific work ❑ s c i e n c e : st u d i e s a i r a n d l i q u i d s ❑ 1 s t Vo l u m e - t h re e l a w s o f m o t i o n ❑ a t m o s p h e r i c p re s s u re ❑ 2 n d Vo l u m e - m o t i o n s o f f l u i d s ❑ f l u i d s : Pa s c a l ’s l a w ❑ 3 r d Vo l u m e - u n i v e rs a l l a w o f g rav i t a t i o n ❑ d e v e l o p m e n t o f hyd ra u l i c l i f t s ❑ Detail ed m ath ematic al equ ati ons that (modern science) d e s c r i b e g r av i t y ❑ The fin al d eath blow to th e geoc en tric v i e w s o f t h e h e av e n s © McGraw Hill 20 © McGraw Hill 21 20 21 5  07/10/2024 The Era of Newton (1660 A.D. to 1735 A.D.) The Era of Newton (1660 A.D. to 1735 A.D.) R o b e r t B o y l e – Fo u n d e r o f M o d e r n C h e m i st r y A n t o n i va n L e e u w e n h o e k – t h e Fa t h e r o f M i c ro b i o l o g y A n t o n i va n L e e u w e n h o e k Robert Boyle ❑ b u i l t t h e f i r st m i c r o s c o p e ( s i n g l e l e n s ) ❑ C o n te m p o r a r y N e w t o n ❑ en ab l ed to view mic rosco pic (ti ny ) life ❑ E x p e r i m e n t s w i t h ga s e s ( B o y l e ’s L a w ) f o r m s , i n c l u d i n g b a c te r i a ❑ R o ya l S o c i e t y ( g r o u p s c i e n t i st s i n E n g l a n d ) ❑ “Remember to give glory to the One who a u t h o r e d n a t u r e.” © McGraw Hill 22 © McGraw Hill 23 22 23 The “Enlightenment” & the Industrial Revolution (1736 A.D.-1820 A.D.) The “Enlightenment” & the Industrial Revolution (1736 A.D.-1820 A.D.) ❑ S c i e n t i st s s h o u l d n o t just acc ep t th e teac hings of f o r m e r s c i e n t i st s. ❑ A l l s c i e n t i st s m a ke m i sta ke s → exa m i n e w o r k c r i t i c a l l y ❑ S c i e n c e b e ga n t o r e l y o n e x p e r i m e n t s a n d d a t a ❑ I n c r e a s e d s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e → i nv e n t i o n o f d e v i c e s C a ro l u s L i n n a e u s - F a t h e r o f M o d e r n Ta xo n o m y ❑ I n d u st r i a l R e v o l u t i o n ❑ Published a book (1735)-classif ication of all living creatures ❑ M a r ke d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e “ E n l i g h te n m e n t ” ❑ Binomial nomenclature (scientific names) © McGraw Hill 24 © McGraw Hill 25 24 25 6  07/10/2024 The “Enlightenment” & the Industrial Revolution (1736 A.D.-1820 A.D.) The “Enlightenment” & the Industrial Revolution (1736 A.D.-1820 A.D.) A n t o i n e - L a u re n t L av o i s i e r John Dalton ❑ F i r st t o a n a l y ze c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s i n a sy ste m a t i c way ❑ A t o m i c t h e o r y ( d e ta i l e d t h e o r y a b o u t a t o m s ) ❑ Matter can not b e created nor d estroyed-i t can onl y ch ange ❑ M o st o f h i s i d e a s w e r e r i g h t f o r m s ( L a w o f M a s s C o n s e r va t i o n ) ❑ Fa t h e r o f M o d e r n At o m i c T h e o r y ❑ F i r st t o p r o p e r l y ex p l a i n c o m b u st i o n © McGraw Hill 26 © McGraw Hill 27 26 27 The Rest of the Nineteenth Century (1820 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) The Rest of the Nineteenth Century (1820 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) G re g o r M e n d e l L o u i s Pa st e u r ❑ A g u st i n i a n m o n k / d e v o u t C h r i st i a n ❑ D e st r o ye d t h e i d e a o f s p o n ta n e o u s g e n e r a t i o n ❑ Study of reproduction ❑ G r e a t a d va n c e s