Module 2: Introduction to Globalization PDF

**MODULE 2** (GenEd. 3 -- Contemporary World) **Lesson/Topic** : **INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION** **Learning Target(s) :** [(1) Construct a definition of globalization using a] [concept map] **:** [(2) explain the positive and negative aspects of globalization according to the various perspect...

**MODULE 2** (GenEd. 3 -- Contemporary World) **Lesson/Topic** : **INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION** **Learning Target(s) :** [(1) Construct a definition of globalization using a] [concept map] **:** [(2) explain the positive and negative aspects of globalization according to the various perspectives of experts and communities affected by it] **Reference(s) :** San Juan, D.M. (2018). *Journey's Through Our* **Concept/Digest :** **Philosophies and Ideologies of/on/against Globalization** **6 core claims:** 1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets 2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible 3. Nobody is in charge of globalization 4. Globalization benefits everyone (... in the long run) 5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world 6. Globalization requires war on terror **Capitalism** -- is the dominant economic framework and system in many parts of the world today. It is primarily premised on the "profit motive". - Its promoters claim that seeking profit is the most basic aim of any individual or entity in this world. - Neoliberalism's adherents further build on the profit motive by asserting that for capitalism to thrive, markets should be free from government intervention, claiming that " Free markets and free trade will... set free the creative potential and the entrepreneurial spirit which is built into the spontaneous order of any human society , and thereby lead to more individual liberty and well-being , and more efficient allocation of resources." - **Neoliberalism** -- a modified form of liberalism tending to favor free-market capitalism 2. **critics of globalization** 1\. anti-globalization \- wants an end to what it considers as a highly imbalanced system of globalization. 2\. alter-globalization \- favors "altering" or "changing" the current system of globalization to make it more humane, more pro-environment, and more grassroots-driven rather than as a top-down imposition. **Karl Marx\'s classic book *"Das Kapital"*** emphasizes that the directing motive, the end and aim of capitalist production, is to extract the greatest possible amount of surplus-value, and consequently to exploit labour-power to the greatest possible extent. **Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization** Positive Aspects of Globalization 1. **[multiculturalism and multilingualism]** (free exchange of goods and services need swift communication, hence the need to learn as many languages as possible) **2. [free trade]** (reduced costs on selling products almost worldwide provided huge profits for a number of big transnational corporations, and resulted in cheaper prices of some consumer goods such as cell phones and computers) **3. [cultural and educational exchanges]** (the rise of multilingualism inevitably leads to the study of diverse cultures and eventually, more educational exchanges such as EU\'s Erasmus Mundus Program between universities of all continents) **4. [migration]** (at least within EU, citizens can freely visit and work in any country) **[5. global cooperation]** (globalization\'s rules and mechanisms are created and governed by global entities such us WTO and global institutions such as United Nations encourage global cooperation on many issues ranging from climate change to poverty eradication) Prominent promoters of globalization: 1. Thomas Friedman 2. Martin Wolf 3. Mustafa Akyol 4. Theodore Levitt 5. Fareed Zakaria 6. Jose Manuel Barroso 7. Lee-Kuan Yew 8. Hillary Clinton 9. Emmanuel Macron 10. Bilderberg 11. International Monetary Fund(IMF) 12. World Bank 13. World Trade Organization (WTO) Negative Aspects of Globalization 1. **[linguistic hegemony of English]** (as the US and the then very much UK-influenced EU utilize English , globalization compels other countries to use it as well) **2. [cultural homogenization]** (big corporations such as fast food chains like McDonalds, consumer item giants like Nestle, and Hollywood film companies like Pixar, Marvel, and Disney) **[3. Third World dependence on the First World]** (current situation favors developed countries more, especially with regard to rules that prohibit developing countries from providing massive state subsidies or aid to their farmers) **4. global income and wealth inequality** (as only the biggest corporations seem to benefit from stiff competition and unbridled free trade) **[5. tax injustice]** (under globalization, countries compete for foreign investments and are forced to lower corporate tax rates, thereby reducing the government expected income) **[6. racism and anti-migrant sentiment]** (as corporations in many First World countries hire more migrants to save on wages, First World working-class citizens complain about being left behind in their own countries) Prominent anti or alter-globalization: 1. Alejandro Lichauco 2. Ha-Joon Chang 3. Jose Maria Sison 4. Joseph Stiglitz 5. Noam Chomsky 6. Samir Amin 7. Slavoj Zizek 8. Thomas Piketty 9. Yanis Varioufakis 10. Walden Bello 11. Donald Trump 12. Dernie Sanders 13. Pope Francis 14. Jeremy Corbyn 15. President Hugo 16. Rigoberta Menchu 17. Marine Le-Pen **Questions:** (to be answered comprehensively) 1. Why is globalization considered as a complex context? 2. What is the most evident positive aspect of globalization? Explain your answer with examples. 3. What is the most valid critique of globalization among its negative aspects? Justify your answer. Anna Liza C. Cerbo June 10, 2021 **Teacher Date**