i n t h e st u d y o f b a c te r i a a n d o t h e r o r ga n i s m s. ❑ Fa t h e r o f M o d e r n G e n e t i c s ❑ Pa st e u r i za t i o n - p a ste u r i z e d m i l k ❑ Geneti cs- stu dy of ho w t rait s are p ass ed on f rom p arent t o offspring. © McGraw Hill 28 © McGraw Hill 29 28 29 7  07/10/2024 The Rest of the Nineteenth Century (1820 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) The Rest of the Nineteenth Century (1820 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) M i c h a e l Fa ra d ay James Clerk Maxwell ❑ “The Electrical Giant ” ❑ Fo u n d e r o f M o d e r n P hy s i c s ❑ Electricity and Magnetism ❑ D e v e l o p e d m a t h e m a t i c a l e q u a t i o n s t h a t s h o w e d F a r a d ay w a s ❑ Contr ibu tion s : el ec t rom ag netic induction, d i am agn eti sm, right. el ectr ici ty and m agn et ism are both d ifferen t as pect s of electrolysis. t h e s a m e p h e n o m e n o n , n o w c a l l e d e l e c t ro m a g n e t i s m. © McGraw Hill 30 © McGraw Hill 31 30 31 The Rest of the Nineteenth Century (1820 A.D. to 1900 A.D.) Modern Science (1900 A.D. to the Present) M a x Ka r l E r n st L u d w i g P l a n c k (Originator of Quantum Theory) J a m e s P re s c o t t J o u l e ❑ Q u a n t a → c o u l d n o t b e ex p l a i n e d i n t e r m s o f N e w t o n ’s l a w s , P l a n c k p r o p o s e d a n i d e a : M u c h l i ke m a t t e r ex i s t s i n t i n y ❑ Energ y c anno t b e c reated nor dest royed. I t c an on ly ch ang e p a c ke t s c a l l e d a t o m s , e n e r g y ex i st s i n t i n y p a c ke t s f o r m s → L a w o f C o n s e r va t i o n o f E n e rg y → ❑ P r o p o s e d t h a t e n e r g y c o m e s i n t i n y p a c ke t s. Yo u c a n g i v e o n e F i rst L a w o f T h e r m o d y n a m i c s p a c ke t o f e n e r g y t o a n o b j e c t , o r yo u c a n g i v e t w o p a c ke t s o f ❑ Unit of Energy (SI)- Joule e n e r g y t o a n o b j e c t. Yo u c a n n o t , h o w e v e r, g i v e a n o b j e c t a n y a m o u n t o f e n e r g y i n b e t w e e n o n e a n d t w o p a c ke t s. → © McGraw Hill 32 Quantum Mechanics © McGraw Hill 33 32 33 8  07/10/2024 Modern Science (1900 A.D. to the Present) Modern Science (1900 A.D. to the Present) A l b e r t E i n st e i n Niels Bohr ❑ B e st k n o w n f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e T h e o r y o f R e l a t i v i t y ❑ P h o t o e l e c t r i c e f fe c t - ex p l a i n e d b y E i n ste i n ❑ Bohr Model - picture of an atom (based on solid mathematics ) - c o u l d n o t b e ex p l a i n e d b y N e w t o n ’s l a w ❑ M y ste r i e s o f t h e a t o m w e r e r e v e a l e d o f m o t i o n b u t c o u l d e a s i l y b e ex p l a i n e d ❑ Quantum mechanics became the guiding principle in science. by assumi ng th at Pl an ck was right abou t e n e r g y q u a n ta. © McGraw Hill 34 © McGraw Hill 35 34 35 GEED 10083/ GEED OO7– SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY Thank you! ❑ QUIZ #2 10/21-10/26 (MODULE 2) ❑ DISCUSSION BOARD 3 3.a. Among the list of scientists/philosophers discussed, pick one and provide additional information about the scientist. 3.b. Compare the scientific community before and after. Are people more accepting now? ❑ send me a message via MS Teams if you have questions (Name |Subject-Course-Section|Concern) © McGraw Hill 36 36 9